EZH2/Bcl-2 Coexpression Predicts Worse Survival in Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphomas and Demonstrates Poor Efficacy to Rituximab in Localized Lesions

Abstract

Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and Bcl-2 gene rearrangement or protein upregulation played pivotal roles in the carcinogenesis of various malignancies including lymphomas. However, EZH2/Bcl-2 expression pattern and its clinicopathologic/prognostic significance in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remain unclear. To identify the association among EZH2, Bcl-2, clinicopathologic parametres in DLBCL, 2 DLBCL patient sets (test cohort, n=85; validation cohort n=51) and DLBCL cell lines were studied by tumor tissue microarray (TMA), immunohistochemistry and western blot. The optimal cut-off of EZH2 was determined by X-tile program from test cohort, as was verified in validation cohort. The prognostic significance was determined via Kaplan-Meier survival estimates and log-rank tests. Consequently, EZH2 and Bcl-2 expression were both enhanced and positively correlated with each other (𝑃=0.001) in both DLBCL patients and cell lines. EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression was associated with poor overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in all DLBCL patients (all P<0.05). Univariate analyses revealed that EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression correlated to worse objective response rate (ORR), shorter OS and PFS in DLBCL patients treated with RCHOP while multivariate analysis indicated that only elevated LDH level (P=0.001) and presence of B symtom (P=0.008) rather than EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression were associated with worse OS. No survival benefit from rituximab regimen had been demonstrated in the early-staged DLBCL patients with EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression. While in the subgroup of III-IV stage, RCHOP regimen showed obvious better OS and PFS than CHOP (P=0.039 and 0.005). In conclusion, EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression defines unrecognized subgroup of DLBCL patients with distinct epigenetic phenotype and worse outcome.

Introduction

Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL) are the major subtype of lymphoid neoplasms in adults, accounting for about 30% of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) diagnosed annually ^{1, 2}. Chemotherapy, usually CHOP regimen (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisolone) combined with or without immunotherapy (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, rituximab) has transformed the aggressive disease into curable one ³, resulting in an obvious survival benefit and turning out as the mainstay of standard treatment^{4, 5}. Although some patients shared the same staging or international prognostic index (IPI) scores, their clinical outcomes varied a lot. Tumor heterogeneity had claimed a demand of subdivision of DLBCLs into morphological variants, molecular and immunophenotypic subgroups and distinct disease entities. Under these sophisticate circumstances, specific biomarkers to discriminate the higher risk individuals would be greatly necessary, which would inevitably facilitate the selection of proper therapeutic strategies and prediction of the outcome of DLBCLs. Recent studies had shed light on the important roles that epigenetic parameters like histone modifications and DNA methylation had played in the onset and development of lymphoid neoplasms and might provide clues to novel therapeutic regimens for DLBCL^6-8.

Enhancer of zeste homolog2 (EZH2), the histone methyltransferase and main subunit of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) that mediates epigenetic silencing of target genes via trimethylating histone H3 at lysine 27 (H3K27me3) at the presence of other subunits like embryonic ectoderm development (EED), suppressor of zeste 12 (SUZ12) and retinoblastoma binding protein (RBBP4/7), had been found overexpress in a variety of malignancies and turned out to be closely associated with high proliferation rate and aggressive tumor subgroups, resulting in worse clinical outcome thereafter ^9-12. Bcl-2, a well-studied anti-apoptotic factor and vital prognostic marker in NHL, was demonstrated to closely correlate with chemotherapy resistance ¹³. Interestingly, EZH2 mutation and activation is often present in Bcl-2-rearranged DLBCL patients ^{14, 15}, independent of cell-of-origin (COO) and EZH2 codon 641 mutation ⁷. Further, the IGH-Bcl-2 rearrangement often results in overexpression of the Bcl-2 oncoprotein in B-cell lymphomas ¹⁶. Although EZH2 overexpression is prevailing in human solid malignancies ¹¹, the role of association with EZH2 and Bcl-2 in pathogenesis of lymphoid malignancies still requires further elucidation. Our previous study firstly determined high expression of H3K27me3 as an independent risk factor in DLBCL patients ¹⁷, and secondly demonstrated patients with low EZH2 level in RCHOP regimen subgroup exhibited better PFS and OS¹⁸. We thus hypothesized that EZH2, the methyltransferase of H3K27, together with Bcl-2, may be a possible candidate biomarker in the DLBCL patients on the basis of the previous findings regardless of its COO.

In the present study, we identified the expression of EZH2 and Bcl-2 with immunohistochemistry (IHC) in de novo DLBCL patients of both test cohort (n=85) and validation cohort (n=51), finding that expression of EZH2 was closely correlated with Bcl-2 and their coexpression was associated with poor prognosis especially in the RCHOP treatment group. Furthermore, in EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression DLBCL patients with advanced stages, RCHOP regimen may obviously prevail over CHOP in the therapeutic efficacy.

Materials and methods

Cell lines culture

Human DLBCL cell lines TMD8, HBL-1, Ly1 and Ly8 were from Fudan University Cancer Hospital. Human colon cancer cell line HCT116 used as positive control in this study was purchased from the Cell Bank of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Shanghai, China). All cell lines were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) at 37˚C containing 5% CO2.

Isolation of human peripheral blood lymphcytes

After taking 1 ml of heparin-anticoagulated human peripheral blood and 2 ml of Hanks solution, it was slowly added along the wall to a tube containing 4 ml of lymphocyte separation solution, then centrifuged at 2000 r/min for 20 min, and the capillary was extended into the mononuclear cell layer and gently sucked out all the cells along the tube wall. Then, it was washed twice with Hanks solution, centrifuged at 1500r/min for 10 min each time, and then fully lysed by adding a certain amount of cell lysate. The protein concentration was measured by BCA method and then stored frozen at -80 °C.

Patients and clinical data

Test cohort containing 85 (from January 2006 to December 2008) and validation cohort consisted of 51 cases (from May 2010 to May 2016) de novo DLBCL patients treated with RCHOP or CHOP regimen and 5 lymphadenitis tissues at Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital were included in this study. All DLBCL cases were diagnosed in accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) classification criteria¹⁹. None had received preoperative chemotherapy or radiation prior to biopsy. All lymph nodes (LNs) were examined by biopsy. In the test cohort, detailed patients' clinicopathologic data like name, age, sex, ECOG (Eastern Cooperation Oncology Group), B symptoms, extranodal sites, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, Ann-Arbor stage, IPI (International Prognostic Index) score and Hans classification were collected. However, in the validation cohort, only patients' name age, sex, date of diagnosis, status and date of death were collected. Clinical parameters and follow-up data obtained from hospital records were reviewed retrospectively. Overall survival (OS) of test cohort and validation cohort was both defined as from the date of diagnosis until death or last follow-up time, while last follow-up date varied, i.e., February 14, 2018 and December 26, 2018, respectively. Progression-free survival (PFS) of test cohort was calculated from the time of diagnosis to the first time of progression or relapse. PFS of validation cohort was not available. Ethical approval was obtained from the research ethics committee of Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, and informed consent was obtained from each patient.

Treatment and response evaluation

In the test cohort, CHOP regimen was administered in 44 patients (pre-rituximab era) and R-CHOP in 41 patients (post-rituximab era). CHOP regimen was as followed: cyclophosphamide, 750 mg/m², doxorubicin, 50 mg/m², vincristine, 1.4 mg/m², and prednisolone, 100 mg, daily, on days 1-5. Forty-one patients with a combination of rituximab (375 mg/m² on day 1 of each chemotherapy cycle) and CHOP (RCHOP) on days 2-6. These regimens were repeated every 3 weeks for a total of 4-8 cycles. At the point of recurrence a variety of secondary regimens at the discretion of the treating physician were administered.

In the validation cohort, however, CHOP was given in 19 patients, RCHOP was administered in 20 patients, EPOCH was used in 6 patients, and other regimens were taken in 6 patients.

Tumor responses were assessed at the end of treatment and classified as complete response (CR), partial response (PR), stable disease (SD) or progressive disease (PD) according to the International Workshop Criteria ²⁰.The objective response rate (ORR) included CR and PR rates.

Tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry

Hematoxylin-eosin-stained slides from all DLBCL cases were reviewed, non-necrosis areas with the reprensentatively highest tumor cell were selected for tissue microarray (TMA) construction. The TMA was constructed according to a method described previously^{17, 21, 22}. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies for a variety of markers were performed on 4 μm TMA sections. IHC of EZH2 [1:400, Catalogue No: ab191080, Clone No: EPR9307(2), Abcam, Cambridge, UK], Bcl-2 (1:100, Catalogue No: ab692, Clone No: 100/D5, Abcam, Cambridge, UK), H3K27me3 (1:200, Catalogue No: 9733, Clone No: C36B11, Cell Signaling Technology, MA, USA), Ki-67 (1:200, Catalogue No: 4400, Clone No: MIB1, Cell Signaling Technology, MA, USA), CD10 (1:100, MAB-0668, Fuzhoumaixin), Bcl-6 (1:100, MAB0598, Fuzhoumaixin) and MUM1 (1:200, MAB-0573, Fuzhoumaixin) were performed using the Autostainer Link 48 (Dako).

The stainings were evaluated by using a semi-quantitative immunoreactive score system (IRS) according to the method described in the study by Remmele and Stollberg ^{23, 24}. At least 5 high-power fields and more than 2,000 cells were calculated in each case with a light microscope (Olympus Optical CX41). Multiplying the percentage of positive tumor cells in five gradations (0, no positive cells; 1, <10% positive cells; 2, 10-50% positive cells; 3, 50-80% positive cells; and 4, ≧80% positive cells) with an intensity scale (0, no staining; 1, mild; 2, moderate; and 3, intensive), and the final score ranged from 0-12. An arithmetic mean was calculated from the IRS of each slide. Staining results were examined by two observers masked to clinicopathologic data. Another reading by a third observer was needed to reach a consensus when there was a significant discrepancy between initial readings.

The samples were categorized into low and high expression subgroups based on the cut-off value of EZH2 (immunostaining score=6) established via X-tile plots according to the survival data ²⁵. The primary end point used in the determination of cutoff value was OS. Cut-off values for Bcl-2 was defined as 50% and Ki-67 was 75%, as was referred to the previous studies ^{26, 27}.

Western blot analysis

The protein expression of EZH2, H3K27me3 and Bcl-2 were determined by western blot (WB) analysis. It should be noted that in the WB analysis, in addition to 4 DLBCL cell lines, colon cancer cell line HCT116 was used as positive control and normal human lymph node (nLN) as well as lymphocyte isolated from normal human peripheral blood were used as negative controls. Briefly, total protein was extracted from HCT116, peripheral blood lymphocytes, nLN and DLBCL cell lines (TMD8, HBL-1, Ly1 and Ly8) and the protein concentration was determined by bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay. An amount 25 μg of total protein was separated on a 10% SDS-PAGE gel, then transferred to the nitrocellulose (NC) membrane for 1 h at 60 V in transfer buffer. The membrane was then blocked with 5% nonfat milk for 4 h at room temperature, and incubated with 1:1000 primary rabbit anti-human EZH2 monoclonal antibody, mouse anti-human Bcl-2 monoclonal antibody, rabbit anti-human H3K27me3 monoclonal antibody overnight at 4˚C on a gentle shaker. Following washing with TBST (20 mmol/l Tris-HCl, 150 mmol/l NaCl and 0.05% Tween-20; pH 7.4) three times, for 10 min each time, the membrane was incubated in 1:4000 anti-rabbit HRP-conjugated IgG antibody (catalogue no: 7074S) or anti-mouse HRP-conjugated IgG antibody (catalogue no: 7076S) (both from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc.) at room temperature for 1 h. The membrane was then washed three times for 10 min with TBST buffer (20 mmol/l Tris-HCl, 150 mmol/l NaCl and 0.05% Tween-20; pH 7.4) and visualized with the SuperSignal West Pico kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific).

Statistical analysis

Patients' characteristics and the association between tested markers and clinicopathological features of the patients were compared using Pearson's χ² analysis or Fisher exact test as appropriate. Survival functions were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to evaluate the association between various markers and patient's survival. Univariate and multivariate analyses were determined by Cox regression. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using statistical processing software SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The X-tile software program (Version 3.6.1; Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA) as described previously²⁵ was used to determine the best threshold value of EZH2 for classifying samples into groups of high and low expression.

Results

Patients' demographic characteristics

Patients' characteristic data of test cohort were listed in Table 1. Follow-up duration ranged from 2.6 to 129.6 months, with an average of 70.6 months. The average age was 49.4 y.o (24-78 y.o.) and the number of patients less than and above 60 y.o. was 64 and 21. There were more male patients than female (65.9% vs. 34.1%) in the study. seventy-eight patients' ECOG was lower than 2 and only 7 ≥ 2. Thirty-seven patients were present with B symptom and the other 48 without. Extranodal sites involvement < 2 was present in 68 individuals. Elevated LDH level was present in 52 patients. All patients were classified according to the Ann-Arbor stage and Hans classification²⁸, with 42 patients early stage (Ⅰ-Ⅱ) and 43 advanced (Ⅲ-Ⅳ) and 17 GCB and 68 non-GCB. Sixty cases' IPI score varied within 0-2 and the other 25 within 3-5. High Ki-67 expression was demonstrated in 57 cases and low expression in 28. Fifty-four suffered from disease relapse at the point of follow-up while the other 31 still healthy.

Table 1.

Association of EZH2 and Bcl-2 expression with clinicopathologic parameters in test cohort DLBCL patients.

Variables	All cases	EZH2		P	Bcl-2		P	EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression		P
		High	Low		High	Low		Yes	No
Age (years) ≤60 >60	64 21	37 15	27 6	0.267	36 16	28 5	0.104	26 13	38 8	0.089
Gender Male Female	56 29	37 15	19 14	0.198	32 20	24 9	0.289	26 13	30 16	0.888
ECOG <2 ≥2	78 7	48 4	30 3	1.000	48 4	30 3	1.000	36 3	42 4	1.000
B symptom Yes No	37 48	29 23	8 25	0.004	25 27	12 21	0.288	22 17	15 31	0.027
Extranodal sites <2 ≥2	68 17	40 12	28 5	0.373	43 9	25 8	0.436	32 7	36 10	0.663
LDH Normal Elevated	33 52	16 36	17 16	0.056	17 35	16 17	0.145	11 28	22 24	0.064
Ann-Arbor stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ Ⅲ-Ⅳ	42 43	26 26	16 17	0.892	27 25	15 18	0.561	21 18	21 25	0.451
IPI 0-2 3-5	60 25	34 18	26 7	0.186	37 15	23 10	0.886	27 12	33 13	0.800
Hans classification GCB Non-GCB	17 68	9 43	8 25	0.436	7 45	10 23	0.059	5 34	12 34	0.128
Ki-67 High Low	57 28	36 16	21 12	0.593	34 18	23 10	0.680	26 13	31 15	0.944
Relapse Yes No	54 31	40 12	14 19	0.001	41 11	13 20	0.000	32 7	22 24	0.001

Notes: ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; IPI, international prognostic index; GCB, germinal center B-cell-like lymphoma.

As for the data of validation cohort, however, there were 29 males and 22 females. Age ranged from 22 - 84 years old and the median age was 54 years old. Follow-up duration ranged from 3.3 to 108.5 months, with an average of 59.4 months.

TMA building and immunohistochemical staining

In both test cohort and validation cohort, the samples from the the new recipient TMA paraffin blocks were all complete and clear to observe. The TMA was arranged tidily without floating or shifting. Immunostaining for EZH2, Bcl-2 and Ki-67 were observed predominantly in the cell nuclei or membrane (representative staining patterns were shown in Fig. 1A-H) and the frequency of immunopositive cells ranged from 0% to 100%. Significant difference of EZH2 IRS existed between patients with high and low level of Bcl-2. That's, patients with higher level of Bcl-2 expression obviously demonstrated higher EZH2 IRS (P<0.05, Fig. 1I).

Figure 1.

Expression of EZH2, Bcl-2 and Ki-67 in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and normal lymph node (nLN) tissues, scale bar=200 μm for A-C and scale bar=20 μm for D-H. (A). High expression of EZH2 in DLBCL with more than 90% tumor cells intensively stained by EZH2 antibody in nuclei; (B). Negative immunostaining of EZH2 in DLBCL; (C). No EZH2 staining in nLN. (D-F). High-power images of the areas demarcated in boxes in A-C. (G-H). Positive immunostaining of Bcl-2 and Ki-67 in DLBCL tissues. Bcl-2 expression exhibited a cytoplasmic pattern and Ki-67 showed a distinct nuclear pattern. (I) Correlation between expression of EZH2 and Bcl-2 in DLBCL. The staining score of EZH2 was significantly higher in high Bcl-2 expression patients compared to those of low Bcl-2 expression (7.29±0.36 and 5.58±0.50, respectively, P=0.005). (J) EZH2, H3K27me3 and Bcl-2 protein expression was detected by western blot in colon cancer cell line HCT116, human peripheral blood lymphocyte, normal lymph node (nLN) and 4 DLBCL cell lines (TMD8, HBL-1, Ly1 and Ly8). Lysates from the positive control HCT116 (lane 1), and tumor cell lines (lanes 4-7) had much higher EZH2, H3K27me3 and Bcl-2 immunoreactivity than normal human peripheral blood lymphocyte (lane 2) and nLN tissue (lane 3).

Western blot of DLBCL cell lines

Expression of EZH2, H3K27me3 and Bcl-2 at protein level in DLBCL cell lines were further determined by western blot, indicating enhanced expression of EZH2, H3K27me3 and Bcl-2 in all DLBCL cell lines of TMD8, HBL-1 Ly1 and Ly8, compared with that in normal human lymphocyte of peripheral blood and normal lymph node (nLN), and human colon cancer cell line HCT116 was used as positive control (Fig. 1J). The gray scale ratios of EZH2, H3K27me3 and Bcl-2 to GAPDH in HCT116, Lymphocyte, nLN, TMD8, HBL-1, Ly1 and Ly8 were “1.63, 0.31, 0.24, 0.79, 1.10, 0.94 and 2.22”, “1.39, 0.29, 0.21, 0.94, 0.85, 1.39 and 1.65” and “1.33, 0.15, 0.14, 1.20, 0.74, 1.67 and 1.96”, respectively.

Correlation of EZH2 and Bcl-2 expression with clinicopathologic parameters

According to the X-tile plots, we dichotomized the samplels into low (IRS ≤6) and high (IRS >6) EZH2 expression subgroups (P=0.021; Fig. 2A-C). High EZH2 expression was observed in 61.2% (52/85) DLBCL patients in test cohort and 70.6 % (36/51) in validation cohort. Correlation analysis demonstrated that high expression of EZH2 was significantly associated with presence of B symptom and relapse (P=0.004 and 0.001, respectively; Table 1), and marginally associated with elevated LDH level (P=0.056). There was no significant association between EZH2 expression and other clinicopathologic parameters, such as patients' age, gender, stage or Hans classification (all 𝑃>0.05, Table 1). In the test cohort, high expression of Bcl-2 and Ki-67 were observed in 61.2% (52/85) and 67.1% (57/85) DLBCL patients, respectively. While in the validation cohort, high expression of Bcl-2 was observed in 58.8% (30/51) patients and coexpression of EZH2/Bcl-2 was found in 39.2% (20/51) patients. High expression of Bcl-2 was aslo significantly associated with disease relapse (P=0.000). With regard to the positive correlation between EZH2 and Bcl-2 expression and both of them were closely correlated with the outcome of disease, we tried to use coexpression of EZH2 and Bcl-2 as a predictor for the outcome of DLBCL and test its efficacy, and found that just like EZH2 did, coexpression of EZH2 and Bcl-2 was significantly associated with presence of B symptom and relapse (P=0.027 and 0.001, respectively; Table 1), and marginally associated with elevated LDH level (P=0.064). There was no significant association between EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression and other clinicopathologic parameters like age, gender, stage or Hans classification (all 𝑃>0.05, Table 1).

Figure 2.

X-tile plots of EZH2 expression for optimal cut-off determination and prognostic impact of EZH2 and Bcl-2 expression in test cohort. (A-B) The cut-off (IRS=6, P=0.021) was used to separate low EZH2 expression (blue) from high (gray) in the frequency histogram of whole samples. (C) Kaplan-Meier curve for testing the survival of sample subsets defined by EZH2 expression under (blue line) and above 6 (gray line). (D-E). OS (D) and PFS (E) of DLBCL patients with EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression. (F-G). OS of patients with high expression of EZH2 (F) or Bcl-2 (G). (H-I). OS of patients with high expression of EZH2 (H) or Bcl-2 (I) when the cases with EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression were excluded.

Treatment, response to regimens and outcome

Number of patients receiving RCHOP and CHOP regimen was 41 and 44, respectively. Except for the B symptom (P=0.010), patients' characteristics distribution in both subgroups was well balanced (P>0.05, Table 2). The ORR (CR + PR) in CHOP and RCHOP groups was 45.5% (20/44) and 80.5% (33/41), respectively.

Table 2.

Patient's features according to the treatment in test cohort.

	RCHOP (n=41)	CHOP (n=44)	P-value
Age range	26-78	24-76
Age>60 years, n	11 (27%)	10 (23%)	0.661
Male/female, n	28/13(68/32%)	28/16(64/36%)	0.651
ECOG≥2, n	3 (7%)	4(9%)	1.000
B symptom, n	12(29%)	25(57%)	0.010
Extranodal sites, n	6(15%)	11(25%)	0.233
LDH>1×normal, n	23(56%)	29(66%)	0.354
Ann-Arbor stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ, n	20(49%)	23(52%)	0.748
IPI 3-5, n	9(22%)	16(36%)	0.145
Hans classification GCB, n	11(27%)	6(14%)	0.129
Ki-67>75%, n	30(73%)	27(61%)	0.247

As shown in Table 3, that in the CHOP group, the prognostic factors that were significantly correlated, by univariate analysis, with response to treatment were EZH2 high expression (P=0.042), age >60 years (P=0.013), elevated LDH (P<0.001), advanced stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ (P=0.001), ≥2 Extranodal sites (P=0.006), IPI 3-5 (P<0.001) and B symptom (P<0.001). While in the RCHOP group, however, the situation was quite different. For only presence of B symtom and EZH2/BCL-2 coexpression was found to be significantly associated with inferior chemotherapeutic response in DLBCL patients (P =0.034 and 0.013, respectively), while other factors like EZH2 alone, age, elevated LDH and so forth were statistically excluded (Table 4), which was quite different from the prognostic pattern in CHOP group.

Table 3.

Prognostic factors and treatment response in DLBCL patients in test cohort treated with CHOP or CHOP-like regimen.

Prognostic factors	ORR,%	P
EZH2 expression, high vs. low	34 vs. 67	0.042
Age >60 vs. ≤60	10 vs. 56	0.013
LDH, elevated vs. normal	17 vs. 100	0.000
Ann-Arbor stage, Ⅲ-Ⅳ vs.Ⅰ-Ⅱ	22 vs. 71	0.001
Extranodal sites, ≥2 vs. <2	9 vs. 58	0.006
IPI, 3-5 vs. 0-2	6 vs. 68	0.000
B symptom, yes vs. no	20 vs. 79	0.000

Table 4.

Prognostic factors and treatment response in DLBCL patients in test cohort treated with RCHOP or RCHOP-like regimen.

Prognostic factors	ORR,%	P
B symptom, yes vs. no	20 vs. 79	0.034
EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression, yes vs. no	61 vs. 95	0.013

Prognostic analyses

In the CHOP group of test cohort, the 3-year PFS and 5-year OS rate was both 36.4%. Univariate survival analysis revealed factors like age >60 years (P=0.001), ≥2 ECOG (P=0.025), elevated LDH (P<0.001), stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ (P<0.001), ≥2 extranodal sites (P=0.002), IPI 3-5(P<0.001), B symptom (P=0.003) and high Bcl-2 expression (P=0.029) were significantly associated with negative outcomes and shorter PFS. While multivariate analysis indicated factors related to worse PFS were elevated LDH level (P=0.000), IPI 3-5 (P=0.014), presence of B symtom (P=0.017) and high Bcl-2 expression(P=0.003, Table 5). In the analyses on factors associated with OS using Cox proportional model, however, univariate analysis determined that age >60 years (P=0.001), ≥2 ECOG (P=0.009), elevated LDH (P=0.001), stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ (P=0.000), ≥2 extranodal sites (P=0.001), IPI 3-5(P=0.000) and B symptom (P=0.001) were closely significant while high Bcl-2 expression was marginally correlated (P=0.050). Multivariate analysis indicated that only elevated LDH level (P=0.001) and presence of B symtom (P=0.008) were associated with worse OS (Table 5).

Table 5.

Prognostic factors and PFS/OS in DLBCL patients in test cohort treated with CHOP or CHOP-like regimen.

Prognostic factors	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Progression-free survival
Age (≤60 vs. >60y.o.)	3.806	1.687-8.588	0.001	-	-	-
ECOG (<2 vs. ≥2)	3.581	1.178-10.882	0.025	-	-	-
LDH (normal vs. elevated)	22.052	5.069-95.938	0.000	20.325	4.060-101.749	0.000
Stage (Ⅰ-Ⅱ vs. Ⅲ-Ⅳ)	5.843	2.470-13.822	0.000	-	-	-
Extranodal sites (<2 vs. ≥2)	3.622	1.585-8.279	0.002	-	-	-
IPI (0-2 vs. 3-5)	7.233	2.933-17.837	0.000	3.240	1.268-8.279	0.014
B symptom (no vs. yes)	3.246	1.496-7.044	0.003	3.130	1.231-7.957	0.017
Bcl-2 expression (high vs. low)	2.490	1.099-5.640	0.029	4.362	1.646-11.561	0.003
Overall survival
Age (≤60 vs. >60y.o.)	4.355	1.896-10.005	0.001	-	-	-
ECOG (<2 vs. ≥2)	4.707	1.466-15.108	0.009	-	-	-
LDH (normal vs. elevated)	35.585	4.753-266.397	0.001	32.220	4.259-243.736	0.001
Stage (Ⅰ-Ⅱ vs. Ⅲ-Ⅳ)	4.916	2.048-11.803	0.000	-	-	-
Extranodal sites (<2 vs. ≥2)	3.649	1.652-8.063	0.001	-	-	-
IPI (0-2 vs. 3-5)	6.134	2.692-13.973	0.000	-	-	-
B symptom (no vs. yes)	4.114	1.781-9.502	0.001	3.247	1.354-7.787	0.008
Bcl-2 expression (high vs. low)	2.363	1.000-5.588	0.050	-	-	-

In the RCHOP group, 5-year OS and 3-year PFS were 68.3% and 65.9%, respectively. The prognostic factors with a negative impact on PFS by univariate analysis were elevated LDH (P=0.006), high EZH2 expression (P=0.008), high Bcl-2 expression (P=0.006) and EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression (P=0.002), and by multivariate analysis were elevated LDH (P=0.001) and high Bcl-2 expression (P=0.002). The prognostic factors with a negative impact on OS by univariate analysis were elevated LDH (P=0.005), high Bcl-2 expression (P=0.017) and EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression (P=0.025), and by multivariate analysis were elevated LDH (P=0.004) and high Bcl-2 expression (P=0.014, Table 6).

Table 6.

Prognostic factors and PFS/OS in DLBCL patients in test cohort treated with RCHOP or RCHOP-like regimen.

Prognostic factors	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	HR	95% CI	P	HR	95% CI	P
Progression-free survival
LDH (normal vs. elevated)	3.512	1.435-8.595	0.006	4.631	1.818-11.800	0.001
EZH2 expression (high vs. low)	3.544	1.397-8.992	0.008	-	-	-
Bcl-2 expression (high vs. low)	3.974	1.473-10.724	0.006	5.174	1.857-14.414	0.002
EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression (yes vs. no)	3.682	1.595-8.499	0.002	-	-	-
Overall survival
LDH (normal vs. elevated)	5.913	1.703-20.535	0.005	6.178	1.772-21.540	0.004
Bcl-2 expression (high vs. low)	4.568	1.318-15.833	0.017	4.799	1.379-16.694	0.014
EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression (yes vs. no)	2.968	1.146-7.691	0.025	-	-	-

EZH2 and Bcl-2 protein coexpression had a significantly adverse impact on OS and PFS in DLBCL patients (Fig. 2D-E). The 5-year OS of EZH2/BCL-2 coexpression vs. noncoexpression was 35.9% vs. 65.2% (P=0.006) and the 3-year PFS was 33.3% vs 65.2% (P=0.0005). DLBCL patients with either high EZH2 expression or Bcl-2 expression also had significantly inferior OS (P=0.021 or P=0.001) and PFS (P=0.002 or P<0.001; Fig. 2F-G), respectively. When the EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression cases were excluded, EZH2 expression demonstrated no correlation with OS at all (P=0.584) while high Bcl-2 expression remained effective on inferior OS (P=0.024, Fig. 2H-I).

In the validation cohort, same results had been observed. That's, DLBCL patients with EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression had a significantly shorter OS (Fig. 3A, P<0.0001) and DLBCL patients with either high EZH2 expression (P=0.0102) or Bcl-2 expression (P=0.0475) also had significantly inferior OS (Fig. 3B-C).

Figure 3.

The survival curves of validation cohort and survival analysis of EZH2/BCL-2 coexpression and noncoexpression DLBCL patients in test cohort with different treatments. (A-C). In the validation cohort, DLBCL patients with EZH2/BCL-2 coexpression (A) exhibited worse outcome and shorter OS in comparison to those without; In addition, patients with high level of either EZH2 (B) or Bcl-2 (C) exhibited short OS compared to those with low levels. (D-E).The OS (D) and PFS (E) between the EZH2/BCL-2 coexpression and noncoexpression DLBCL patients who received CHOP regimen. (F-G).The OS (F) and PFS (G) between the EZH2/BCL-2 coexpression and noncoexpression DLBCL patients who received RCHOP regimen.

No significant difference in OS (P=0.120) or PFS (P=0.082) had been determined between patients' subgroups of EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression and noncoexpression who'd both received the CHOP regimen, although patients with coexpression might incline to have adverse survival (P=0.082, Fig. 3D-E). Nevertheless, EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression patients receiving RCHOP regimen showed shorter OS (P=0.019) and PFS (P=0.001) compared to the noncoexpression patients (Fig. 3F-G).

Generally, patients receiving RCHOP regimen showed longer OS (HR 0.4511, 95% CI of ratio: 0.2502-0.8132) compared with those receiving CHOP (P=0.008, Fig. 4A) while nearly no difference was found in PFS within groups (P=0.057). Further analyses indicated that, firstly, in the EZH2/Bcl-2 noncoexpression group patients receiving RCHOP regimen demonstrated longer OS in comparison to CHOP (P=0.044, Fig. 4B). Secondly, in the EZH2/BCL-2 coexpression group, no difference was found either in OS or PFS between the two therapeutic regimens (P=0.099 and P=0.341, Fig. 4D-E). Moreover, in the coexpression DLBCL patients no difference was found in localized lesions (stageⅠ/Ⅱ) (P=0.607 and P=0.685; Fig. 4F-G), while in patients at a stage of Ⅲ/Ⅳ, a statistically significant difference (P=0.039 and P=0.005) was found in OS and PFS between the RCHOP and CHOP regimen groups (Fig. 4H-I).

Figure 4.

Kaplan-Meier analysis of OS and PFS in test cohort according to different therapeutic modalities. (A). OS of patients receiving RCHOP regimen was longer than that of CHOP; (B-C). OS (B) and PFS (C) of noncoexpression DLBCL patients by RCHOP and CHOP regimen. (D-E). OS (D) and PFS (E) of EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression DLBCL patients by different treatments. (F-G). OS (F) and PFS (G) of stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression DLBCL patients by RCHOP and CHOP regimen. (H-I). OS (H) and PFS (I) of stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression DLBCL patients by RCHOP and CHOP regimen.

Discussion

In the present study, we demonstrated that DLBCL patients with high level of either EZH2 or Bcl-2 exhibited a worse outcome, and the prognosis was even worse for those with simultaneous expression of EZH2 and Bcl-2 (Fig. 2D-G). Further analyses indicated that DLBCL patients with both high level of EZH2 and Bcl-2 seemed barely to benefit from the regimen with rituximab (R-CHOP), especially in early-staged patients (Fig. 4F, G).

Our previous study had reported that most DLBCLs manesfested with high expression of trimethylated histone H3 at lysine 27 and had determined H3K27me3 as an independent risk factor in DLBCL patients, and its expression was found positively correlated with its methyltransferase---EZH2 ^{17, 18}. Besides, Bcl-2 protein is a well-established anti-apoptotic factor and plays a vital role in the onset as well as progression in DLBCL, and its overexpression has been proven as a pivotal risk factor in depicting the prognosis in lymphomas of various categories^{26, 29-32}. In the present study, western blot analysis in 4 DLBCL cell lines TMD8, HBL-1, Ly1 and Ly8 also testified the stronger expression of H3K27me3, EZH2 and Bcl-2 in comparison to normal human peripheral blood lymphocyte and normal lymph node (Fig. 1J). Chi-square analysis indicated high level of EZH2 or Bcl-2 was closely correlated with relapse (both P<0.01, Table 1), which was one of the vital factors associated with prognosis. Survival analysis with log-rank tests in both test cohort and validation cohort indicated that patients with higher EZH2 or Bcl-2 level ended up with shorter OS. Since recently, Wang et al demonstrated that EZH2 knockdown induced apoptosis of human endometrial carcinoma cells by promoting the expression of pro‑apoptosis protein caspase 3/9, Bcl-2 associated X and decreasing the expression of anti‑apoptosis protein Bcl-2, we thus used coexpression of EZH2 and Bcl-2 as a new biomarker to testify its prognostic effect in the outcome of DLBCL patients and found that coexpression subgroup exhibited much worse PFS and OS in comparison to the non-coexpression (Fig. 2D, E and Fig. 3A). In addition, after excluding the EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression population from the overall test cohort, only Bcl-2 protein expression rather than EZH2 significantly impacted OS (Fig. 2H, I), indicating that EZH2 affected prognosis only in the presence of Bcl-2 coexpression.

In connection with the results of therapeutic regimens, we found that in comparison to non-coexpression subgroup, DLBCL patients with EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression in the RCHOP arm had a shorter PFS and OS, while in the CHOP arm no survival discrepancy had been observed within these two subgroups (Fig. 3D-G). As is well known to us all that rituximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody that binds to the pan-B-cell marker CD20, which is expressed in ~90% of B-cell lymphomas³³. On engagement with CD20, rituximab kills target cells through complement-dependent cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, as well as direct activation of the cell death program. RCHOP regimen had been proven to prevail over CHOP in the therapeutic outcome^34-36, as was also true in our study (Fig. 4A). Further analyses showed that when stratified into EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression and non-coexpression subgroups, no significant difference had been determined for OS/PFS in either CHOP or RCHOP arm. However, when EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression patients were further stratified into early (Ⅰ-Ⅱ) and advanced (Ⅲ-Ⅳ) stages, we found that DLBCL patients in advanced stage could significantly benefit from the introduction of rituximab while the early-staged barely could. Interestingly, the RCHOP regimen related to the longer survival in the noncoxepression group, which were not found in the EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression group. The addition of rituximab to CHOP chemotherapy seems unable to overcome the adverse prognostic effect of EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression. Maybe EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression has eliminated the role of chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy. To further investigate the relationship of the coexpression and treatments at regional or advanced stage of DLBCL patients, stage-matched survival analysis was performed. It was found that the RCHOP correlates statistically better OS and PFS than CHOP regimen at Ann-Arbor stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ but did not in localized stage. Similarly, some other research also reported that the level of EZH2 or H3K27me3 expression correlates with prognosis with different stage in solid tumor³⁷. So we concluded that treatment options for DLBCL might differ between EZH2/Bcl-2 coexpression patients with localized and advanced disease. There would have some important therapeutic implication that the RCHOP regimen would improve the survival of the EZH2/Bcl-2 protein coexpression DLBCL patients with advanced stage, however some more additional therapeutic targets might be suggested in the localized lesions in DLBCL.

Bcl-2 rearrangement results in overexpression of the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein, involving in the regulation of programmed cell death, which plays an important role in tumorigenesis of B-cell lymphoma, induces to the chemotherapy resistance, and further accelerates lymphoma progression³⁸. In our study, high Bcl-2 expression was observed in 58.8% - 61.2 % DLBCL patients and associated with poor survival, consistent with the results in other studies ³⁹. However, Bcl-2 rearrangement alone or overexpression is not sufficient for malignant transformation of B-cells. The Bcl-2 overexpression can mediate the globally increased H3K27me3 cooperated with apoptotic resistance to accelerate B-cell transformation⁴⁰. In human B-cell lymphoma, the co-occurrence of these genetic alterations can be confirmed ⁴¹. We evaluated the expression status of EZH2 and Bcl-2 to determine whether there was a potential correlation between these two proteins and found that the expression level of EZH2 in the high Bcl-2 expression group was significantly higher than that in the low Bcl-2 expression group, which supported the view that the deregulation, increased expression of EZH2 via aberration of Bcl-2 in DLBCLs, might play a critical role in hematologic malignancies. Further, we assessed all the clinicopathologic parameters as predictors for treatment and survival in homogeneous groups of DLBCL patients treated with CHOP or RCHOP. It could also predict the same effect and poor treatment response in RCHOP group, in which the previously validated prognostic factor such as clinical stage or IPI may not work better ^{38, 42}. The predictor of ORR and survival in the CHOP group, such as age>60, elevated LDH level, stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ, extranodal sites ≥2 and IPI 3-5 did not predict treatment response to RCHOP therapy. Perhaps the new indicators could be used for prognosis depending on the mechanism of the effectiveness of immunochemotherapy.

In summary, our study evaluated the possibility of using coexpression of EZH2/Bcl-2 as a clinically potential prognostic marker in DLBCL. The up-regulation of EZH2 may be due to enhanced expression of Bcl-2 suggesting that Bcl-2 might be involved in the PRC2-associated induction of H3K27me3 in DLBCLs. The combined Bcl-2 and EZH2 inhibition may represent a potential therapeutic implications. The results can help us identify a high-risk subgroup of newly diagnosed DLBCL and predict their prognosis, which may eventually develop new drug therapies.