Abstract
Introduction: Albumin and alkaline phosphatase have been previously demonstrated as independent prognostic factors for various types of cancer. Here, we aimed to explore the potential value of pretreatment albumin to alkaline phosphatase ratio (AAPR) on overall survival (OS) in nonmetastatic breast cancer patients.
Methods: A total of 746 nonmetastatic breast cancer patients were enrolled in this study. Receiver characteristic curve was used to analyze the AAPR threshold. Survival analysis was conducted using the Kaplan–Meier method and compared with the log-rank test. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazards regression methodology.
Results: The optimal cutoff value of AAPR in predicting OS in nonmetastatic breast cancer patients was 0.525. Increased pretreatment AAPR level was related to age at diagnosis (≥60 years vs <60 years, P=0.000), tumor size (T≤2 cm vs T>2 cm, P=0.034), estrogen receptor (positive vs negative, P=0.022), progesterone receptor (positive vs negative, P=0.025), carcino-embryonic antigen (abnormal vs normal, P=0.016), surgery (lumpectomy vs mastectomy, P=0.002), chemotherapy (yes vs no, P=0.004), radiotherapy (yes vs no, P=0.013), endocrine therapy (yes vs no, P=0.027) but not with lymph node involvement, HER-2 status or CA-153. The 5-year OS rate was 80.16% for the low AAPR group and 92.66% for the high AAPR group. Kaplan–Meier analysis indicated that patients with low-AAPR levels had shorter OS than patients with high-AAPR levels (P=0.001). N classification (P<0.05), Ki-67 (HR=3.603, 95% CI=1.046–12.414, P=0.042) and AAPR (HR=0.447, 95% CI=0.205–0.976, P=0.043) were related to OS in multivariate analyses, respectively.
Conclusion: AAPR is an independent prognostic factor for OS in nonmetastatic breast cancer patients. Further prospective studies are required to confirm our findings.
Keywords: nonmetastatic breast cancer, prognosis, pretreatment albumin, alkaline phosphatase
Introduction
Breast cancer is one of the most malignant tumors to that poses a significant threat to female health.1 Despite a number of effective treatments including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, endocrine therapy, and targeted therapy, it remains the second most prevalent lethal cancer in women all over the world.2 Currently, tumor size, lymph node status, and metastasis are conventionally described as prognostic factors. Furthermore, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) status are broadly applied in clinic to recognize the different molecular subtypes of breast cancer for accurate treatment. However, a simpler and more economic index to assess the clinical outcomes for early breast patients effectively is required.
Recently, inflammation and immunity are research hotspots in cancer.3 Various serum pretreatment markers have been analyzed to assess whether they offer more valuable information in diagnosis and prognosis in breast cancer. These include neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio,4 and pretreatment prognostic nutritional index (PNI).5 Serum albumin (ALB), produced by the liver, reflects body nutritional status and general physiological function by maintaining nitrogen balance, accelerating damage repair, and reducing inflammation.6 In addition, ALP, a hydrolase that participates in epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)7and ERK1/2 dephosphorylation and other bioprocesses,8 has been confirmed to be elevated and related to poor prognosis in multiple cancers, such as gastric cancer and prostate cancer.9,10
The AAPR is defined as the serum ALB level divided by the serum ALP level. The AAPR was first used as a prognostic index for hepatocellular carcinoma in 2015.11 In addition, AAPR has been trialled as a novel prognostic factor of OS for metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.12,13 However, the prognostic capability of the pretreatment AAPR value for early breast cancer patients still remains unknown. Thus, we examined the role of the AAPR for nonmetastatic breast cancer patients undergoing surgery and its relation with other clinical features.
Methods
Patients selection
We retrospectively reviewed female breast cancer patients who received surgical treatment in Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center (Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China) from November 2011 to February 2013. The exclusion criteria were: 1) incomplete baseline data; 2) no surgery; 3) metastatic breast cancer patients; 4) synchronal malignancies; 5) ductal carcinoma in situ. All subjects enrolled provided their written informed consent and the clinic ethics committee approval was obtained from Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China). This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Data collection
All patient information was intensively reviewed and obtained from the hospital database. The overall survival (OS) time was defined as the period from surgery to death or to the last follow-up date. Pathological staging was assessed using the TNM staging system of the AJCC 7th edition via both postoperative histopathological inspection and clinical assessment. According to pathological reports, we identified ER and PR positive if there were at least 1% positive heterologous tumor cell nuclei in the sample evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC). HER-2 status was assessed using a semiquantitative score (0–3+). Patients with 2+ IHC staining for HER2 underwent fluorescence in-situ hybridization(Fish) to confirm HER2 positivity or negativity. AAPR was calculated as follows: AAPR = pretreatment serum albumin level (g/L)/alkaline phosphatase level(U/L).
Statistical analysis
The optimal cutoff value of the AAPR was determined by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of OS for early breast cancer patients. Baseline characteristics were compared using Fisher’s exact test or Chi-squared test. The Kaplan–Meier method was used for survival analyses and compared using the log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate analyses (Cox proportional hazards regression model) were conducted to assess the effect of potential confounding factors on OS. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were processed using Graphpad Prism 6 (GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA) and SPSS version 23.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL) in this study.
Results
Patient clinic characteristics
We incorporated a total of 746 consecutive patients with surgery and histopathologically diagnosed early breast cancer in SYSUCC. The baseline characteristics of the patients are shown in Table 1. Pathological T stage was 301, 368, 39, 38 patients for T1, T2, T3 and T4 stage patients, respectively. There are 569 (76.3%) patients having invasive ductal carcinoma. Among 746 patients, there are 199 (26.7%) patients in stage I, 364 (48.8%) patients in stage II, 183 (24.5%) patients in stage III. ERstatus varied from positive (n=522, 70.0%), negative (n=203, 27.2%) to unknown (n=21, 2.8%). About 468 (62.7%) of all enrollees are positive for PRstatus. According to the ROC results, patients were divided into a AAPR-low group (AAPR<0.525, n=125, 16.8%) and a AAPR-high group (AAPR ≥0.525, n=621, 83.2%).
Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the enrolled patients
| Characteristic | Group | N (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Age | ≥60 | 127 (17.0) |
| <60 | 619 (83.0) | |
| Histopathological type | Invasive ducal carcinoma | 569 (76.3) |
| Others | 177 (23.7) | |
| T Classification | T1 | 301 (40.3) |
| T2 | 368 (49.3） | |
| T3 | 39 (5.2) | |
| T4 | 38 (5.1) | |
| N Classification | N0 | 407 (54.6) |
| N1 | 182 (24.4) | |
| N2 | 86 (11.5) | |
| N3 | 71 (9.5) | |
| Clinial stage | I | 199 (26.7) |
| II | 364 (48.8) | |
| III | 183 (24.5) | |
| Histological grade | G1 | 20 (2.7) |
| G2 | 480 (64.3) | |
| G3 | 146 (19.6) | |
| Unknown | 100 (13.4) | |
| Estrogen receptor | Positive | 522 (70.0) |
| Negative | 203 (27.2) | |
| Unknown | 21 (2.8) | |
| Progesterone receptor | Positive | 468 (62.7) |
| Negative | 256 (34.8) | |
| Unknown | 22 (2.9) | |
| Human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER-2) | Positive | 219 (29.4) |
| Negative | 421 (56.4) | |
| Unknown | 106 (14.2) | |
| CEA | Normal | 646 (86.6) |
| Abnormal | 67 (9.0) | |
| Unknown | 33 (4.4) | |
| CA-153 | Normal | 630 (84.5) |
| Abnormal | 81 (10.9) | |
| Unknown | 35 (4.7) | |
| Ki-67 | ≥14 | 463 (62.1) |
| <14 | 243 (32.6) | |
| Unknown | 40 (5.4) | |
| Surgery | Mastectomy | 570 (76.4) |
| Lumpectomy | 176 (23.6) | |
| Chemotherapy | Yes | 589 (79.0) |
| No | 157 (21.0) | |
| Radiotherapy | Yes | 212 (28.4) |
| No | 534 (71.6) | |
| Endocrine therapy | Yes | 384 (51.5) |
| No | 362 (48.5) | |
| AAPR | <0.525 | 125 (16.8) |
| ≥0.525 | 621 (83.2) |
Note: Clinical stage was according to the 7th edition of the American Joint Commission on Cancer staging system.
Abbreviations: ER, estrogen receptor; PR, progesterone receptor; HER-2, human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2; CEA, carcino-embryonic antigen; CA15–3, cancer antigen 15-3; AAPR, pretreatment albumin to alkaline phosphatase ratio.
Relationship between AAPR and patient characteristics
The clinicopathological features for each group are shown in Table 2.
Table 2.
Association between AAPR and clinicopathological factors in patients with nonmetastatic breast cancer
| Variable | Total | AAPR value | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low | High | |||
| Age (year) | ||||
| <60 | 127 | 45 | 82 | 0.000 |
| ≥60 | 619 | 80 | 539 | |
| Tumor size | ||||
| T≤2 cm | 302 | 41 | 261 | 0.034 |
| T>2 cm | 444 | 84 | 360 | |
| N | ||||
| Positive | 339 | 59 | 280 | 0.369 |
| Negative | 407 | 66 | 341 | |
| ER | ||||
| Positive | 522 | 76 | 446 | 0.022 |
| Negative | 203 | 43 | 160 | |
| PR | ||||
| Positive | 468 | 67 | 401 | 0.025 |
| Negative | 256 | 52 | 204 | |
| HER-2 | ||||
| Positive | 219 | 41 | 178 | 0.117 |
| Negative | 421 | 62 | 359 | |
| CEA | ||||
| Abnormal | 67 | 18 | 49 | 0.016 |
| Normal | 646 | 99 | 547 | |
| CA-153 | ||||
| Abnormal | 81 | 17 | 64 | 0.156 |
| Normal | 630 | 100 | 530 | |
| Surgery | ||||
| Lumpectomy | 176 | 17 | 159 | 0.002 |
| Mastectomy | 570 | 108 | 462 | |
| Chemotherapy | ||||
| Yes | 589 | 87 | 502 | 0.004 |
| No | 157 | 38 | 119 | |
| Radiotherapy | ||||
| Yes | 212 | 25 | 187 | 0.013 |
| No | 534 | 100 | 434 | |
| Endocrine therapy | ||||
| Yes | 384 | 54 | 330 | 0.027 |
| No | 362 | 71 | 291 | |
Note: Significant P-values are shown in bold.
Abbreviation: AAPR, pretreatment albumin to alkalinephosphatase ratio.
Prognostic value of AAPR for OS
The 5-year OS rate was 80.16% and 92.66% for the low and high AAPR groups, respectively. The Kaplan–Meier curve showed that patients in the low-AAPR group had poorer OS survival rate than those in the high-AAPR group (P=0.001) (Figure 1).
Figure 1.
Overall survival based on the AAPR cutoff point of 0.525 in nonmetastatic breast cancer patients.
In our study, based on univariate analysis, T classification, N classification, Ki-67, AAPR, ER, PR and HER-2 were important predictors of OS (all P<0.05). An AAPR<0.525 was statistically associated with inferior survival (HR=0.363; 95% CI=0.191–0.689; P=0.001). Neither the age nor the histopathological grade demonstrated any prognostic impact. In the Cox multivariate analysis model, the AAPR (HR=0.447, 95% CI=0.205–0.976, P=0.043) proved to be an independent prognostic factor of OS. Meanwhile, N classification and Ki-67 were independent prognostic factors (all P<0.05) (Table 3).
Table 3.
Survival analyses of clinicopathological factors and AAPR
| Variable | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI)) | P | HR (95% CI) | P | |
| Age | 1.412 (0.676–2.951) | 0.359 | — | — |
| T Classification | ||||
| T1 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| T2 | 2.741 (1.241–6.053) | 0.013 | 2.152 (0.789–5.868) | 0.134 |
| T3 | 4.415 (1.329–14.665) | 0.015 | 2.397 (0.533–10.775) | 0.254 |
| T4 | 4.617 (1.390–15.338) | 0.013 | 1.715 (0.296–9.918) | 0.547 |
| N Classification | ||||
| N0 | 1 (reference) | 1 (reference) | ||
| N1 | 3.207 (1.290–7.974) | 0.012 | 2.290 (0.785–6.683) | 0.130 |
| N2 | 6.019 (2.231–15.607) | 0.000 | 4.405 (1.442–13.453) | 0.009 |
| N3 | 11.742 (4.924–28.003) | 0.000 | 7.780 (2.670–22.670) | 0.000 |
| Ki-67 | 3.712 (1.452–9.492) | 0.006 | 3.603 (1.046–12.414) | 0.042 |
| APPR | 0.363 (0.191–0.689) | 0.001 | 0.447 (0.205–0.976) | 0.043 |
| ER | 0.478 (0.255–0.896) | 0.021 | 0.621 (0.194–1.992) | 0.423 |
| PR | 0.467 (0.251–0.869) | 0.016 | 1.149 (0.365–3.614) | 0.831 |
| HER-2 | 2.481 (1.261–4.883) | 0.009 | 1.286 (0.580–2.851) | 0.536 |
| Histological grade | 0.757 (0.334–1.714) | 0.504 | 0.604 (0.254–1.438) | 0.255 |
| CEA | 2.165 (0.960–4.885) | 0.063 | 0.615 (0.201–1.881) | 0.394 |
| Surgery | 6.135 (1.526–26.128) | 0.011 | — | — |
| Chemotherapy | 1.362 (0.573–3.235) | 0.484 | — | — |
| Radiotherapy | 1.272 (0.677–2.392) | 0.455 | — | — |
| Endocrine therapy | 0.361 (0.190–0.688) | 0.002 | — | — |
Note: Significant P-values are shown in bold.
Abbreviation: AAPR, pretreatment albumin to alkalinephosphatase ratio.
Discussion
In our study, we demonstrated that the AAPR was significantly related to the risk index of nonmetastatic breast cancer, including age, tumor size, ER, PR and carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA). The OS rate of the high AAPR group was significantly higher than that of the low AAPR group. Our findings were in accordance with previous studies of other type of cancers.11,12,14 The multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model confirmed that the elevated pretreatment serum level of AAPR can independently predict OS for early breast cancer patients. To our knowledge, this is the first time that AAPR has been reported as an independent predictor of OS for breast cancer patients.
Tumor-related immune responses and nutritional assumption are associated with tumor development and progression.15 First, tumor growth, invasion and metastasis all require nutrition and the induction of an immunological response. Tumor cells can consume nutrients leading to cachexia. Then, to resist and kill cancer cells, the body may expend more nutrients and produce numerous inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-αand vascular endothelial growth factor.16,17 The types of nutritional and inflammatory parameters have been reported to predict prognosis in breast cancer, including the pretreatment NLR, platelet to lymphocyte ratio,18 and PNI. Albumin and alkaline phosphatase are more direct serum biochemical factors that reflect nutritional status of patients. Some abnormal conditions can affect the level of serum albumin, such as alcohol abuse, trauma, liver disease and hypermetabolism.19 Hypoalbuminemia may suppress immune responses, affecting both granuloma formation and macrophage activation. Consequently, some studies have demonstrated that a pretreatment ALB decrease is associated with poor outcome in several cancers due to malnutrition and an imbalanced tumor microenvironment, including renal cell carcinoma and colorectal cancer.20,21 The level of ALP may be associated with bile duct obstruction, bone disease, hepatitis and malnutrition. Jaundice typically appears when ALP increases. According to previous studies, evaluation of ALP might manifest as a heavy tumor burden and thus relate to a poorer prognosis in esophageal carcinoma, colorectal cancer, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma.22–24
AAPR, obtained from the combination of albumin and alkaline phosphatase, may reflect nutritional state, and inflammatory and immune responses in cancer patients. Due to cancer development and progression, the body assumes an abnormal physiological status, such as nutritional decline and inflammatory activation, thus ultimately resulting in poor survival. Nei et al reported that AAPR may serve as a novel prognostic factor of OS for patients with metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma and consequently received cisplatin-based chemotherapy.12 Besides, a prior study indicated that AAPR was a useful prognostic factor for advanced HCC patients treated with non-standard anti-cancer regimens.14 It should be noted that the optimal cutoff values of the AAPR are not the same for different cancers.
In our study, we initially investigated the relationship between AAPR and other clinical factors in nonmetastatic breast cancer patients and found that age, tumor size, ER, PR and CEA were related. A low-AAPR level was associated with poor OS in early breast cancer patients. A low-AAPR level may reflect the decline in both immunological function and anti-cancer ability. Furthermore, we first considered that pretreatment AAPR may independently and effectively predict OS in early breast cancer patients. As a low-cost, simple, accessible and non-invasive index, the AAPR could provide more information for clinicians and how best to treat. For example, low-AAPR value is associated with a poorer outcome in early breast cancer patients, therefore patients need to adequately increase their nutritional intake and receive proportionately more anti-inflammatory therapy according to clinical guidance. Immunotherapeutic drugs such as PD-1 inhibitors could provide a good therapeutic response in these patients.25 Furthermore, those patients with low-AAPR status should have their cancer status and physical condition reviewed more carefully compared with the high-AAPR group.
The limitations of our study is that it is a retrospective analysis of a single-center design, leading to selection bias and a relatively small sample size. In addition, we focused on the pretreatment serum index but failed to analyze the dynamic changes in the AAPR value during the whole process. Finally, biological mechanisms between AAPR and inflammation remain unclear. Therefore, further large-scale prospective clinical trials and basic research studies are required to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of a low-AAPR value and poorer prognosis in patients with breast cancer.
In summary, we confirmed that the AAPR was related to OS of early breast cancer patients treated with surgery. A low-AAPR predicted poorer prognosis compared to the high-AAPR group. The AAPR was considered as an independent risk parameter in patients with nonmetastatic breast cancer. We provide more information for clinicians to determine treatment regimens through an easily accessible parameter of AAPR.
Acknowledgments
This work was partly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81772877, 81773103, and 81572848) and the Science and Technology Department of Guangdong Province, China (2017A030310422).
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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