FIG 8.

Sex differences in antibiotic effects on the metabolic level in colonic contents of healthy mice. (A) Statistical results of the interaction effect between sex and antibiotic on the metabolic changes. The interaction effect was evaluated by a linear mixed-model, and –log₁₀(P) of >1.30 was considered statistically significant. (B to K) Changes in levels of acetate, butyrate, propionate, leucine, isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, alanine, and lactate, as indicated, in colonic contents of mice after antibiotic exposure. Pairwise comparisons were analyzed using Student's t test with a Bonferroni adjustment. NAbx, no antibiotic exposure; Vanc, vancomycin; CiMe, ciprofloxacin and metronidazole; M, male; F, female. r.u., relative units. Significance level: *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001.