FIG 9.

Sex differences in antibiotic effects on the metabolic level in colonic tissues of healthy mice. (A) Statistical results of the interaction effect between sex and antibiotic on metabolic changes. The interaction effect was evaluated by a linear mixed-model, and a –log₁₀(P) of >1.30 was considered statistically significant. (B to F) Changes in levels of acetate, butyrate, propionate, formate, and aspartate in colonic tissues of mice after antibiotic exposure, as indicated. Pairwise comparisons were analyzed using Student's t test with a Bonferroni adjustment. NAbx, no antibiotic exposure; Vanc, vancomycin; CiMe, ciprofloxacin and metronidazole; M, male; F, female; r.u., relative units. Significance level: *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001; ****, P < 0.0001.