Table 1.
Species epithets (the many misspellings e.g., S.sarrachoides as “S.sarachoides” and S.ptychanthum as “S.ptycanthum” have been corrected here) used in representative 20th and early 21st century regional floras in North and Central America and the Caribbean. For distribution of species we recognise in this treatment occurring in each country and/or state see Tables 4 and 5, the searchable files in the Supplementary Material or the dataset on the NHM Data Portal.
| Floristic area | Reference | Epithets used |
|---|---|---|
| North America (Canada) | ||
| Alberta | Moss (1983) | nigrum, sarrachoides, triflorum |
| British Colombia | Klinkenberg (2017) | americanum, nigrum, physalifolium, triflorum |
| Eastern Canada (St. Lawrence area) | Marie Antonin (1995) | nigrum |
| North America (United States) | ||
| Regional floras | ||
| Carolinas | Radford et al. (1964) | americanum, gracile, nigrum, sarrachoides |
| Central and Northeastern United States and adjacent Canada | Fernald (1970) | americanum, nigrum, sarrachoides, triflorum, villosum (mention of interius as outside of range) |
| Intermountain West | Cronquist et al. (1984) | nigrum (incl. americanum and interius in synonymy), sarrachoides, triflorum |
| Northeastern United States and adjacent Canada | Gleason and Cronquist (1963) | nigrum, sarrachoides, triflorum |
| Pacific Northwest | Hitchcock and Cronquist (1976) | nigrum (“diploid and hexaploid”), sarrachoides, triflorum |
| Sonoran Desert | Shreve and Wiggins (1964) | douglasii, furcatum, sarrachoides (as sarachoides), triflorum |
| Southeastern United States | Small (1913) | nigrum, gracile, triflorum |
| State floras | ||
| Arizona | Kearney and Peebles (1951) | americanum, douglasii, nodiflorum, sarrachoides, triflorum |
| Arkansas | Smith (1994) | ptychanthum, sarrachoides |
| California | Munz (1968) | douglasii, furcatum, nodiflorum, sarrachoides, triflorum |
| Nee (2012) | americanum, douglasii, furcatum, nigrum, physalifolium var. nitidibaccatum, triflorum | |
| Colorado | Harrington (1954) | interius, sarrachoides, triflorum |
| Illinois | Jones and Fuller (1955) | nigrum, triflorum |
| Mohlenbrock (2014) | physalifolium, ptychanthum, triflorum | |
| Kentucky | Jones (2005) | physalifolium, ptychanthum (incl. americanum and nigrum in synonymy) |
| Maine | Haines and Vining (1994) | americanum, nigrum, villosum |
| Maryland | Brown and Brown (1984) | americanum, nigrum, sarrachoides |
| Massachusetts | Ahmadjian (1979) | nigrum |
| Michigan | Voss (1996) | physalifolium, ptychanthum, triflorum |
| Mississippi | Timme (1989) | americanum, pseudogracile |
| Missouri | Steyermark (1977) | americanum, sarrachoides, triflorum, villosum |
| Yatskevich (2013) | nigrum, ptychanthum, sarrachoides | |
| Nebraska | Kaul et al. (2006) | interius, nigrum, physalifolium var. nitidibaccatum, ptychanthum |
| New Mexico | Martin and Hutchins (1980) | americanum, douglasii, nigrum (incl. interius), sarrachoides, triflorum |
| Ohio | Cooperrider (1995) | nigrum (americanum and ptychanthum in synonymy), physalifolium, triflorum |
| Oregon | Peck (1941) | douglasii, nigrum, triflorum |
| Pennsylvania | Rhoads and Block (2007) | americanum, nigrum |
| Texas | Correll and Johnston (1970) | americanum, douglasii, nodiflorum, villosum |
| Utah | Albee et al. (1988) | nigrum, sarrachoides, triflorum |
| Utah | Welsh et al. (1993) | nigrum, sarrachoides, triflorum |
| West Virginia | Strausbaugh and Core (1979) | americanum |
| Central America (incl. Mexico) | ||
| Belize | Balick et al. (2000) | americanum |
| Costa Rica | Standley and Morton (1938) | nigrum |
| Bohs (2015) | americanum, macrotonum, nigrescens | |
| El Salvador | Standley and Calderón (1941) | nigrum |
| Guatemala | Gentry and D’Arcy (1974) | americanum, nigrescens (suggestion that macrotonum might occur) |
| Knapp et al. (2006) | americanum, nigrescens | |
| Honduras | Nelson (1986) | americanum |
| Mesoamerica (southern Mexico and Central America) | Knapp et al. (2005) | americanum, macrotonum, nigrescens |
| Mexico (northern) | Felger (2000) | americanum |
| Mexico (Baja California) | Wiggins (1980) | douglasii, furcatum, nodiflorum, sarrachoides |
| Mexico (Chiapas) | Breedlove (1986) | americanum, nigrescens |
| Mexico (Coahuila) | Villarreal Quintanilla (2001) | douglasii, nigrescens (incl. americanum), nigrum |
| Mexico (Durango) | González Elizondo et al. (1991) | americanum, aff. douglasii, nigrescens (incl. americanum) |
| Mexico (Valle de México) | Sánchez Sánchez (1968) | nigrum |
| Mexico (Oaxaca/Puebla) | Davila Aranda et al. (1993) | americanum, nigrum |
| Mexico (Quintana Roo) | Sousa and Cabrera (1983) | americanum, nigrescens |
| Mexico (Veracruz) | Nee (1993) | americanum, douglasii, nigrescens |
| Mexico (Yucatán) | Standley (1930) | nigrum |
| Nicaragua | D’Arcy (2001) | americanum, nigrescens |
| Panama | D’Arcy (1974) | americanum, macrotonum, nigrescens |
| Correa et al. (2004) | americanum, macrotonum, nigrescens, physalifolium var. nitidibaccatum | |
| Caribbean | ||
| Jamaica | Adams (1972) | americanum, antillarum (specimen cited is macrotonum) |
| West Indies (Bahamas, Greater and Lesser Antilles) | Knapp (2012) | americanum, nigrescens |
| Bahamas | Correll and Correll (1982) | americanum |
| French Antilles (Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Martin, St. Barthelemy) | Sastré and Breuil (2007) | americanum |