Development and validation of a prognostic score predicting recurrence in resected combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma

Abstract

Purpose: To develop and validate a decision aid to help make individualized estimates of tumor recurrence for patients with resected combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma (CHC).

Patients and methods: Risk factors of recurrence were identified in the derivation cohort of 208 patients who underwent liver resection between 1995 and 2014 at Zhongshan Hospital to develop a prediction score. The model was subsequently validated in an external cohort of 101 CHC patients using the C concordance statistic and net reclassification index (NRI).

Results: On multivariate analysis, five independent predictors associated with tumor recurrence were identified, including sex, γ-glutamyl transferase, macrovascular invasion, hilar lymphoid metastasis and adjuvant transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. The prediction score was constructed using these 5 variables, with scores ranging from 0 to 5. A patient with a score of 0 had a predicted 1- and 5-year recurrence risk of 11.1% and 22.2%, respectively. In the validation cohort, the NRIs of prediction score vs American Joint Committee on Cancer 7^th TNM staging system at 1-year and 5-year were 0.185 (95% CI, 0.090–0.279, P<0.001) and 0.425 (95% CI, 0.044–0.806, P=0.03), respectively.

Conclusion: Our developed and validated prediction score might be a simple and reliable method in postoperative CHC patients and help clinicians identify candidates who may benefit from future adjuvant therapies.

Introduction

Combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma (CHC) is a rare liver malignancy, accounting for 0.4~14.2% of all primary liver cancers.¹ It is comprised of dual histologic features: hepatocellular and biliary epithelial differentiation. Since the first report of Allen and Lisa in 1949,² there have been an increasing number of clinical studies describing both the demographic and clinical features of CHC.^3–5 Due to the limitations of small study populations in previous reports, the demographic, clinical characteristics, and prognostic factors are far from clearly understood.⁶

Over the past decades, many staging systems have been developed to guide the prognosis and treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), including the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer,⁷ Hong Kong Liver Cancer,⁸ American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) 7^th edition,⁹ Nathan¹⁰ and Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan staging systems,¹¹ but none for CHC patients. Previously, we established a novel risk prediction model that could be applied to facilitate the diagnosis of CHC patients in contrast to HCC or ICC patients.¹² Further, we observed that surgical resection could provide the same outcome between elderly and younger patients.¹³ Though CHCs share similar clinical and pathological characteristics (mean age, positive viral hepatitis and solitary tumors) with HCC patients, the features of CHC are genetically closer to that of ICC.^5,14 Considering the vastly different mechanisms of carcinogenesis and biological behavior, the current cancer classification for HCC or ICC may not be suitable for CHC patients. Thus, developing an accurate recurrence prediction model would make a contribution to treatment for CHC patients postoperatively.

In the present study, our aim was to establish a prognostic estimation of CHCs after resection (PECAR) score predicting recurrence on the basis of the clinicopathological data from Zhongshan Hospital and validate with an external cohort from Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital in China.

Materials and methods

Patients

The retrospective analysis obtained ethical approval and complied with the standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and current ethical guidelines. Informed consent was obtained from each patient before surgery for using their data for research. The CHC was histologically defined according to the WHO criteria,¹⁵ and two independent pathologists reassessed all these samples. The standard technique was adopted for hepatic resection.¹⁶ The probability of hilar lymph node metastasis was evaluated with preoperative contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) and (or) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The dissected lymphoid metastasis was routinely confirmed by pathology. Patients with no previous antitumor therapy, confirmed with CHC pathologically, no other malignancies and Child–Pugh class A or B were included in this study. The exclusion criteria were as follows: ICC or HCC proved by histopathology, tumors of uncertain origin, metastatic liver tumors, perioperative mortality and distant or intrahepatic metastasis. In the derivation cohort, 208 CHC patients who underwent liver resection, between April 1999 and December 2014, at Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University were enrolled. Further, we included an external validation cohort with 101 patients, from September 2003 to January 2016, at Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University. The study complied with the standards of the Declaration of Helsinki. The institutional review board of Zhongshan Hospital approved this study. All patients gave written informed consent.

Laboratory test and data collection

The serum chemistries, blood cell count and tumor biomarkers (serum alpha-fetoprotein [AFP], carcinoembryonic antigen [CEA], carbohydrate antigen 19-9 [CA19-9]) were measured in routine examination according to standard laboratory procedures.¹⁷ Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibodies to hepatitis C virus (HCV) were detected using standard test systems. To evaluate the potential risk predictors, all the data associated with demographic and pathological information were collected at the time of initial diagnosis.

Follow-up and detection of recurrence

All patients underwent follow-up every 3 months in the first year and every 6 months thereafter until death or dropout. Abdominal ultrasound, liver function tests, serum AFP, CEA and CA19-9 levels were analyzed every 3 months, and abdominal MRI or CT scanning was performed every 6 months. According to standard guidelines for HCC,¹⁸ ICC¹⁹ or radiologic features of CHC described previously,²⁰ recurrence was confirmed by contrast-enhanced imaging studies and tumor biomarkers.

Recurrent patients were managed with different therapeutic modalities, including radiofrequency ablation, repeated resection, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) and supportive therapy. Overall survival (OS) was defined as the time period between the date of surgery and death and disease-free survival (DFS) was defined as the interval between the date of surgery and recurrence.

Statistical analysis

Continuous variables were reported as medians with IQR and categorical variables were as percentages. Pearson’s χ² test and Fisher’s exact test were employed to compare categorical variables, whereas Wilcoxon test was used to evaluate continuous variables. Survival curves were computed with Kaplan–Meier methods and compared by using log-rank tests. Cox proportional hazards regression models were performed to determine univariate and multivariable HRs for predicting factors of CHC recurrence or survival. Predictors (P<0.10 in univariate analysis) were selected in the multivariate analysis. The final multivariate model was performed using a backward stepwise procedure for variable selection with a liberal P<0.05 as the retention criteria. According to the final multivariable model coefficients,²¹ the novel prognostic score was developed, assigning ordinal scores (0 or 1) to each of the selected factors. This simplified point scale could reflect the relative impact of risk covariables in the new model. And then, the relative value of each model component was summed to calculate the PECAR score. The PECAR score was tested and compared with AJCC 7^th TNM system in the validation cohort. We used the C-index²² to assess model discrimination and absolute net reclassification index (NRI)^23,24 to evaluate the improvement of model performance for CHC recurrence. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) and R software version 3.30 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). A P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Patient characteristics

Table 1 presents the baseline characteristics of the derivation cohort (n=208) and the validation cohort (n=101). There were no differences in the baseline characteristics of the derivation and validation cohort. Patients were younger, male predominant and more likely to have a single tumor in both groups. Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-positive patients made up 64.9% of the derivation cohort and 69.3% of the validation cohort, respectively. Compared with the validation set, the derivation set tended to have a high proportion of adjuvant TACE after liver resection.

Table 1.

Demographic, clinical and tumor characteristics of patients with combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma

Patient demographics	Derivation cohort (n=208)	Validation cohort (n=101)	P-value
Age, years
<60	138 (66.35)	65 (64.36)	0.83
≥60	70 (33.65)	36 (35.64)
Sex (female), n (%)	64 (30.77)	27 (26.73)	0.55
HBV (positive), n (%)	135 (64.9)	70 (69.31)	0.52
HCV (positive), n (%)	205 (98.56)	99 (98.02)	0.66
Liver cirrhosis, yes (%)	129 (62.02)	60 (59.41)	0.75
AFP, ng/mL
<20	104 (50)	55 (54.46)	0.45
20–199	48 (23.08)	17 (16.83)
≥200	56 (26.92)	29 (28.71)
CEA, μg/mL
<5	157 (75.48)	76 (75.25)	0.99
≥5	51 (24.52)	25 (24.75)
CA19–9, U/mL
<37	112 (53.85)	56 (55.45)	0.46
37–399	65 (31.25)	35 (34.65)
≥400	31 (14.9)	10 (9.9)
Albumin, g/L
<35	19 (9.13)	3 (2.97)	0.06
≥35	189 (90.87)	98 (97.03)
Bilirubin, μmol/L
<17	161 (77.4)	74 (73.27)	0.51
≥17	47 (22.6)	27 (26.73)
ALT, IU/L
<40	124 (59.62%)	78 (77.23%)	0.003
≥40	84 (40.38%)	23 (22.77%)
GGT, U/L
<40	48 (23.08)	34 (33.66)	0.07
≥40	160 (76.92)	67 (66.34)
ALP, U/L
<200	199 (95.67)	99 (98.02)	0.51
≥200	9 (4.33)	2 (1.98)
Prothrombin time, s	12.3 (11.4, 13.2)	12.1 (11.4, 13.0)	0.49
PLT, 103/μL
<100	46 (22.12)	12 (11.88)	0.045
≥100	162 (77.88)	89 (88.12)
Tumor number, n (%)
1	160 (76.9)	81 (78.0)	0.76
2	24 (11.5）	9 (8.9)
≥3	24 (11.5)	11 (10.9)
Tumor diameter, cm	5.3 (3.5, 8.0)	5.0 (3.0, 7.5)	0.19
Microvascular invasion (yes), n (%)	46 (22.12)	30 (29.7)	0.19
Macrovascular invasion (yes), n (%)	15 (7.21)	10 (9.90)	0.55
Hilar lymphoid metastasis (negative), n (%)	22 (10.58)	11 (0.89)	0.99
Tumor differentiation
Well	24 (11.54)	9 (8.91)	0.41
Moderate	134 (64.42)	61 (60.40)
Poor	50 (24.04)	31 (30.69)
Bleeding volume, mL	200 (100, 500)	200 (100, 500)	0.11
Occlusion, mins	8.0 (0.0, 15.0)	8.0 (0.0, 15.0)	0.41
Adjuvant TACE
No	155 (74.52)	86 (85.15)	0.049
Yes	53 (25.48)	15 (14.85)

Notes: Values are presented as n (%) or median (Q1, Q3).

Abbreviations: HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; AFP, α-fetoprotein; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19–9, carbohydrate 19-9; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GGT, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; PLT, platelet; TACE, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization.

Outcomes of CHC patients

Among the entire cohort, the median OS was 18.1 months (range, 1.6–192.5 months). The 1-, 3- and 5-year OS probability was 76.2%, 41.2% and 28.3%, respectively (Figure S1). The median RFS was 11.0 months (range, 1.0 to 192.5). The 1-, 3- and 5-year RFS probability was 48.0%, 37.8% and 28.0%, respectively. Till to the date of last follow-up, 171 (55.3%) patients died and 149 (48.2%) patients encountered tumor relapse. There was no significant difference in the CHC recurrence between two groups (Figure 1).

Figure S1.

Kaplan–Meier probability of Combined-hepatocellular carcinoma (CHC) overall survival within 5 years in the derivation and validation cohorts. The number at risk refers to the numbers of patients who have not died at the corresponding time point.

Figure 1.

Kaplan–Meier probability of combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma (CHC) recurrence within 5 years in the derivation and validation cohorts. The number at risk refers to the numbers of patients who have not relapsed at the corresponding time point.

Predictor selection and construction of the PECAR score

By using univariate analysis, male sex, elevated γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), bleeding volume, tumor diameter and presence of macrovascular invasion, confirmed with hilar lymphoid metastasis and adjuvant TACE, at the first month after surgery were associated with subsequent CHC recurrence in the derivation cohort (Table 2). On multivariate analysis, the predictors that independently correlated with CHC recurrence included (1) sex, (2) GGT (at the following cutoffs: 0–39.9 and ≥40), (3) macrovascular invasion, (4) hilar lymphoid metastasis and (5) adjuvant TACE. The multivariate model coefficients for these 5 significant variables were transformed into relative points, and then summed to calculate the PECAR score as listed in Table 3. By adding total points for these 5 variables, the individualized PECAR score is calculated (Table 3).

Table 2.

Univariate analysis of CHC recurrence in the derivation cohort (n=208)

	Univariable HR (95% CI)	P-value
Sex (male vs female)	1.884 (1.192, 2.979)	0.007
Age (<60 vs ≥60), years	1.297 (0.861, 1.958)	0.22
HBsAg (positive vs negative)	0.895 (0.594, 1.352)	0.61
Liver cirrhosis (yes vs no)	1.188 (0.789, 1.788)	0.41
PLT (<100 vs ≥ 100), 103/μL	1.051 (0.664, 1.663)	0.83
Albumin (<35 vs ≥35), g/L	1.279 (0.593, 2.758)	0.53
Bilirubin (<17 vs ≥17), μmol/L	0.982 (0.625, 1.543)	0.94
ALT (<40 vs ≥40), IU/L	1.335 (0.901, 1.978)	0.15
GGT (≥40 vs <40), U/L	2.236 (1.307–3.824)	0.003
ALP (<200 vs ≥200), U/L	1.364 (0.554, 3.361)	0.54
AFP, ng/mL
20–199 vs <20	1.219 (0.754, 0.674)	0.42
≥200 vs <20	1.079 (0.754, 0.674)	0.75
CEA (<5 vs ≥5), μg/mL	0.989 (0.629, 1.556)	0.96
CA19-9, U/mL
37–399 vs <37	1.054 (0.677, 1.312)	0.81
≥400 vs <37	1.406 (0.745, 1.847)	0.22
Tumor number, n	1.054 (0.921, 1.207)	0.45
Tumor diameter, cm	1.057 (1.006–1.111)	0.03
Microvascular invasion (positive vs negative)	0.987 (0.599, 1.627)	0.96
Macrovascular invasion (positive vs negative)	3.383 (1.746–6.554)	<0.001
Hilar lymphoid metastasis (yes vs no)	2.306 (1.276–4.168)	0.006
Tumor differentiation
Moderate vs poor	1.251 (0.658, 1.781)	0.53
Well vs poor	0.994 (0.894, 1.542)	0.99
Bleeding volume, mL	1.000 (1.000, 1.001)	0.009
Adjuvant TACE (yes vs no)	1.721 (1.126–2.632)	0.01

Abbreviations: AFP, α-fetoprotein; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19-9, carbohydrate 19-9; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; GGT, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; PLT, platelet; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; CHC, combined hepatocellular carcinoma; TACE, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization.

Table 3.

Multivariate analysis of risk factors of CHC recurrence and creation of the PECAR score (n=208)

	Multivariable HR (95% CI)	P-value	β coefficient	PECAR points
Sex
Female	1 (reference)	NA	NA	0
Male	1.815 (1.315, 2.903)	0.01	0.596	1
GGT, U/mL
<40	1 (reference)	NA	NA	0
≥40	1.932 (1.114, 3.351)	0.02	0.659	1
Macrovascular invasion
Negative	1 (reference)	NA	NA	0
Positive	2.966 (1.484, 5.93)	0.002	1.087	1
Lymphoid metastasis
No	1 (reference)	NA	NA	0
Yes	2.443 (1.341, 4.45)	0.004	0.893	1

Abbreviations: GGT, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; CHC, combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma; NA, not applicable; PECAR, prognostic estimation of CHCs after resection.

Predictive performance and discrimination

The PECAR score ranged from 0 to 4, with the most common score being 1 and 2 (Table 4). A female patient with CHC after liver resection, no macrovascular invasion, no hilar lymphoid metastasis and the GGT level lower than 40 U/L would have a PECAR score of 0, predicting 1- and 5-year recurrence risk of only 11.1% and 22.2%, respectively. Predicted risk of 1- and 5-year CHC recurrence rose with each point score (Figure 2), such as a patient with a PECAR score of 4 or more, had a predicted 1- and 5-year recurrence risk of 72.7% and 81.8%, respectively. The C-index of PECAR score was 0.651 (95% CI, 0.593–0.710) in the derivation cohort for predicting CHC recurrence compared with AJCC 7^th TNM staging system 0.520 (95% CI, 0.465–0.575). By using the NRI, we found that the PECAR score improved prediction of CHC recurrence after liver resection compared with AJCC 7^th TNM staging system at 1 year (0.194, P=0.002) and 5 years (0.407, P<001) after liver resection.

Table 4.

The percentage of PECAR score in the derivation and the validation cohort

Score	Derivation cohort	Validation cohort	P-value
0	18 (8.6)	12 (11.9)	0.74
1	45 (21.6)	25 (24.8)
2	97 (46.6)	43 (42.6)
3	37 (17.8)	18 (17.8)
4	11 (5.3)	3 (3.0)

Notes: Values are presented as n (%).

Abbreviations: CHC, combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma; PECAR, prognostic estimation of CHCs after resection.

Figure 2.

Risk estimation of tumor recurrence in different PECAR scores after liver resection.Notes: (A) The risk of tumor recurrence at 1-year. (B) The risk of tumor recurrence at 5-years. (C) Predicted CHC recurrence risk of PECAR score at 1-year and 5-years.

Abbreviations: CHC, combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma; PECAR, prognostic estimation of CHCs after resection.

Validation of the PECAR score

To validate whether the PECAR score would be applicable to other datasets, we conducted an external validation study with 101 CHC patients in the validation group. In the validation cohort, median OS and RFS were 17.0 (1.8, 152.0) and 10.8 (1.0, 152.0) months, respectively. The C-index of the PECAR score for predicting postoperative recurrence was 0.610 (95% CI, 0.524–0.697), while the C-index of AJCC 7^th TNM staging system was 0.598 (95% CI, 0.519–0.678). Similarly, the PECAR score improved the performance of recurrence prediction on CHC compared with AJCC 7^th TNM staging system in the validation cohort (1 year: 0.185, P<0.001; 5 years: 0.425, P=0.03).

Discussion

CHC is an uncommon liver tumor with distinctive biological behavior and clinicopathological features. Due to its rarity, the clinical information is limited, especially for the patients’ survival and recurrence. In the present study, we developed and externally validated a novel prognostic score for postoperative CHC patients. This final model was based on 5 independent predictors with C-index of 0.651 (95%CI, 0.593–0.710) and presented better performance in recurrence prediction than AJCC 7^th TNM staging system.

Growing evidences document CHC as an aggressive cancer with dismal prognosis, and the tumor recurred frequently at the liver.^16,25,26 Previously, we demonstrated that CHC had a median prognosis between HCC and ICC.⁴ Further, we observed that the CHC patients had a short OS (18.1 months) and DFS (11.0 months) similar to previous studies.^5,27 CHC was thought to be derived from hepatic progenitor cells with the biopotential to differentiate into both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes.^6,28 Aoki et al²⁰ reported that the prognosis of CHC might be like that of mass-forming ICC, though the clinical characteristics of CHC are similar to those of HCC. However, several studies indicated that there was no relationship between poor outcome and the predominance of ICC cells (or HCC cells).^29,30 Further studies are needed to investigate the intrinsic mechanism of CHC.

Definitive evaluation of recurrent predictors in resected CHC patients has not been well established. Previous studies found that tumor number, vascular invasion, radical resection, lymphoid metastasis and tumor stage were prognostic factors for CHC patients.^1,3,4,25 Kim et al also reported that CA19-9 was a risk predictor for CHC patients.¹ In our present study, five risk factors (sex, GGT, macrovascular invasion, lymphoid metastasis and adjuvant TACE) were identified as independent factors associated with recurrence. Interestingly, sex was selected as an independent risk factor related to CHC recurrence in our model, unlike tumor markers (serum AFP, CA19-9 or CEA). Previous studies indicated that CHC was more prevalent in male population, particularly in the endemic area of chronic hepatitis.^25,31,32 The causative association between sex and recurrence of CHC patients is required to be confirmed in future studies. Consistent with previous studies,^5,33 GGT, a risk factor of liver cancer, was found to be associated with RFS in our study. Macroscopic vascular invasion, the essential causes of intrahepatic recurrence and long-term survival, was also identified as an independent predictor of CHC recurrence in accordance with previous studies in HCC^34,35 and ICC.³⁶ In liver cancer, Wang et al³⁷ revealed that the prognosis of patients with lymph node metastasis or direct invasion and local metastasis was significantly poor. Also, lymphoid metastasis was found to be an independent predictor of recurrence with a HR of 2.443 (95% CI, 1.341–4.450) in the present study. Extrahepatic recurrence was reported mainly in lymph nodes of CHC patients,⁵ suggesting that regional nodal groups need to be resected during operation.

Different from HCC, the pathological pattern of CHC is less vascular and much more fibrotic tissues, resulting in poor uptake of chemotherapeutic agents. Retrospective studies have shown that TACE could improve survival outcomes in recurrent or unresectable CHC patients,^38,39 especially for hypervascular lesions. However, in patients with peripherally enhancing lesions, the prognosis was worse than HCC or globally enhancing CHC patients.³⁹ In our study, we found that adjuvant TACE did not have a preventive effect, but may increase the risk of recurrence for resected CHC patients. The explanations may be as follows: first, patients benefiting from adjuvant TACE were mainly combined with an intermediate or high risk of recurrence;¹⁷ second, CHC is an uncommon tumor with significant heterogeneity and aggressive biological behavior, patients with residual tumor may not respond to postoperative TACE; third, in our study, nearly 60% of patients combined with chronic HBV infection, the injury derived from TACE may promote local recurrence of CHC. Further investigation will be needed to verify the clinical efficacy of adjuvant TACE in CHC patients after hepatectomy.

How does our constructed model potentially influence clinical practice for CHC patients? First, it could help clinicians predict the likelihood of recurrence in postoperative CHC patients. In the present study, the probability of recurrence in patients with score 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 at 1 year was 11.1%, 20.0%, 29.9%, 45.9% and 72.7%, respectively. Second, the PECAR score will help us to determine whether CHC surveillance after resection is warranted. Previous studies indicated that the prognosis of CHC may be worse than HCC or ICC patients, implying that the surveillance should be modified and fitted for CHC patients in clinical practice. Currently, the clinical efficacy of therapeutic strategies on CHC after surgery remains unclear, and our PECAR score may facilitate the improvement of postoperative management of patients with intermediate or high risk of recurrence in the future.

This study is not devoid of limitations. First, the study is based on a retrospective cohort in China, with over 60% of patients having HBV infection; prospective studies in different populations are required to further validate our model. Second, our predictive model is used for postoperative decision-making. Third, genomic analyses were not performed for resected tumor specimens. Genomic classification has been shown to provide unique prognostic information, except for clinical parameters, and may help to identify patients at higher risk for subsequent metastatic tumor formation.

Conclusions

In conclusion, we constructed and validated a novel PECAR score predicting the recurrence of HBV-related CHC patients in stage I/II. The PECAR score may help predict the per-patient recurrence risk and facilitate clinicians manage patients with stage I/II CHC patients, and further studies are also needed to improve clinical strategy.

Abbreviations list

CHC, combined hepatocellular cholangiocarcinoma; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; ICC, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; OS, overall survival; DFS, disease-free survival; BCLC, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; HKLC, Hong Kong Liver Cancer; AJCC, American Joint Committee on Cancer; LCSGJ, Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan; HBV, hepatitis B virus; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; CT, computed tomography; AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19-9, carbohydrate antigen 19-9; PEI, percutaneous ethanol injection; C-index, concordance index; VI, vascular invasion.

Disclosure

The authors declared no conflicts of interest in this work.