MicroRNA-199a-5p suppresses migration and invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma through inhibiting the EMT-related transcription factor SOX4

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRs) are small, non-coding RNAs that can act as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes in human cancer. Recent studies have revealed that miR-199a-5p is abnormally expressed in various types of human cancer; however, the potential role of miR-199a-5p in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remains elusive. The present study investigated the role of miR-199a-5p in OSCC cells and explored the potential molecular mechanism. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure miR-199a-5p expression in OSCC tissues and adjacent normal oral epithelial tissues. Cell invasion and migration were evaluated using Transwell invasion and wound-healing assays in OSCC cells post-transfection with miR-199a-5p mimics or negative control mimics. In addition, a luciferase reporter assay was conducted to identify the target gene of miR-199a-5p in OSCC cells. The results demonstrated that miR-199a-5p expression was significantly downregulated in OSCC tissues and cell lines, and was associated with tumor progression in OSCC. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-199a-5p inhibited cell invasion and migration, and blocked the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) cascade. Notably, the results revealed that the EMT-related transcription factor SRY-box 4 (SOX4) was a direct target gene of miR-199a-5p, as determined by the direct binding of miR-199a-5p with the 3′-untranslated region of SOX4. In addition, knockdown of SOX4 by small interfering RNA-SOX4 suppressed proliferation, migration and invasion of OSCC cells. Conversely, overexpression of SOX4 rescued the suppressive effects of miR-199a-5p on cell migration and invasion. Collectively, these data indicated that miR-199a-5p may inhibit the migration and invasion of OSCC cells via targeting the EMT-related transcription factor SOX4, thus suggesting that miR-199a-5p may serve as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in the treatment of OSCC.

Introduction

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which is the sixth most common type of human cancer worldwide, is an aggressive epithelial malignancy (1). Each year >300,000 new cases are reported and ~9,000 individuals succumb to this disease in the United States. The 5-year survival rate is ~50%, even though there have been some advancements in therapeutic regimens (2). The lack of characteristic symptoms in the early stages and the absence of non-invasive screening tests leads to high mortality in patients with OSCC (3). In addition, local tumor recurrence and metastasis are key factors in the development of OSCC (4). Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify and develop novel strategies for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of patients with OSCC.

SRY-box 4 (SOX4) is a 47-kDa protein and a member of the SOX family of transcription factors, which has an important role in embryonic development and cell-fate determination during organogenesis (5). SOX4 has been reported to be upregulated in various types of cancer, and SOX4 aberrant expression may regulate cellular transformation, cell survival and metastasis (6-8). Numerous studies have reported that SOX4 acts as an oncogene in various types of cancer, including prostate cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and lung cancer (9-11). In addition, SOX4 has been demonstrated to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) (12,13), which serves a key role in tumor metastasis and is associated with tumor recurrence (14).

MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs (length, 21-23 nucleotides), which negatively modulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level through inhibiting translation or inducing RNA degradation (15,16). miRNAs are associated with various physiological and pathological processes, including cellular metabolism, proliferation, differentiation and death (17). Accumulating evidence has revealed that miRNAs are dysregulated and have key roles in several types of cancer, and can act as tumor suppressor genes and potent oncogenes (18). Notably, miRNA dysregulation is considered to be associated with the occurrence and development of OSCC (19). Previous studies have demonstrated that miR-199a-5p serves a key role in tumor development via modulation of tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes in various types of cancer, including hepatocellular cancer, gastric cancer and ovarian cancer (20-22). He et al revealed that miR-199a-5p is upregulated in gastric cancer tissues and functions as an oncogene in gastric cancer (22). Furthermore, upregulation of miR-199a-5p has been recognized as a signature for poor prognosis in uveal melanoma and it is associated with a high metastatic risk (23). Conversely, Zhong et al reported that miR-199a-5p is downregulated in prostate adenocarcinoma, and overexpression of miR-199a-5p attenuates cell motility, proliferation and tumor angiogenesis in prostate adenocarcinoma cell lines (24). In addition, miR-199a-5p has been identified to function as an antitumor miRNA in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (25). However, the molecular mechanism underlying the role of miR-199a-5p in the development of OSCC remains unclear.

The present study performed reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to detect the expression levels of miR-199a-5p in OSCC tissues and explored the molecular mechanism underlying the biological function of this miRNA. The results revealed that miR-199a-5p is downregulated in human OSCC tissues and cell lines, and its expression in OSCC tissues with lymph node metastasis is lower than that in tissues without lymph node metastasis. In addition, the present findings revealed that miR-199a-5p inhibits cell invasion and migration in OSCC cells through targeting the oncogene SOX4, thus suggesting that miR-140-5p may possess potential value in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of OSCC.

Materials and methods

Patients and tissue samples

The OSCC tissues and adjacent normal oral epithelial tissues were collected from 40 patients with OSCC at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University (Weihui, China) between November 2015 and January 2016. The patients enrolled in this study did not receive radiotherapy or chemotherapy prior to surgical resection. All tissue samples were confirmed by pathological examination. All OSCC tissues and corresponding normal oral epithelial tissues were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C until further use. Patient characteristics are presented in Table I. The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University and all patients provided written informed consent.

Table I.

Association between miR-199a-5p expression and the clinicopathological features of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma.

Clinical parameters	All cases (n=40)	miR-199-5p expression		P-value
		High (n=16)	Low (n=24)
Sex				0.685
Male	26	11	15
Female	14	5	9
Age (years)				0.408
≥50	27	12	15
<50	13	4	9
Site				0.604
Buccal mucosa	22	8	14
Non-buccal mucosa	18	8	10
Alcohol use				0.505
Yes	25	9	16
No	15	7	8
Smoking				0.897
Yes	22	9	13
No	18	7	11
cTNM stage				0.064
I + II	9	6	3
III + IV	31	10	21
Tumor size (cm)				0.020a
≥2	19	4	15
<2	21	12	9
Differentiation				0.037a
Well and moderate	23	6	17
Poor	17	10	7
Lymph node metastasis				0.003b
Present	28	7	21
Absent	12	9	3

^aP<0.05,

^bP<0.01. cTNM, clinical Tumor-Node-Metastasis.

Cell culture

The human OSCC cell lines HSC-2, CAL-27, Tca8113 and SCC-4 were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). The cells were grown in RPMI 1640 medium (Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), 100 IU/ml penicillin and 100 mg/ml streptomycin at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂. The normal human oral keratinocytes (HOK) (ScienCell Research Laboratories, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA) were grown in oral keratinocyte medium (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.).

Cell transfection

miR-199a-5p mimics/inhibitor and the corresponding negative control (NC) sequences (mimics/inhibitor NC) were synthesized by Shanghai GenePharma Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Small interfering (si)RNA sequences, si-SOX4 and NC si-Scramble, were purchased from Ambion (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The oligonucleotides sequences as the following: miR-199a-5p mimics, sense 5′-CCCAGUGUUCAGACUACCUGUUC-3′; mimics NC, sense 5′-CGGTGUGUUCAGACUACCUGUUC-3′; miR-199a-5p inhibitor, sense 5′-AACAGGTAGTCTGAACACT-3′; inhibitor NC, sense: 5′-TAACACGTCTATACGCCCA-3′; si-SOX4-1, 5′-GCAAACGCTGGAAGCTGCTCAAAGA-3′; si-SOX4-2, 5′-TGGAAGCTGCTCAAAGACAGCGACA-3′; si-SOX4-3, 5′-GGAAGCTGCTCAAAGACAGCGACAA-3′; and si-Scramble,: 5′-TGGGTCGACTCAGAACGACGAAACA-3′. For plasmid construction (pcDNA-SOX4), the SOX4 3′-untranslated region (UTR) was cloned into the XhoI and KpnI sites of the pcDNA3.1 expression vector (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.); an empty pcDNA3.1 vector (pcDNA-vector) used as a control. For transfection, SCC-4 or HSC-2 cells were plated in 6-well plates (2×10⁶ cells/well) and were transfected with miR-199a-5p mimics/inhibitor, mimics/inhibitor NC, si-SOX4/si-Scramble or pcDNA-SOX4/pcDNA-vector at a final concentration of 100 nM using Lipofectamine^® 2000 (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), according to the manufacturer's protocol. Subsequently, cells were cultured at 37°C in an incubator containing 5% CO₂ for 48 h after trans-fection, after which, cells underwent subsequent experiments. Transfection efficiency was assessed using RT-qPCR.

RT-qPCR

Total RNA was isolated from tissues and cells using TRIzol^® reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.), according to the manufacturer's protocol. TaqMan Gene Expression Assay and TaqMan MicroRNA Reverse Transcription kits (Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) were used for RT prior to SOX-4 and miRNA detection, according to the manufacturer's protocol. PCR was performed on an ABI PRISM 7300 sequence detection system using a SYBR-Green I Real-Time PCR kit (both Applied Biosystems; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). PCR amplification was conducted at 95°C for 3 min, followed by 35 cycles comprising 95°C for 10 sec, 60°C for 30 sec and 72°C for 30 sec. U6 served as an endogenous control for miR-199a-5p and GAPDH served as a reference control for SOX4. The following primers were used: miR-199a-5p, forward 5′-TCCCAGTGTTCAGACTACC-3′, reverse 5′-TTTGGCACTAGCACATT-3′; SOX4, forward 5′-CCAGTTCTTGCACGCTGTTT-3′, reverse 5′-TGTTGCAAGGTAGGAAGCCA-3′; U6, forward 5′-CTCGCTTCGGCAGCACA-3′, reverse 5′-AACGCTTCACGAATTTGCGT-3′; and GAPDH, forward 5′-AACGTGTCAGTGGTGGACCTG-3′ and reverse 5′-AGTGGGTGTCGCTGTTGAAGT-3′. Fold changes were determined using the relative quantification (2^−ΔΔCq) method (26).

Cell invasion assay

Cell invasion assays were performed using 24-well Transwell chambers with polycarbonate membranes (pore size, 8.0 µm; Corning Inc., Corning, NY, USA). Briefly, SCC-4 or HSC-2 cells (2×10⁶ cells/well) were plated into the upper chambers, which were precoated with Matrigel (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA). After 48 h at 37°C, non-invading cells on the upper side of the membrane were removed and invasive cells on the lower surface of the membrane were fixed with 20% methanol at 4°C for 30 min and stained with 0.1% crystal violet (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA). The number of invasive cells was counted from six random fields in each well using an IX71 inverted microscope (Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan); images were then captured (magnification, ×200).

Cell migration assay

A wound-healing assay was performed to analyze cell migration. Briefly, SCC-4 or HSC-2 cells (2×10⁶ cells/well) were plated into 6-well plates. After 48 h at 37°C, the migration status was examined by measuring the movement of cells into a scraped area, which was created using a micropipette tip. After 0 or 48 h, cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (cat. no. 15714; Electron Microscopy Sciences) for 1 h at room temperature, and were observed under a microscope. The wounds were analyzed in six random fields using an IX71 inverted microscope (Olympus Corporation; magnification, ×200). The percentage of closure of the denuded area was calculated using ImageJ software (version 1.44; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA).

Cell viability analysis

Cell viability was evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, according to the manufacturer's protocol. Briefly, SCC-4 or HSC-2 cells were seeded into 96-well plates at an initial density of 5×10⁴ cells/well, and were cultured in 100 µl RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS. At the specified time points (24, 48 and 72 h), 10 µl CCK-8 solution (Dojindo Molecular Technologies, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA) was added to each well. Subsequently, the plate was incubated for 1 h at 37°C in an atmosphere containing 5% CO₂ and the absorbance rate was measured at 450 nm using a microplate reader (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules, CA, USA). Experiments were performed in triplicate.

Western blot analysis

SCC-4 or HSC-2 cells were lysed as described previously (2) and the protein concentrations were measured using a bicinchoninic acid protein assay kit (Pierce; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). Protein samples (30 µg) were then separated by 10% SDS-PAGE (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) and were transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Little Chalfont, UK). The PVDF membranes were blocked in 5% nonfat milk (Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) at room temperature for 1 h and were then incubated with the following primary antibodies at 4°C overnight: SOX-4 (1:500; cat. no. ab80261; Abcam, Cambridge, MA USA), E-cadherin (1:1,000; cat. no. sc-7870; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, TX. USA), N-cadherin (1:1,000; cat. no. ab18203; Abcam), fibronectin (1:1,000; cat. no. sc-18825; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) and vimentin (1:1,000; cat. no. sc-5565; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.). β-actin (1:750; cat. no. A5060; Sigma-Aldrich; Merck KGaA) served as an internal control. Membranes were then incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit or goat anti-mouse IgG secondary antibodies [dilution 1:10,000; cat. nos. GAR0072 and GAM0072; MultiSciences (Lianke) Biotech, Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China] at room temperature for 2 h. Subsequently, the protein bands were scanned on X-ray film and were visualized using the enhanced chemiluminescence detection system (PerkinElmer, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). The relative intensity of each band was semi-quantified using Alpha Imager software version 2000 (ProteinSimple, San Jose, CA, USA). The measurements were conducted independently at least three times with similar results.

Luciferase reporter assay

Bioinformatics analysis (TargetScan; www.targetscan.org/vert_72) was used to predict the putative target genes of miR-199a-5p in OSCC cells. The SOX4 3′-UTR encompassing the target sequence for miR-199a-5p was amplified by PCR and cloned into the psi-CHECK-2 Vector (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA) (wild type psi-CHECK-2-SOX4-3′-UTR). Site-directed mutagenesis of the miR-199a-5p target site in the SOX4 3′-UTR (psi-CHECK-2-SOX4-mut-3′-UTR) was performed using the QuikChange II Site-Directed Mutagenesis kit (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA). SCC-4 cells (5×10⁴ cells/well) were seeded into 96-well plates and the cells were co-transfected with 400 ng psi-CHECK-2-SOX4-3′-UTR or psi-CHECK-2-SOX4-mut-3′-UTR, and 50 ng miR-199a-5p mimics/inhibitor or the corresponding NC using Lipofectamine^® 2000 reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.). The ratio of firefly to Renilla luciferase was used to normalize relative firefly luciferase activity 48 h post-transfection, and luciferase activity was measured using the Dual-Luciferase^® Reporter Assay system (Promega Corporation), according to the manufacturer's protocol.

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS software (version 18.0; SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Data are presented as the means ± standard deviation. Comparisons between two groups were made using Student's t-test. A one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post-hoc multiple comparisons test was used to determine statistically differences among multiple groups. The associations between miR-199a-5p level and clinicopathological features were analyzed using χ² test. Survival analysis was conducted using the Kaplan-Meier method followed by a log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test. The correlation between miR-199a-5p and SOX4 expression was assessed by Spearman's analyses. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.

Results

miR-199a-5p is downregulated in human OSCC tissues and cell lines

To investigate the association between miR-199a-5p expression and OSCC, RT-qPCR was used to detect miR-199a-5p expression in 40 paired OSCC tissues and adjacent normal oral epithelial tissues. As shown in Fig. 1A, miR-199a-5p expression was markedly downregulated in OSCC tissues compared with in normal oral epithelial tissues (P<0.01). Furthermore, miR-199a-5p expression was reduced in OSCC tissues with lymph node metastasis (n=28) compared with in tissues without lymph node metastasis (n=12) (P<0.01; Fig. 1B). This study further analyzed the association between miR-199a-5p and the clinicopathological features of patients with OSCC (Table I). To determine the clinical value of miR-199a-5p, the mean expression level of miR-199a-5p was used as a cut-off value to divide 40 patients with OSCC into two groups: The miR-199a-5p high expression group and the miR-199a-5p low expression group. The results revealed that low miR-199a-5p expression in OSCC was associated with lymph node metastasis (P=0.003), differentiation (P=0.037) and tumor size (cm) (P=0.020) (Table I). However, miR-199a-5p expression was not associated with sex, age (years), tumor site, alcohol use, smoking and clinical Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage (27) (Table I). Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that OSCC patients with low miR-199a-5p expression (n=24) had a poorer overall survival rate compared with patients with high miR-199a-5p expression (n=16) (P<0.01; Fig. 1C). In addition, this study further confirmed that miR-199a-5p was markedly downregulated in the OSCC cell lines HSC-2, CAL-27, Tca8113 and SCC-4 compared with in HOK cells (P<0.01; Fig. 1D). The two OSCC cell lines, HSC-2 and SCC-4, with the lowest expression levels of miR-199a-5p, were selected for subsequent analysis in the present study. These data indicated that miR-199a-5p may serve an important role in the development of OSCC.

Figure 1.

miR-199a-5p is downregulated in human OSCC tissues and cell lines. (A) miR-199a-5p expression was measured using RT-qPCR in OSCC tissues and adjacent normal oral epithelial tissues (n=40). (B) RT-qPCR was used to detect miR-199a-5p expression in OSCC tissues with lymph node metastasis (n=28) and OSCC tissues without lymph node metastasis (n=12). (C) Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis of patients with OSCC (n=40) divided by miR-199a-5p expression. Log-rank test was used for survival analysis. (D) miR-199a-5p expression was detected by RT-qPCR in OSCC cell lines, HSC-2, CAL-27, Tca8113 and SCC-4, and in NHOK cells. ^**P<0.01 vs. NHOK cells. Data are presented as the means ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. miR-199a-5p, microRNA-199a-5p; NHOK, normal human oral keratinocyte; OSCC, oral squamous cell carcinoma; RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction.

Overexpression of miR-199a-5p suppresses cell invasion and migration in vitro

To further elucidate the role of miR-199a-5p in OSCC cells, SCC-4 and HSC-2 cells were transfected with miR-199a-5p mimics or mimics NC, and cell invasion and migration were evaluated using Transwell invasion and wound-healing assays, respectively. This study initially evaluated the transfection efficiency of miR-199a-5p mimics and miR-199a-5p inhibitor in SCC-4 and HSC-2 cells. The results revealed that miR-199a-5p expression was markedly upregulated in SCC-4 and HSC-2 cells transfected with miR-199a-5p mimics compared with in cell transfected with mimics NC, whereas transfection with miR-199a-5p inhibitor downregulated miR-199a-5p expression compared with inhibitor NC (P<0.01; Fig. 2A and B). Subsequently, the results revealed that miR-199a-5p overexpression significantly inhibited the invasion of SCC-4 and HSC-2 cells compared with mimics NC (P<0.01; Fig. 2C and D). Furthermore, the results further confirmed that overexpression of miR-199a-5p markedly suppressed cell migration compared with mimics NC (P<0.01; Fig. 2E and F). These data suggested that miR-199a-5p may exert suppressive effects on cell migration and invasion in OSCC.

Figure 2.

Overexpression of miR-199a-5p inhibits cell invasion and migration in vitro. (A and B) RT-qPCR was used to evaluate the transfection efficiency of miR-199a-5p mimics/inhibitor in SCC-4 and HSC-2 cells. ^**P<0.01 vs. mimics NC; ^##P<0.01 vs. inhibitor NC. (C and D) SCC-4 and HSC-2 cells were transfected with miR-199a-5p mimics or mimics NC, and cell invasion was evaluated using a Transwell invasion assay. (E and F) Cell migration was evaluated by wound-healing assay in SCC-4 and HSC-2 cells post-transfection with miR-199a-5p mimics or mimics NC. (G) Western blot analysis was performed to detect the epithelial-mesenchymal transition protein markers E-cadherin, N-cadherin, vimentin and fibronectin in SCC-4 and HSC-2 cells transfected with miR-199a-5p mimics or mimics NC. β-actin was used as an internal control. ^**P<0.01 vs. mimics NC. Data are presented as the means ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. miR-199a-5p, microRNA-199a-5p; NC, negative control.

Tumor cell invasion and metastasis are tightly correlated with various processes, including EMT. During EMT, epithelial tumors progress to more aggressive metastatic tumors, alongside which the expression of mesenchymal protein markers, including N-cadherin and vimentin, is upregulated, whereas the epithelial protein marker E-cadherin is downregulated (14,28-29). It has been well documented that miRNAs regulate tumorigenesis via modulating EMT in various types of cancer, including OSCC (30-32). The present results demonstrated that miR-199a-5p upregulated the expression levels of E-cadherin, and downregulated N-cadherin, vimentin and fibronectin in SCC-4 and HSC-2 cells (Fig. 2G). Taken together, these results suggested that miR-199a-5p may inhibit cell invasion and migration in OSCC cells via modulating EMT.

miR-199a-5p inhibits SOX4 expression by directly targeting its 3′-UTR in OSCC cells

Bioinformatics analysis revealed that SOX4 may be a potential target gene of miR-199a-5p in OSCC cells (Fig. 3A). Previous studies have reported that SOX4 functions as an oncogene in numerous types of cancer, such as prostate cancer, lung cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma (9-11). Additionally, SOX4 has been identified to serve a key role in EMT and may induce cancer cell metastasis (1,13). Therefore, to further investigate the association between miR-199a-5p and SOX4 in OSCC, SOX4 expression was detected in OSCC tissues and adjacent normal oral epithelial tissues. As shown in Fig. 3B, SOX4 expression was significantly upregulated in tumor tissues compared with in normal tissues (P<0.01). Correlation analysis revealed that there was a significant negative correlation between miR-199a-5p and SOX4 expression in 40 tumor tissues (r=-0.7441, P<0.01; Fig. 3C). Furthermore, overexpression of miR-199a-5p markedly inhibited SOX4 (P<0.01; Fig. 3D), whereas inhibition of miR-199a-5p significantly upregulated SOX4 expression in SCC-4 and HSC-2 cells (P<0.01; Fig. 3E). Luciferase reporter assay revealed that miR-199a-5p markedly inhibited luciferase activity when compared with mimics NC, whereas miR-199a-5p inhibitor significantly enhanced luciferase activity (P<0.01; Fig. 3F). However, miR-199a-5p mimic/inhibitor did not affect luciferase activity in cells transfected with psi-CHECK-2-SOX4-mut-3′-UTR (Fig. 3F). Collectively, these results indicated that miR-199a-5p may suppress SOX4 expression by targeting its 3′-UTR in OSCC.

Figure 3.

SOX4 is a target gene of miR-199a-5p in OSCC cells. (A) SOX4 3′-UTR region containing the wt or mut binding site for miR-199a-5p. (B) SOX4 was detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction in OSCC tissues and adjacent normal oral epithelial tissues (n=40). ^**P<0.01 vs. normal tissues. (C) Negative correlation between SOX4 and miR-199a-5p expression in patients with OSCC (r=-0.7441, P<0.01). (D) SCC-4 and HSC-2 cells were transfected with miR-199a-5p mimics or mimics NC, and SOX4 protein expression was measured by western blot analysis. ^**P<0.01 vs. mimics NC. β-actin served as an internal control. (E) SOX4 was detected by western blot analysis in SCC-4 and HSC-2 cells transfected with miR-199a-5p inhibitor or inhibitor NC. ^**P<0.01 vs. inhibitor NC. (F) Relative luciferase activity of SOX4 wt or mut 3′-UTR in SCC-4 cells post-transfection with miR-199a-5p mimic/inhibitor or corresponding NC. ^**P<0.01 vs. mimics NC; ^##P<0.01 vs. inhibitor NC. Data are presented as the means ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. 3′-UTR, 3′-untranslated region; miR-199a-5p, microRNA-199a-5p; mut, mutant; NC, negative control; OSCC, oral squamous cell carcinoma; SOX4, SRY-box 4; wt, wild type.

Knockdown of SOX4 inhibits OSCC cell proliferation, invasion and migration

To explore the role of SOX4 in OSCC cells, SCC-4 and HSC-2 cells were transfected with si-SOX4 or si-Scramble, and cell proliferation, invasion and migration were evaluated using CCK-8, Transwell invasion and wound-healing assays, respectively. Firstly, the effects of si-SOX4 (si-SOX4-1, si-SOX4-2 and si-SOX4-3) on SOX4 expression in OSCC cells were analyzed. As shown in Fig. 4A and B, all three siRNAs significantly inhibited SOX4 expression in SCC-4 and HSC-2 cells compared with si-Scramble (P<0.01); si-SOX4-1 exhibited the strongest effect and was selected for subsequent experiments. As shown in Fig. 4C and D, knockdown of SOX4 markedly suppressed proliferation of SCC-4 and HSC-2 cells compared with si-Scramble (P<0.05). Furthermore, cell invasion and migration were significantly inhibited in SCC-4 and HSC-2 cells transfected with si-SOX4 (P<0.01; Fig. 4E-G). These results indicated that SOX4 may act as an oncogene in OSCC via modulating cell proliferation, migration and invasion.

Figure 4.

Knockdown of SOX4 suppresses OSCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion. (A and B) SCC-4 and HSC-2 cells were transfected with si-SOX4 (si-SOX4-1, si-SOX4-2 and si-SOX4-3) or si-Scramble, and the effects of si-SOX4 on SOX4 expression were evaluated by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. (C and D) Cell proliferation was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay in SCC-4 and HSC-2 cells transfected with si-SOX4 or si-Scramble. (E and F) Cell invasion was evaluated using Transwell invasion assay in SCC-4 and HSC-2 cells transfected with si-SOX4 or si-Scramble (magnification, ×200). (G and H) SCC-4 and HSC-2 cells were transfected with si-SOX4 or si-Scramble, and cell migration was evaluated by wound-healing assay (magnification, ×200). ^*P<0.05, ^**P<0.01 vs. si-Scramble. Data are presented as the means ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. OD, optical density; si, small interfering RNA; SOX4, SRY-box 4.

Overexpression of SOX4 rescues the suppressive effects of miR-199a-5p on OSCC cells

To further investigate whether SOX4 is a functional target of miR-199a-5p in OSCC cells, SCC-4 and HSC-2 cells were transfected with miR-199a-5p mimics/mimics NC or were co-transfected with miR-199a-5p mimics and pcDNA-SOX4/pcDNA-vector plasmids, and cell invasion and migration were determined using Transwell invasion and wound-healing assays, respectively. Firstly, the transfection efficiency of pcDNA-SOX4 was evaluated in SCC-4 and HSC-2 cells; SOX4 was significantly upregulated compared with in cells transfected with the pcDNA-vector (P<0.01; Fig. 5A). Subsequently, the results demonstrated that overexpression of miR-199a-5p markedly suppressed cell migration; however, upregulation of SOX4 significantly increased miR-199a-5p-mediated migration of SCC-4 and HSC-2 cells (P<0.01; Fig. 5B and C). Furthermore, the results confirmed that the suppressive effect of miR-199a-5p on cell invasion was rescued by SOX4 in SCC-4 and HSC-2 cells (P<0.01; Fig. 5D and E). These data suggested that the suppressive effects of miR-199a-5p on cell migration and invasion may be rescued by SOX4 overexpression in OSCC cells.

Figure 5.

Overexpression of SOX4 rescues the suppressive effects of miR-199a-5p on oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. Cells were transfected with miR-199a-5p mimics/mimics NC or were co-transfected with miR-199a-5p mimics and pcDNA-SOX4/pcDNA-vector plasmids. (A) Western blot analysis was used to evaluate transfection efficiency of pcDNA-SOX4 in SCC-4 and HSC-2 cells. ^**P<0.01 vs. pcDNA-vector. (B and C) Cell migration was determined using a wound-healing assay in SCC-4 and HSC-2 cells. (D and E) Transwell invasion assay was used to measure cell invasion in SCC-4 and HSC-2 cells. ^**P<0.01 vs. mimics NC; ^##P<0.01 vs. miR-199a-5p mimics + pcDNA-vector. Data are presented as the means ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. miR-199a-5p, microRNA-199a-5p; NC, negative control; SOX4, SRY-box 4.

Discussion

Previous studies have demonstrated that miR-199a-5p functions as a tumor suppressor gene or oncogene in numerous types of cancer, including human colorectal cancer and gastric cancer (22,33). However, the roles of miR-199a-5p in OSCC remain elusive. In this study, the results demonstrated that miR-199a-5p was markedly downregulated in human OSCC tissues and cell lines, and low miR-199a-5p expression was associated with clinicopathological features and predicted poor overall survival in patients with OSCC. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-199a-5p suppressed the invasion and migration of OSCC cells through inhibiting the EMT process. In addition, SOX4 was identified as a target gene of miR-199a-5p in OSCC cells, and the suppressive effects of miR-199a-5p on cell migration and invasion were rescued by overexpression of SOX4 in OSCC cells.

It has been reported that miR-199a dysregulation is associated with the progression and pathogenesis of cancer, and previous studies have proposed conflicting roles for miR-199a in tumor progression and carcinogenesis. For example, a previous study demonstrated that miR-199a may act as a tumor suppressor in renal cancer (34), whereas another study documented that miR-199a may serve an oncogenic role in small cell carcinoma of the cervix (35). In addition, a previous study reported that miR-199a-5p attenuates proliferation and metastasis, and stem cell-like characteristics in breast cancer (36). However, little is currently known about the functional role of miR-199a-5p in OSCC. The present study performed RT-qPCR to investigate miR-199a-5p expression in OSCC tissues and adjacent normal oral epithelial tissues. The results revealed that miR-199a-5p was significantly downregulated in OSCC tissues compared with in normal oral epithelial tissues. Furthermore, miR-199a-5p expression in OSCC tissues with lymph node metastasis was lower than that in tissues without lymph node metastasis, thus suggesting that miR-199a-5p may serve an important role in the progression of OSCC. In addition, low expression of miR-199a-5p in patients with OSCC was associated with clinicopathological features and predicted a poor prognosis. Downregulation of miR-199a-5p was also confirmed in OSCC cell lines. These data suggested that miR-199a-5p may act as a tumor suppressor in OSCC tumorigenesis and may serve as a biomarker in OSCC diagnosis. This study also revealed that overexpression of miR-199a-5p significantly inhibited the migration and invasion of OSCC cells; however, the potential molecular mechanism requires further investigation.

EMT, which is characterized by the acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype and loss of epithelial characteristics, serves a critical role in tumor metastasis and is associated with tumor recurrence (14,37). EMT can be evaluated by measuring alterations in the expression levels of molecular markers, including N-cadherin, E-cadherin and vimentin (38,39). Previous studies reported that miR-199a-5p modulates metastasis via regulating the EMT process in various types of cancer, such as human gastric cancer and colorectal cancer (40,41). In the present study, it was demonstrated that overexpression of miR-199a-5p upregulated E-cadherin, and downregulated N-cadherin, vimentin and fibronectin in OSCC cell lines. These data indicated that miR-199a-5p may inhibit invasion and migration via suppressing EMT.

The transcription factor SOX4 has been demonstrated to induce EMT through modulating expression of enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit, which acts as an epigenetic regulator (12,13). SOX4 is an EMT-related gene that governs traditional EMT transcription factors, including ZEB, Snail and Twist family members (13). Notably, SOX4 is upregulated in numerous types of human cancer, including esophageal cancer (42), endometrial cancer (43), gastric cancer (44), ovarian cancer (45) and osteosarcoma (46), thus suggesting that SOX4 may be a key oncogene influencing the progression and metastasis of tumors. Previous studies have reported that some miRNAs suppress metastasis in various types of cancer by targeting the EMT regulator SOX4 (5,47). Additionally, numerous miRNAs have been revealed to regulate cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis by targeting SOX4 in human cancer, including miR-138, miR-129-2 and miR-204 (44,45). In this study, the results indicated that SOX4 may be a target gene of miR-199a-5p in OSCC cells. Correlation analysis also revealed a negative correlation between miR-199a-5p and SOX4 expression in tumor tissues. Furthermore, knockdown of SOX4 by siRNA suppressed OSCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion; SOX4 knockdown had similar effects to miR-199a-5p over-expression. Additionally, restoration of SOX4 reversed the inhibitory effects of miR-199a-5p on OSCC cells, suggesting that miR-199a-5p may act as a tumor suppressor through repressing the oncogene SOX4. Notably, there may be more targets for miR-199a-5p. In future studies, we aim to transfect OSCC cells with miR-199a-5p mimics or inhibitor and use a DNA chip to identify genes with altered expression and a miR-199a-5p binding sequence in the 3′-UTR. Furthermore, associated signaling pathways will also be investigated in the future.

In conclusion, the present findings demonstrated that miR-199a-5p was significantly downregulated in human OSCC tissues and cell lines. Overexpression of miR-199a-5p suppressed invasion and migration of OSCC cells through blocking the SOX4/EMT pathway. The identified miR-199a-5p/SOX4 axis may provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the progression and metastasis of cancer, and targeting miR-199a-5p may be a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of OSCC in the future.

Funding

No funding was received.

Availability of data and materials

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Authors' contributions

DW, WW, BS, YZ, XY, GL and JY performed the experiments, contributed to data analysis and wrote the paper. DW, WW, BS, YZ, XY, GL and JY analyzed the data. YS designed the study, and contributed to data analysis and experimental materials. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All individuals provided written informed consent for the use of human specimens for clinical research. The present study was approved by The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University Ethics Committees.

Patient consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.