Table 2.
Overview of the hematological malignancy-derived small EV functions based on the content and stromal cell types.
| Hematopoietic Malignancies | Small EVs Content | Target Cells | Effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AML | CXCR4 and IGF-IR | Fibroblasts | Proliferation and VEGF expression | [177] |
| MM | miR-27b-3p and miR-214-3p |
Fibroblasts | Myeloma-fibroblasts proliferation and survival boost | [178] |
| T cells Leukemia and CML | hTERT | Fibroblasts | CAF phenotype acquisition | [179,180,181] |
| CLL | microRNA and Y RNA |
MSCs | CAF phenotype acquisition | [187] |
| MM | miR-21 and miR-146a |
MSCs | Proliferation and CAF induction | [185] |
| ATLL | miR-21 and miR-155 |
MSCs | MSCs proliferation | [186] |
| AML | miR-7977 | MSCs | Reduced ability to support CD34+ cells in the bone marrow | [177] |
| CML | AREG | MSCs | Aberrant activating of EGFR signalling | [192] |
| MM | AREG | MSCs | Block differentiation towards osteoblasts | [235] |
| AML | VEGF and VEGFR mRNA | ECs | Pro-angiogenesis mediated by increased glycolysis | [208] |
| MM | STAT3, JNK1/2/3, ERK1/2 and P53 | ECs | Enhanced migration and tube formation | [209,210] |
| MM | miR-135b | ECs | Aberrant HIF-FIH signalling | [217] |
| CML | miR-210 | ECs | Enhanced tube formation | [218] |
| CML | miR-17 -92 cluster | ECs | Enhanced migration and tube formation | [213] |
| MM | piRNA-823 | ECs | Enhanced proliferation, tube formation and invasion | [215] |
| CML (Blast crisis) | mir-126 | ECs | Increased tumor cells migration | [214] |
| APML; AML-M3 | PML-RARα mRNA | ECs | Acquisition of pro-coagulant and tissue factor properties | [219] |
| MM | AREG | Pre-osteoclasts | Increased differentiation towards osteoclasts | [235] |
| MM | DKK-1 | Osteoblasts | Block of function and differentiation | [237] |
Disease abbreviations: Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL); Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML); Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML); Multiple Myeloma (MM); Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL); Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia (APML).