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. 2019 May 10;11(5):1052. doi: 10.3390/nu11051052

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Anthocyanin nanoliposome characteristics as affected by several parameters involved in the supercritical carbon dioxide (SCD) preparation method and the mechanism of nanoliposome formation. Panels A-E show the effects of different SCD pressure (A), depressurization rate (B), and temperature (C), as well as anthocyanin (D) and cholesterol (E) concentration on particle size/polydispersity index (PDI) (A1,B1,C-1,D-1,E1) and encapsulation efficiency (EE)/anthocyanin loading (AL) (A-2,B-2,C-2,D-2,E-2). Panel F shows the schematic mechanism of nanoliposome formation by the SCD method, depicting the normal phospholipid curvatures at ambient condition (F1), expanded phospholipid bilayers after pressurization and equilibration with CO₂ (F2), instantaneous dispersion of discrete phospholipid molecules during depressurization and CO₂ release (F3), and formation of nanoliposome vesicles through hydrophobic interactions after depressurization (F4) (adapted with permission from references [64,65,76]).