Table 2.

A brief summary of the selected articles on the use of omega-3 PUFAs as a treatment for cancer-related cachexia.

Authors	Cancer-Related Complication	Species	Cancer Type	Treatment Scheme	Major Outcome
Hanai et al., 2018 [103]	Cachexia-anorexia syndrome	Human	Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma	Prosure® (1056 mg EPA)	No significant difference among experimental groups
Persson et al., 2005 [104]	Cachexia-anorexia syndrome	Human	Advanced gastrointestinal cancer	30 mL/d 1 FO (4.9g EPA + 3.2 g DHA)	FO stabilized weight in 27% patients
Shirai et al., 2017 [105]	Cachexia-anorexia syndrome	Human	Advanced gastrointestinal cancer	Prosure® (1.1 g EPA + 0.5 g DHA)	Increase of body weight and lean body mass (p = 0.002/p < 0.001)
Werner et al., 2017 [119]	Cachexia-anorexia syndrome	Human	Pancreatic cancer	6.9 g EPA/13.6 g DHA in 100 g or 8.5 g EPA/ 12.3 g DHA in 100g	No significant differences between omega-3 PUFA treatments
Solis-Martínez et al., 2018 [110]	Cachexia-anorexia syndrome	Human	Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma	2 g EPA	Weight and 2 LBM maintenance
Hajjaji et al., 2012 [117]	Chemotherapy-induced cachexia	Rat	Chemically-induced tumor + doxorubicin treatment	DHA-enriched diet (80 g/kg diet)	DHA diet avoided weight loss
Schissel et al., 2015 [118]	Cancer-associated cachexia	Rat	Breast carcinoma (Walker 256 cell line)	53.6% EPA + DHA or 54.4% ALA	ALA and EPA improved weight gain (cachectic vs. cachectic + omega-3 p < 0.05)
Du et al., 2015 [115]	Cancer-related cachexia	Mice	Sarcoma (S180 cell line)	42% EPA + 6.8% DHA	Decreased lipolysis and increased body weight (p < 0.001)
Penna et al., 2011 [116]	Cancer-related cachexia	Mice	Lewis lung carcinoma	EPA (0.5 g/kg) or EPA (0.5 g/kg) + exercise	EPA + exercise significantly improved muscle weight (p < 0.05)
Muzio et al., 2016 [120]	Cachexia in vitro model	Human	Lung adenocarcinoma	50 µM EPA + DHA	Myoblast formation

¹ FO: Fish oil; ² LBM: lean body mass.