Monocarboxylate Transporter 4 (MCT4) Overexpression Is Correlated with Poor Prognosis of Osteosarcoma

Abstract

Background

Monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) is a critical element for glycolytic metabolism and malignant behaviors in many tumor cells. This study aimed to determine the expression level of MCT4 protein and its prognostic value in osteosarcoma.

Material/Methods

MCT4 expression was detected via immunohistochemical and Western blot analysis for 100 osteosarcoma patients. The correlation between MCT4 expression and clinical factors among the patients was analyzed using the chi-square test. Overall survival of osteosarcoma patients was estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. The prognostic value of MCT4 was evaluated using Cox regression analysis with adjustments for clinicopathological variables.

Results

MCT4 expression was significantly upregulated in osteosarcoma tissues compared with that in adjacent normal ones, detected via both immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses. High MCT4 expression showed a positive association with distant metastasis (P=0.000) and recurrence (P=0.000) of osteosarcoma. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that overall survival of osteosarcoma patients was significantly higher in the low MCT4 expression group than in the high expression group (log-rank test, P<0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated that MCT4 expression and clinical stage, which are tightly related to the prognosis of osteosarcoma, might be independent predictors of osteosarcoma prognosis.

Conclusions

High MCT4 expression appears to contribute to osteosarcoma progression and the upregulation of MCT4 may predict poor prognosis among osteosarcoma patients.

Background

As one of the most common primary bone tumors, osteosarcoma is usually diagnosed among children and adolescents, and accounts for about 20–35% of total malignant bone tumor cases [1–3]. This cancer is characterized by high malignancy and metastasis [4]. Most osteosarcomas metastasize to the lung and liver, leading to poor patient outcomes [5]. With the development of comprehensive therapy, the 5-year survival rate of osteosarcoma patients is significantly improved to as high as 60–70% [6,7]. However, once distant metastasis appears, the cure rate is very poor and 5-year survival rate is about 20% [8,9]. Moreover, fundamental molecular mechanisms of osteosarcoma development and progress are still obscure. Molecular bio-markers valuable in the prognosis of other diseases might be useful for the analysis of the mechanism of osteosarcoma. Therefore, novel and more reliable markers are needed to estimate the prognosis of osteosarcoma.

Monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4), a member of the MCTs family, is an important factor for acid-resistant phenotype for several cancer cells and is a sensitive marker of aerobic glycolysis [10–13]. It sustains successive transition of pyruvate to lactate, after which glycolysis is maintained via exporting lactate [13]. In neuroendocrine prostate cancer, reduced MCT4 expression can suppress the secretion and glycolysis of lactic acid, thus inhibiting cell proliferation [14]. MCT4 inhibition can also boost glycolysis, and then lead to the death of cancer cells [15]. Upregulated MCT4 has been considered as an indicator for poor survival in many cancers, including lung cancer, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, colorectal cancer (CRC), and oral squamous cell carcinoma [16–20]. However, there have been few studies on the role of MCT4 in osteosarcoma.

In the present study, we detected MCT4 expression in osteosarcoma patients and analyzed its relationship with clinical factors of the cases, as well as assessing the prognostic value of MCT4 in osteosarcoma.

Material and Methods

Patients and tissue samples

We enrolled 100 patients with osteosarcoma at the First People’s Hospital of Zhangjiagang. These patients were diagnosed through histological examinations, and none of them had undergone any anti-cancer therapies before surgery resection. The hospital Ethics Committee approved this study. All patients signed written informed consents in advance.

Tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues were obtained from each of the osteosarcoma patients and immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen. Then, the samples were stored at −80°C for subsequent experiments. Clinicopathological characteristics, including sex, age, tumor size, anatomical location, clinical stage, distant metastasis, recurrence, and histotypes, were collected from medical records. Follow-up lasted 5 years. Individuals were excluded from this study if their deaths were not related to osteosarcoma.

Immunohistochemistry

MCT4 protein expression was detected via immunohistochemistry for osteosarcoma tissues and adjacent normal tissues from 100 osteosarcoma patients whose conditions conformed to the descriptions in the literature [21]. Briefly, tumor tissues and adjacent tissues were fixed in 10% formaldehyde and embedded in paraffin. Then, the sample pieces (4 mm) were dewaxed with xylene and rehydrated using a graded alcohol series. Sodium citrate buffer (pH6.0) was used to retrieve antigen in a pressure cooker for 5 min, and then washed with 3% hydrogen peroxide. Afterwards, samples were cultivated in 10% goat serum at 25°C for 30 min. Later, the sections were incubated in MCT4 antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotech; rabbit monoclonal; dilution 1: 50) at 4°C overnight. After that, the sections were incubated using horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated sheep anti-rabbit or anti-mouse secondary antibodies (GTVision; Shanghai, China) at 25°C for 30 min. Samples were stained with 3, 3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) and Mayer’s hematoxylin. A previously assessed positive sample (osteosarcoma slide) was used as a positive control. Tissue sections were assessed under a 200× microscope. We randomly selected 10 fields to count tumor cells. The percentage of positive MCT4 cells was also calculated. MCT4 staining classifications were as followings: negative, 0; weak, 1; and strong, 2. A 5-point scale was used to classify the percentage of MCT4 positive cells (0=0%, 1=1–25%, 2=26–50%, 3=51–75%, and 4=76–100%). Grades 0–2 indicated low MCT4 gene expression and 3–4 indicated high MCT4 expression.

Western blot assay

MCT4 protein in osteosarcoma tissues and adjacent normal ones from 25 osteosarcoma patients were detected using Western blot following the descriptions in the literature [22]. Total proteins were separated with 10% SDS-PAGE gels. MCT4 and β-actin (reference) proteins were transferred onto PVDF membranes (Bio-Rad, CA, USA). Then, the membranes were cultured with rabbit polyclonal anti-MCT4 antibody (Abcam, Cambridge, MA, USA) and rabbit polyclonal anti-β-actin antibody (CWBiotech, Beijing, China) overnight at 4°C. Proteins were colored via chemiluminescence reagents (Hyperfilm ECL; Amersham Biosciences, Buckinghamshire, UK) and the signals were analyzed using an ImageQuant™ LAS 4000 mini biomolecular imager (Fujifilm, Tokyo, Japan). MCT4 expression levels were adjusted to β-actin.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were carried out with SPSS (SPSS 18.0 version for Windows) statistical software. The levels of MCT4 are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD), and their differences between osteosarcoma tissues and adjacent normal ones were estimated by the t test. Functional influences of MCT4 expression on osteosarcoma clinical features were assessed through the χ² test. Kaplan-Meier analysis with log-rank test were used to analyze the overall survival of the patients based on their MCT4 expression levels. Cox regression analysis was performed to assess the prognostic significance of clinical variables and MCT4 expression in osteosarcoma. All tests were two-tailed, and P values less than 0.05 indicated the statistical significance of results.

Results

MCT4 protein expression in tumor tissues and adjacent tissues

In immunohistochemistry, MCT4 protein was stained brown in the cytoplasm and a few nuclei of osteosarcoma tissues (Figure 1). Out of 100 patients, 65 osteosarcoma tissues (65.00%) showed positive MCT4 protein expression, while 27 (27.00%) adjacent normal ones were positive (Table 1). In comparison with adjacent normal tissues, MCT4 protein expression was distinctly increased in osteosarcoma tissues (P<0.05). These results suggest that MCT4 protein functions as an oncogene in osteosarcoma progression.

Figure 1.

Representative images for immunohistochemistry staining, specific to MCT4 expression in osteosarcoma tissues and adjacent normal tissues. From 100 patients, positive MCT4 protein expression was detected in 65 (65.00%) osteosarcoma tissues and in 27 (27.00%) adjacent normal tissues. The rate of positive MCT4 expression was significantly higher in osteosarcoma tissues than in adjacent normal ones. (A) OS tissue; (B) Adjacent normal tissue.

Table 1.

The positive expression of MCT4 in osteosarcoma tissues and normal bone tissues.

Tissue	Cases (n)	MCT4 expression		χ2	P value
		Low	High
Osteosarcoma	100	35	65	29.066	0.000
Normal	100	73	27

Expression of MCT4 protein detected through Western blot

The other goal of the present study was to investigate whether MCT4 was detectable and to measure its differences between osteosarcoma tissue samples and adjacent normal tissues. Proteins were isolated from the frozen tissues, and Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression level of MCT4 protein. The results showed that relative MCT4 expression was significantly higher in tumor tissues (10.8500±0.75490) than in adjacent normal tissues (4.7500±0.31519) (P<0.05, Figure 2).

Figure 2.

The expression of MCT4 protein in osteosarcoma tissues and adjacent normal ones detected via Western blot. (A) The result of Western blot. (B) MCT4 protein was overexpressed in osteosarcoma tissues compared to adjacent normal ones (P<0.001).

Relationship between MCT4 expression and clinicopathologic factors of osteosarcoma patients

To assess the potential role of MCT4 in osteosarcoma development, we estimated the associations between MCT4 expression and clinicopathological features of osteosarcoma patients (Table 2). MCT4 expression was positively correlated with distant metastasis (P<0.001) and recurrence (P<0.001). The osteosarcoma patients with high MCT4 expression were more likely to undergo distant metastasis and recurrence. However, no obvious association was observed for MCT4 expression level with age, sex, tumor size, anatomical location, Enneking stage, or histotypes (P>0.05). Consequently, MCT4 appears to be closely correlated to osteosarcoma development.

Table 2.

Association between MCT4 expression and clinicopathological features of patients with osteosarcoma.

Characteristics	Cases (n)	MCT4 expression		χ2	P value
		Low	High
Sex
Male	54	20	34	0.214	0.644
Female	46	15	31
Age
≤30 years	60	20	40	0.183	0.669
>30 years	40	15	25
Tumor size (cm)
≥5 cm	57	23	34	1.668	0.196
<5 cm	43	12	31
Anatomical location
Tibia/femur	55	20	35	0.100	0.752
Elsewhere	45	15	30
Clinical stage (Enneking stage)
I+II	56	21	35	0.350	0.554
III	44	14	30
Distant metastasis
Yes	52	2	50	46.217	0.000
No	48	33	15
Recurrence
Yes	59	11	48	16.921	0.000
No	41	24	17
Histotypes
Osteogenic or chondrocytic	62	18	44	2.554	0.110
Fibrocytic or mixed	38	17	21

Prognostic significance of MCT4 expression in osteosarcoma

Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test were used to assess the influences of MCT4 expression on overall survival of patients with osteosarcoma (Figure 3). We found that the osteosarcoma patients with high expression of MCT4 had poorer survival than those with low expression (P<0.001), suggesting that MCT4 is associated with osteosarcoma prognosis. Subsequently, multivariate analysis results suggested that high MCT4 expression and advanced clinical stage (Enneking stage) can predict poor prognosis of osteosarcoma. MCT4 might be an independent prognostic indicator for osteosarcoma (HR=5.062, 95CI%=2.175–11.779, P=0.000), and a similar effect was also revealed for clinical stage (HR=2.395, 95CI%= 1.366–4.200, P=0.002, Table 3).

Figure 3.

Kaplan-Meier analysis comparing the overall survival of the patients with different expressions of MCT4 in osteosarcoma tissues. Patients with high MCT4 expression had shorter overall survival than those with low expression (log-rank test, P<0.001).

Table 3.

Multivariate analysis adjusted for clinical factors for estimating the prognostic value of MCT4 in patients with osteosarcoma using Cox regression analysis.

Variables	P Value	HR	95%Cl
High MCT4 expression	0.000	5.062	2.175–11.779
Low MCT4 expression	–	–	–
Clinical stages (Enneking stage)	0.002	2.395	1.366–4.200

Discussion

Although adjuvant chemotherapy has been dramatically improved, the prognosis of osteosarcoma patients is still not satisfactory, and over one-third of these patients eventually die of this disease [23]. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that osteosarcoma is a complex process regulated by the accumulating mutations in genes and signaling pathways. For instance, cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) can suppress the cell cycle, proliferation, and migration of osteosarcoma cells, which might be a potential target for cancer treatment [24]. Liu et al. reported that dysregulation of the ezrin/NF-κB signal pathway can activate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in osteosarcoma, thus contributing to cancer progression and metastasis [25]. Designing the drugs or treatment methods specific to the genetic mutations in tumorigenesis may provide novel therapeutic methods for osteosarcoma [26]. Recently, a variety of molecular markers and therapeutic targets have been confirmed for osteosarcoma, including miRNAs, lncRNAs, and some specific genes. However, the molecular mechanisms of osteosarcoma remain unclear and there are no highly accurate bio-markers for the malignancy that are currently available.

MCT4 is a transmembrane protein involved in lactate metabolism. Growing evidence demonstrates its functional roles in tumorigenesis. For example, the MCT4 gene drives the proliferation ability of CRC cells [27]. Reduced MCT4 gene expression can decrease cell growth and increase apoptosis of urothelial carcinoma cells [28]. In esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, Cheng et al. found that the knockdown of MCT4 suppressed the proliferation of cancer cells and promoted apoptosis in vitro. The upregulation of MCT4 was reported to predict poor prognosis [29]. In the present study, we investigated the expression pattern of MCT4 protein in osteosarcoma, as well as its functional roles. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis revealed significantly increased MCT4 expression in osteosarcoma tissue specimens. Next, to further analyze the possible function of MCT4 in the development of osteosarcoma, the relationship of MCT4 expression with clinical pathological variables was evaluated, showing that abnormal MCT4 expression was strongly associated with distant metastasis and recurrence, but not with sex, age, tumor size, or anatomical location. This suggests that MCT4 is involved in the onset and progression of osteosarcoma as an oncogene. It is generally accepted that MCT4 drives biological behaviors of cancer cells through glycolysis [30]. Whether MCT4 can control the fate of osteosarcoma cells through mediating glycolysis remains unclear and further studies are required to address this issue.

Given the functional roles of MCT4 in tumorigenesis, various studies have explored its prognostic significance in cancers. For example, Ohno et al. found that high MCT4 expression was an unfavorable prognostic biomarker for overall survival and disease-free survival in hepatocellular carcinoma [31]. MCT4 was found to be upregulated, and its positive expression was reported to be an adverse indicator for prognosis of colorectal cancer [32]. Doyen et al. found increased MCT4 expression predicts clinical outcome of triple-negative breast cancer [33], and its overexpression has also been detected in gastric cancer, acting as a prognostic marker [34]. In the present study, we investigated the prognostic value of MCT4 in osteosarcoma. Kaplan-Meier analysis confirmed that MCT4 level distinctly influenced the overall survival rate of osteosarcoma patients, and that patients with high MCT4 expression had shorter overall survival time than those with low expression. Finally, multivariate analysis with the adjustments for clinicopathological variables showed that MCT4 could be an independent prognostic factor for osteosarcoma.

Although we obtained these meaningful findings, several limitations in the present study should be noted. Firstly, the sample size was relatively small, which might have reduced the statistical power of our results. Secondly, the status of the MCT4 gene was not investigated, so the increase in its expression might be a result of many other factors, such as genetic or epigenetic factors. In addition, the molecular mechanisms of MCT4 in osteosarcoma etiology remains poorly defined. Therefore, our results should be verified and expanded by further research.

Conclusions

The expression of MCT4 is increased in osteosarcoma, and shows a close association with metastasis and recurrence. MCT4 may predict clinical outcomes of osteosarcoma, possibly being a prognostic biomarker for carcinoma.