Effect of Early Surgery vs Physical Therapy on Knee Function Among Patients With Nonobstructive Meniscal Tears: The ESCAPE Randomized Clinical Trial

Victor A van de Graaf; Julia C A Noorduyn; Nienke W Willigenburg; Ise K Butter; Arthur de Gast; Ben W Mol; Daniel B F Saris; Jos W R Twisk; Rudolf W Poolman

doi:10.1001/jama.2018.13308

. 2018 Oct 2;320(13):1328–1337. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.13308

Effect of Early Surgery vs Physical Therapy on Knee Function Among Patients With Nonobstructive Meniscal Tears

The ESCAPE Randomized Clinical Trial

Victor A van de Graaf ^1,^✉, Julia C A Noorduyn ¹, Nienke W Willigenburg ¹, Ise K Butter ¹, Arthur de Gast ², Ben W Mol ³, Daniel B F Saris ^4,⁵, Jos W R Twisk ^6,⁷, Rudolf W Poolman ¹, for the ESCAPE Research Group

¹Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Joint Research, OLVG, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

²Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Clinical Orthopedic Research Center–mN, Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, the Netherlands

³Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

⁴Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands

⁵Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota

⁶currently with Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

⁷Institute of Health Science of the Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Group Information: The ESCAPE Research Group members are listed at the end of this article.

^✉

Corresponding Author: Victor A. van de Graaf, MD, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Joint Research, OLVG Amsterdam, Oosterpark 9, 1091 AC Amsterdam, the Netherlands (vandegraaf@gmail.com).

Accepted for Publication: August 21, 2018.

Correction: This article was corrected online March 10, 2020, to correct numbers that should have been negative and fix P values in Table 3, as well as fix the number of participants who were available for primary analysis in the physical therapy group in Figure 1..

Author Contributions: Drs Van de Graaf and Poolman had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. The corresponding author had full access to all the data in the study and has final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.

Concept and design: van de Graaf, Noorduyn, de Gast, Saris, Poolman. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: All authors. Drafting of the manuscript: van de Graaf, Willigenburg. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: All authors. Statistical analysis: van de Graaf, Willigenburg, Saris, Twisk, Poolman. Obtained funding: van de Graaf, Noorduyn, de Gast, Mol, Saris, Poolman. Administrative, technical, or material support: van de Graaf, Noorduyn, Willigenburg, Butter. Supervision: Willigenburg, de Gast, Poolman.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: All authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest. Drs van de Graaf, Noorduyn, Willigenburg, Butter, and Poolman reported receiving grants from the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMw), Achmea Healthcare Foundation (Stichting Achmea Gezonheidszorg fonds), and the Foundation of Medical Research OLVG, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Dr Mol reported support from a National Health and Medical Research Council Practitioner Fellowship (GNT1082548) and reported consultancy for ObsEva, Merck, and Guerbe. Dr Saris reported receiving personal fees from Cartiheal and Vericel and grants from Smith & Nephew and Ivy Sports. Dr Poolman also reported board membership with the NOV-Dutch Orthopaedic Society and receiving grants from Link/Lima, Stryker, and McMaster University and personal fees from British Medical Journal and Link. No other disclosures were reported.

Funding/Support: This study was funded by the Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (in Dutch: ZonMw; grant 837002009), Zilverenkruis Health Insurance (grant Z436), and the Foundation of Medical Research of the OLVG, Amsterdam (grant 15u.025).

Role of the Funder/Sponsor: The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Group Information: The Escape Research Group Collaborators include Vanessa A. B. Scholtes, PhD, Eduard L. A. R. Mutsaerts, MD, PhD, Julius Wolkenfelt, MD, Matthijs R. Krijnen, MD, PhD, Derek F. P. van Deurzen, MD, Dirk Jan F. Moojen, MD, PhD, Coen H. Bloembergen, MD, Olivier J. F. Nijland, MD (Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Joint Research, OLVG, Amsterdam, the Netherlands), Thom Snijders, MD, Jelle J. Halma, MD (Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Clinical Orthopedic Research Center–mN, Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, the Netherlands), Nienke Wolterbeek, PhD (Department of Orthopedic Surgery, St Antonius Ziekenhuis, Utrecht, the Netherlands), Camille Neeter, PhD (Fysiken Physical Therapy, Amsterdam, the Netherlands), Gino M. M. J. Kerkhoffs, MD, PhD (Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands), Rolf W. Peters, MD (Department of Trauma Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands), Igor C. J. B. van den Brand, MD, Suzanne de Vos-Jakobs, MD, Andy B. Spoor, MD, Taco Gosens, MD, PhD (Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Elisabeth Tweesteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, the Netherlands), Wahid Rezaie, MD (Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Elisabeth Tweesteden Ziekenhuis, Tilburg, the Netherlands, and Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Onze Lieve Vrouw Ziekenhuis, Aalst, Belgium), Dirk Jan Hofstee, MD, Bart J. Burger, MD, PhD (Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Noordwest Ziekenhuisgroep, Alkmaar, the Netherlands), Daniël Haverkamp, MD, PhD (Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Slotervaart Ziekenhuis, Amsterdam, the Netherlands), Anton M. J. S. Vervest, MD, PhD, Thijs A. van Rheenen, MD, Anne E. Wijsbek, MD (Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tergooi Hospital, Hilversum, the Netherlands), Ewoud R. A. van Arkel, MD, PhD, Bregje J. W. Thomassen, PhD (Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, the Netherlands), Sheila Sprague, PhD (Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada), and Maurits W. van Tulder, PhD (Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands).

Data Sharing Statement: See Supplement 3.

Additional Contributions: We thank the study participants for their involvement as well as the participating centers for their help in this study. We thank Mirjam Schavemaker, MD (OLVG Amsterdam, the Netherlands), and Rogier van Dijk, MD (Meander Medical Center, the Netherlands), for their post hoc reading of the magnetic resonance images and x-rays, respectively. We also thank Cees Verheyen, MD, PhD (Isala Clinics, the Netherlands), and Walter van der Weegen, PhD (St Anna Ziekenhuis, the Netherlands), for their work as independent committee members in the adjustment of the sample size. None of these individuals received any compensation for their involvement in this study.

^✉

Corresponding author.

PMCID: PMC6583004 PMID: 30285177

Key Points

Question

Is physical therapy noninferior to early surgery with arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for improving knee function among patients with nonobstructive meniscal tears?

Findings

In this noninferiority randomized clinical trial that included 321 patients, knee function that was measured by a self-administered questionnaire improved by 20.4 points in the physical therapy group vs 26.2 points in the early surgery group over a follow-up period of 24 months. The difference between the 2 treatment groups did not exceed the noninferiority margin of 8 points.

Meaning

These results demonstrate noninferiority of physical therapy compared with early surgery with arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for improving self-reported knee function in patients with nonobstructive meniscal tears.

Abstract

Importance

Despite recent studies suggesting arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM) is not more effective than physical therapy (PT), the procedure is still frequently performed in patients with meniscal tears.

Objective

To assess whether PT is noninferior to APM for improving patient-reported knee function in patients with meniscal tears.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Noninferiority, multicenter, randomized clinical trial conducted in 9 hospitals in the Netherlands. Participants were aged 45 to 70 years with nonobstructive meniscal tears (ie, no locking of the knee joint). Patients with knee instability, severe osteoarthritis, and body mass index greater than 35 were excluded. Recruitment took place between July 17, 2013, and November 4, 2015. Participants were followed up for 24 months (final participant follow-up, October 11, 2017).

Interventions

Three hundred twenty-one participants were randomly assigned to APM (n = 159) or a predefined PT protocol (n = 162). The PT protocol consisted of 16 sessions of exercise therapy over 8 weeks focused on coordination and closed kinetic chain strength exercises.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The primary outcome was change in patient-reported knee function on the International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (range, 0 to 100; from worse to best) from baseline over a 24-month follow-up period. The noninferiority margin was defined as a difference between treatment groups of 8 points and was assessed with a 1-sided α of .025. The primary analysis followed the intention-to-treat principle.

Results

Among 321 patients who were randomized (mean [SD] age, 58 [6.6] years; 161 women [50%]), 289 (90%) completed the trial (161 women and 158 men). In the PT group, 47 participants (29%) had APM during the 24-month follow-up period, and 8 participants randomized to APM (5%) did not have APM. Over a 24-month follow-up period, knee function improved in the APM group by 26.2 points (from 44.8 to 71.5) and in the PT group by 20.4 points (from 46.5 to 67.7). The overall between-group difference was 3.6 points (97.5% CI, −∞ to 6.5; P value for noninferiority = .001). Adverse events occurred in 18 participants in the APM group and 12 in the PT group. Repeat surgery (3 in the APM group and 1 in the PT group) and additional outpatient visits for knee pain (6 in the APM group and 2 in the PT group) were the most frequent adverse events.

Conclusions and Relevance

Among patients with nonobstructive meniscal tears, PT was noninferior to APM for improving patient-reported knee function over a 24-month follow-up period. Based on these results, PT may be considered an alternative to surgery for patients with nonobstructive meniscal tears.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01850719

This noninferiority trial compares the effects of arthroscopic partial meniscectomy vs physical therapy on patient-reported knee function in patients with meniscal tears.

Introduction

Arthroscopic partial meniscectomy (APM) is among the most frequently performed procedures in orthopedic surgery. It was estimated that in 2014, 516 800 meniscectomies were performed in the United States, and the global annual cost was estimated at $4 billion in 2006.^1,2

Meniscal tears may occur as part of a degenerative process of the knee joint and occur in up to 60% of persons older than 50 years of age without knee pain.³ Because physical therapy (PT) has positive short-term effects on knee pain and function in patients with knee osteoarthritis,⁴ the benefit of surgical resection of the degenerative meniscal tear compared with PT is unclear.⁵

To date, 6 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have assessed superiority of APM compared with either PT^6,7,8,9,10 or sham surgery² in patients with a confirmed meniscal tear. These trials reported no significant differences between treatment groups for knee function. A meta-analysis that included data from 5 RCTs found a statistically significant benefit of APM for knee function and pain at up to 6-month follow-up, but this benefit did not persist at 1- or 2-year follow-up.^5,11 Evidence published to date has not led to a major decline in APM for managing meniscal tears.^5,12

Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether PT is noninferior to APM for improving self-reported knee function over a 24-month follow-up period in patients with nonobstructive meniscal tears.

Methods

Trial Oversight and Design

This trial was a noninferiority, multicenter RCT performed in 9 hospitals in the Netherlands, comparing APM with PT in patients with meniscal tears. The study protocol has been published¹³ and is available with the statistical plan in Supplement 1. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committees United (MEC-U; NL44188.100.13) and by the board of directors of each of the participating hospitals. All participants provided written informed consent prior to randomization. The number of patients screened for eligibility was not documented.

Patient Population

Participants aged 45 to 70 years who were referred to 1 of 9 participating hospitals with knee pain and a nonobstructive (ie, no locking of the knee joint) meniscal tear confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were eligible for inclusion. Exclusion criteria were locking of the knee, prior knee surgery, instability caused by an anterior or posterior cruciate ligament rupture, severe osteoarthritis (Kellgren-Lawrence score of 4, indicating large osteophytes, marked joint-space narrowing, severe sclerosis, and definite bone ends deformity),¹⁴ and a body mass index (BMI, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) greater than 35. No distinction was made between traumatic and degenerative tears because in older patients, even traumatic tears may be related to degenerative changes in the knee. Recruitment was carried out between July 17, 2013, and November 4, 2015. Follow-up testing was completed on October 11, 2017.

Intervention, Randomization, and Blinding

Patients with a meniscal tear were informed about the study by their treating orthopedic surgeon at their first outpatient visit. After written informed consent was obtained, the research coordinator randomized study participants to APM or PT. Randomization was concealed and performed using a central computer-generated randomization scheme in a 1:1 ratio with variable block size (minimum block size of 2 and maximum block size of 6). Randomization was stratified by hospital and by age (45-57 and 58-70 years). Participants, physicians, and physical therapists were not blinded. Investigators who performed the statistical analysis were blinded. After the analysis was completed, data were unblinded for the final interpretation of the results.

Participants randomized to APM were scheduled for surgery within 4 weeks of randomization. Surgery was performed in an outpatient clinic under general or spinal anesthesia. During surgery, standard anteromedial and anterolateral portals were introduced for inspection of the knee joint. The affected meniscus was partially removed until a stable and solid meniscus remained. All participants received perioperative instructions and a home exercise program. Participants were only referred to PT after APM if they did not recover as anticipated (ie, they did not adequately improve or experienced a decrease in knee function, ability to participate in daily activities, and/or had an increase in knee pain), as defined by the Dutch Orthopedic Association guideline.¹⁵

Participants randomized to PT were referred to PT clinics directly after randomization and their initial PT session was scheduled within 2 weeks after randomization. Participating PT clinics were instructed about the exercise protocol by a knee-specialized physical therapist or the primary investigator, prior to the first participant’s referral. The PT exercise protocol was developed by a knee-specialized physical therapist and consisted of 16 sessions of 30 minutes each conducted over 8 weeks (eFigure 1 in Supplement 2). The PT protocol included cardiovascular, coordination/balance, and closed kinetic chain strength exercises (in which the distal part of the extremity is fixed to an object that is stationary). If PT failed (eg, knee pain or limitations in daily activities persisted or locking occurred), the participant could attend additional PT sessions or have APM, depending on their preference.

Outcomes

The primary outcome was the change in patient-reported knee function on the Subjective Knee Form of the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) from baseline over 24 months. The IKDC is a validated and self-administered questionnaire designed for patients with a variety of knee disorders that assesses knee function, symptoms, and ability to engage in sports activities.^16,17,18 IKDC scores range from 0 to 100, in which 100 indicates no knee symptoms or limitations in daily or sporting activities. Normative values for the IKDC in the United States are 88 (SD, 14) for men aged 51 to 65 years and 85 (SD, 16) for women aged 51 to 65 years in a population without current knee problems or a history of knee surgery. In a population of people with and without current knee problems, the normative scores are 77 (SD, 23) for men aged 51 to 65 years and 71 (SD, 26) for women aged 51 to 65 years.¹⁹

Because a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for the IKDC has not been defined in a population consisting only of patients with meniscal tears, the noninferiority margin was defined as the smallest detectable change of 8.8 points,¹⁷ rounded down to a margin of 8 points.

Secondary outcomes included knee pain during weight-bearing, general health, the progression of osteoarthritis, and activity level. Knee pain during weight-bearing was measured on a visual analog scale (VAS²⁰; range, 0-100, with 0 anchored as “no pain” and 100 as “worst pain imaginable”). General health was measured with the RAND-36 Physical Component Score, derived from the RAND-36 questionnaire²¹ (range, 0-100, with higher scores indicating better health). The mean (SD) score in the general population is 50 (10).²¹ Progression of osteoarthritis was measured using the Kellgren-Lawrence classification (range, 0-4, in which grade 0 [no osteophytes or joint-space narrowing] indicates no osteoarthritis and grade 4 [>50% joint-space narrowing] indicates severe osteoarthritis).¹⁴ Activity level was measured with the Tegner Activity Scale, which measures the level of working activities and sport activities on a scale from 0 to 10, with higher scores indicating a higher level of activity.²² Although these outcomes were originally intended to test for noninferiority, no noninferiority margins were defined in advance. Therefore, the secondary outcomes were tested for superiority. After data analyses, MCIDs were identified in the literature to guide interpretation of observed differences between treatment groups. Adverse events were categorized as serious and nonserious.

Other prespecified outcomes included resource utilization, health-related quality of life, patient-specific complaints, participant expectations, and participant satisfaction. These outcomes will be analyzed and reported separately.

Participants completed study questionnaires at baseline, and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after randomization. If participants did not respond, up to 3 reminders were sent and, if needed, the participant was contacted by telephone.

MRIs and x-rays were taken at the time of enrollment and x-rays were performed 24 months after randomization. One radiologist reviewed all x-rays to grade osteoarthritis severity on the Kellgren-Lawrence classification,¹⁴ while another radiologist reviewed all MRIs for classification of the meniscal tears according to the Modified International Cartilage Repair Society classification.²³ Both radiologists were unable to assess whether a participant had surgery and were blinded to treatment allocation.

Sample Size Calculation and Statistical Analysis

The sample size was based on an SD of 18 points on the IKDC, a power of 90%, a 2-sided α of .05, and a noninferiority margin of 8 points on the IKDC. With an anticipated 20% loss to follow-up and a 25% delayed APM rate after 24 months, 160 participants per treatment group were needed.

Mixed models were used for longitudinal data analyses, with a 3-level structure, ie, repeated measurements were clustered within participants and participants were clustered within the participating centers, to calculate the overall between-group differences. Unadjusted between-group differences were calculated based on a model with the baseline score and treatment group as independent variables. To define the between-group differences per follow-up period, time was added to the model as a categorical variable, as well as a time-by-treatment interaction. Adjusted between-group differences were calculated based on similar models including potential confounders as independent variables. These confounders were sex, age, BMI, education level,²⁴ Kellgren-Lawrence classification,¹⁴ location of tear (medial, lateral, both), mechanical complaints, and baseline knee pain during weight-bearing.

Progression of osteoarthritis was analyzed using a mixed model with Kellgren-Lawrence score at 24 months as the dependent variable and intervention group and baseline Kellgren-Lawrence score as independent variables. Analyses followed the intention-to-treat principle, in which patients were analyzed according to their randomized treatment allocation, regardless of any deviations from the protocol.

To test the robustness of the results, analyses that followed the as-treated principle were performed for the unadjusted and adjusted between-group differences for the outcomes of knee function and pain. In these analyses, participants were analyzed based on their adherence to randomized treatment allocation in 3 groups: (1) participants randomized to the APM group who received APM, (2) participants randomized to the PT group who completed the PT protocol without having APM during the follow-up period, and (3) participants randomized to the PT group who had APM during follow-up (delayed APM group). Patients who were randomized to the APM treatment group but did not have surgery and patients who were randomized to PT but did not complete the PT protocol and did not have delayed APM were not included in the as-treated analysis.

Adverse events were reported descriptively. Post hoc exploratory analyses were performed to assess effect modification on the primary outcome, by evaluating the interaction term between each of the potential confounders listed above.

A 97.5% CI (ie, a 1-sided α of .025) was used for the knee function outcome, whereas a 95% CI (ie, a 2-sided α of .05) was used for the other outcomes. Because the analyses for the secondary outcomes were not corrected for type 1 error, they should be considered exploratory.

Noninferiority was demonstrated when the 97.5% CI did not include the noninferiority margin. Missing data were handled using full maximum likelihood estimation. If participants withdrew from the trial, the data collected prior to withdrawal were used in the analyses, with the participant’s approval. All analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS version 22 (IBM).

Deviations From the Original Trial Protocol

Four inconsistencies with the original protocol need to be addressed (Supplement 1). First, the power calculation was adjusted after an interim analysis of the first 100 participants’ IKDC scores at 1-year follow-up, which demonstrated that the SD was 18 points compared with the anticipated 20 points derived from Crawford and colleagues¹⁷ used in the sample size calculation. This allowed for a reduction of the sample size from 402 to 320.

Second, the description of the primary outcome in the original protocol was the change from baseline to 24-month follow-up. However, the trial was designed to include all follow-up time points in the primary outcome measure and, therefore, the originally intended primary outcome measure was the change from baseline over 24-month follow-up. This was not explicitly specified in the protocol.

Third, the original protocol described generalized estimating equations for longitudinal analyses. During the study, and more than a year prior to data analysis, statistical consultation indicated that a mixed-model approach was more suitable for our data set. The advantages of a mixed-model analysis over generalized estimating equations are the ability to correct for recruitment center without significant loss of power and the ability to handle missing data using maximum likelihood estimation without the need for imputation.

Fourth, an error was made in the protocol as it mentions a loss to follow-up of 10%, while the anticipated percentage was 20%.

Results

Participants

Between July 17, 2013, and November 4, 2015, 321 participants were enrolled and randomly assigned to APM (n = 159) or PT (n = 162; Figure 1). Two participants (1 in each group) withdrew consent immediately after randomization without providing a reason. After 24 months, 289 participants (90%) completed follow-up, with the final participant’s follow-up visit occurring on October 11, 2017. The baseline characteristics in the 2 treatment groups were comparable (mean [SD] age, 58 [6.6] years; 161 women (50%); Table 1). The distributions of baseline knee function and knee pain during weight-bearing are presented in eFigures 2 and 3 in Supplement 2.

Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of the Intention-to-Treat Population.

	No. (%)
	APM Group (n = 158)	PT Group (n = 161)
Demographics
Age, mean (SD), y	57.6 (6.5)	57.3 (6.8)
Women	80 (50.6)	81 (50.3)
Right knee	88 (55.7)	81 (50.3)
Education level, beyond high school^a	67 (42.4)	86 (53.4)
BMI, mean (SD)	26.7 (3.8)	27.2 (4.0)
18.5<BMI<25	56 (35.4)	53 (32.9)
25≤BMI<30	72 (45.6)	67 (41.6)
30≤BMI<35	30 (19.0)	41 (25.5)
Mechanical complaints^b	56 (35.4)	67 (41.6)
Imaging^c
Affected meniscus
Medial	126 (79.7)	136 (84.5)
Lateral	30 (19.0)	25 (15.5)
Both	2 (1.3)	0 (0)
Type of tear on MRI (ISAKOS²³)	n = 151	n = 152
Longitudinal-vertical	5 (3.3)	5 (3.3)
Horizontal	80 (53.0)	69 (45.4)
Complex degenerative	47 (31.1)	58 (38.1)
Radial	13 (8.6)	10 (6.6)
Vertical flap	2 (1.3)	5 (3.3)
Unclassifiable	1 (0.7)	5 (3.3)
Horizontal flap	3 (2.0)	0 (0)
Osteoarthritis score on radiographs (KL classification¹⁴)^d	n = 150	n = 149
0: None	18 (12.0)	15 (10.1)
1: Doubtful	81 (54.0)	74 (49.7)
2: Minimal	45 (30.0)	55 (36.9)
3: Moderate	6 (4.0)	5 (3.3)
Knee Function and Pain
Knee function
IKDC score (0 [most limitations] to 100 [no limitations]), mean (SD)^e	44.8 (16.6)	46.5 (14.6)
Knee pain	n = 145	n = 151
VAS during weight-bearing (0 [no pain] to 100 [worst pain imaginable]), median (IQR)^f	61.1 (44.9-83.4)	59.3 (44.9-77.4)

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Abbreviations: APM, arthroscopic partial meniscectomy; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); IKDC, International Knee Documentation Committee; IQR, interquartile range; ISAKOS, International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery, and Orthopedic Sports Medicine; KL, Kellgren-Lawrence; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PT, physical therapy; VAS, visual analog scale.

^{^a}

Education level was measured according to the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) and dichotomized to low (ISCED level 0-3; eg, early childhood education, primary education, or high school) or high (ISCED level 4-8; eg, any education beyond high school, including bachelor’s, master’s, or doctoral degree).²⁴

^{^b}

In contrast to locking of the knee joint, which was an exclusion criterion, mechanical complaints, such as clicking or catching, were allowed for inclusion.

^{^c}

All participants underwent MRI prior to inclusion, and information on the affected meniscus was based on clinical readings by different radiologists and orthopedic surgeons in participating centers. The type of tear was based on post-hoc readings of the MRIs by one radiologist, and osteoarthritis scores were based on study readings of the MRIs by one other radiologist. Some radiographs and MRIs were unavailable (8 and 7 for APM and 12 and 9 for PT, respectively) for study readings.

^{^d}

KL grade 0 (no osteophytes or joint-space narrowing) indicates no osteoarthritis, grade 1 (questionable osteophytes) indicates early-onset osteoarthritis, grade 2 (definite osteophytes, possible joint-space narrowing) indicates mild osteoarthritis, grade 3 (moderate osteophytes, definite joint-space narrowing, some sclerosis, possible bone-end deformity) indicates moderate osteoarthritis, and grade 4 (large osteophytes, marked joint-space narrowing, severe sclerosis, definite bone ends deformity) indicates severe osteoarthritis.¹⁴ KL grade 4 was an exclusion criterion.

^{^e}

IKDC scores range from 0 to 100, in which 0 indicates the highest level of knee symptoms and lowest level of function in daily or sporting activities, and 100 indicates the lowest knee symptoms and highest level of function in daily or sporting activities. Normative mean (SD) values for the IKDC in the United States are 88 (14) for men aged 51 to 65 years and 85 (16) for women aged 51 to 65 years in a population without current knee problems or a history of knee surgery. In a mixed population of people with and without current knee problems, the normative mean (SD) scores are 77 (23) for men aged 51 to 65 years and 71 (26) for women aged 51 to 65 years.¹⁹ For example, a patient scores 50.6 on the IKDC if the highest level of activities and the effect of the knee on activities are graded as “moderate” for all asked activities, the level of knee pain is “moderate” (5 of 11), mechanical complaints are absent, and the current knee function is graded as “moderate” (5 of 11).

^{^f}

VAS score ranged from 0 to 100, and was anchored as 0 indicating no pain and 100 indicating maximum pain.

Eight participants (5%) of the APM group chose not to have surgery because they determined their symptoms were not severe enough for surgical management. Four of these participants attended a mean of 14.5 PT sessions (range, 6-23), while the other 4 did not receive PT. Two participants in the APM group had a total knee arthroplasty within 2 years of their APM.

Participants in the PT group attended a mean of 17 PT sessions (range, 0-40). In the PT group, 47 participants (29%) had APM due to the persistence of symptoms, and 35 (75%) had APM within 6 months of randomization. Three participants in the PT group had a total knee arthroplasty within the 24-month follow-up period. Seventeen participants did not complete the PT protocol (<16 sessions).

Primary Outcome

Figure 2 shows the improvement in knee function from baseline over the 24-month follow-up period for the APM and PT groups. In the APM group, knee function improved from 44.8 points at baseline to 71.5 points at 24 months (mean difference [MD], 26.2 points [95% CI, 23.2 to 29.3]). In the PT group, knee function improved from 46.5 points at baseline to 67.7 points at 24 months (MD, 20.4 points [95% CI, 17.5 to 23.2]). The primary mixed model analysis of the overall effects found a between-group difference of 3.6 points (97.5% CI, −∞ to 6.5; P value for noninferiority = .001) in favor of the APM group, indicating noninferiority of PT compared with APM (Table 2). The between-group differences at 3 (0.78 points [97.5% CI, –∞ to 4.3]) and 6 (3.4 points [97.5% CI, –∞ to 7.0]) months after randomization also demonstrated noninferiority of PT; however, the effects at 12 (5.7 points [97.5% CI, –∞ to 9.4]) and 24 (4.8 points [97.5% CI, –∞ to 8.5]) months after randomization did not demonstrate noninferiority. The adjusted between-group differences as well as the individual change scores from baseline to 24 months are presented in eTable 1 and eFigure 4, respectively, in Supplement 2.

Table 2. Unadjusted Intervention Effects for the IKDC Score of Knee Function.

Outcome	Mean IKDC Score						APM vs PT		Delayed APM vs PT
	APM		PT		Delayed APM		Between-Group Difference (97.5% CI)^a	P Value for Noninferiority^b	Between-Group Difference (97.5% CI)^a	P Value for Noninferiority^b
	Points	No. of Patients (%)	Points	No. of Patients (%)	Points	No. of Patients (%)	Between-Group Difference (97.5% CI)^a	P Value for Noninferiority^b	Between-Group Difference (97.5% CI)^a	P Value for Noninferiority^b
Primary Outcome (Intention-to-Treat)
Baseline	44.8	158 (99)	46.5	161 (99)
Overall^c	66.5	590	64.2	588			3.6 (−∞ to 6.5)	.001
3 mo	59.9	155 (97)	60.0	158 (98)			0.78 (−∞ to 4.3)	<.001
6 mo	64.7	151 (95)	63.2	146 (90)			3.4 (−∞ to 7.0)	.006
12 mo	70.7	143 (90)	66.4	136 (84)			5.7 (−∞ to 9.4)	.11
24 mo	71.5	141 (89)	67.7	148 (91)			4.8 (−∞ to 8.5)	.04
Secondary Outcome (as Treated^d)
Baseline	43.9	150 (99)	48.6	97 (100)	40.8	47 (100)				-
Overall^c	66.2	561	66.6	372	57.6	163	1.7 (−∞ to 5.1)	<.001	−5.8 (−∞ to −1.2)	<.001
3 mo	59.3	147 (97)	64.3	97 (100)	49.8	47 (100)	−2.9 (−∞ to 1.3)	<.001	−10.8 (−∞ to −5.2)	<.001
6 mo	64.5	144 (95)	65.3	93 (96)	55.7	40 (85)	1.6 (−∞ to 5.7)	.001	−6.9 (−∞ to −1.0)	<.001
12 mo	70.5	137 (91)	67.5	90 (93)	63.8	35 (74)	4.9 (−∞ to 9.1)	.07	−0.78 (−∞ to 5.3)	.002
24 mo	71.1	133 (88)	69.2	92 (95)	63.0	41 (87)	4.1 (−∞ to 8.3)	.04	−2.1 (−∞ to 3.8)	<.001

Open in a new tab

Abbreviations: APM, arthroscopic partial meniscectomy; IKDC, International Knee Documentation Committee (range, 0 [most limitations] to 100 [no limitations]); PT, physical therapy.

^{^a}

The between-group difference for different follow-up points and as overall effect corrected only for IKDC score at baseline. Positive values signify that patients did better with (delayed) APM.

^{^b}

P values for noninferiority based on a 1-sample Z test with respect to the noninferiority margin. One-sided α of .025.

^{^c}

Overall estimate over 24 months refers to the overall IKDC score within each group and between groups including all time points. The overall effect is based on a model including intervention group and baseline IKDC score. The No. represents the number of observations entered into the model.

^{^d}

In the as-treated model, participants were analyzed who adhered to their randomized treatment in 3 groups: (1) participants allocated to the APM group who received APM, (2) participants allocated to the PT group who completed the PT protocol without having APM during the follow-up period (eg, ≥16 PT sessions; <16 sessions was considered a protocol violation), and (3) participants randomized to the PT group who had APM during follow-up (delayed APM group). Patients who were randomized to APM but did not have surgery and patients who were randomized to PT but did not complete the PT protocol and did not have delayed APM were removed from the as-treated analysis.

Exploratory Outcomes

Knee pain during weight-bearing improved in the APM group from 61.1 mm at baseline to 19.6 mm at 24 months (MD, 39.2 mm [95% CI, 33.8 to 44.6]) and in the PT group, knee pain during weight-bearing improved from 59.3 mm at baseline to 25.5 mm at 24 months (MD, 32.5 mm [95% CI, 26.7 to 38.3]) (Table 3 and eFigure 5 in Supplement 2). The mixed-model analysis of the overall effects found a between-group difference of 5.9 mm (95% CI, 1.4 to 10.3; P = .01) in favor of APM (Table 3). The adjusted between-group differences are presented in eTable 2 in Supplement 2.

Table 3. Unadjusted Intervention Effects for the VAS for Weight-Bearing Pain.

Secondary Outcome	Mean VAS Weight-Bearing						APM vs PT		Delayed APM vs PT
	APM		PT		Delayed APM		Between-Group Difference (95% CI)^a	P Value^b	Between-Group Difference (95% CI)^a	P Value^b
	Points	No. of Patients (%)	Points	No. of Patients (%)	Points	No. of Patients (%)	Between-Group Difference (95% CI)^a	P Value^b	Between-Group Difference (95% CI)^a	P Value^b
Intention-to-Treat
Baseline	61.1	145 (91)	59.3	150 (93)
Overall^c	24.5	559	28.8	555			−5.9 (−10.3 to −1.4)	.01
3 mo	30.4	154 (97)	33.4	151 (93)			−3.1 (−8.8 to 2.7)	.30
6 mo	25.4	151 (95)	31.0	145 (90)			−8.2 (−14.1 to −2.3)	.007
12 mo	21.0	139 (87)	24.4	134 (83)			−5.3 (−11.4 to 0.73)	.08
24 mo	19.6	115 (72)	25.5	125 (77)			−7.7 (−14.0 to −1.3)	.02
As-Treated^d
Baseline	62.5	137 (91)	56.0	91 (94)	66.4	43 (91)
Overall^c	24.9	531	24.7	349	39.8	154	−1.7 (−6.8 to 3.3)	.50	13.8 (6.8 to 20.8)	<.001
3 mo	30.8	146 (97)	27.5	91 (94)	48.0	46 (98)	2.4 (−4.3 to 9.1)	.49	18.8 (9.7 to 27.9)	<.001
6 mo	26.0	144 (95)	28.0	92 (95)	40.8	40 (85)	−4.5 (−11.2 to 2.3)	.20	12.7 (3.2 to 22.2)	.009
12 mo	21.0	133 (88)	21.0	89 (92)	31.4	34 (72)	−2.4 (−9.3 to 4.5)	.49	6.8 (−3.2 to 16.8)	.18
24 mo	20.5	108 (72)	21.6	77 (79)	36.0	34 (72)	−3.6 (−10.9 to 3.7)	.33	13.4 (3.2 to 23.5)	.01

Open in a new tab

Abbreviations: APM, arthroscopic partial meniscectomy; PT, physical therapy; VAS, visual analog scale (range, 0 [no pain] to 100 [worst pain imaginable]).

^{^a}

The between-group difference for different follow-up points and as overall effect corrected only for VAS score at baseline. Negative values signify that patients did better with (delayed) APM.

^{^b}

P values with respect to zero (superiority testing). Standard P values resulting from the mixed-model analysis in SPSS. One-sided α of .05.

^{^c}

Overall estimate over 24 months refers to the overall VAS score within each group and between groups including all time points. The overall effect is based on a model including intervention group and baseline VAS score. The No. represents the number of observations entered into the model.

^{^d}

In the as-treated model, participants were analyzed who adhered to their randomized treatment in 3 groups: (1) participants randomized to the APM group who received APM, (2) participants randomized to the PT group who completed the PT protocol without having APM during the follow-up period (eg, ≥16 PT sessions; <16 sessions was considered a protocol violation), and (3) participants randomized to the PT group who had APM during follow-up (delayed APM group). Patients who were randomized for APM but did not have surgery and patients who were randomized to PT but did not complete the PT protocol and did not have delayed APM were removed from the as-treated analysis.

General health in the APM group improved from 37.6 points at baseline to 51.1 points at 24 months (MD, 13.1 points [95% CI, 11.6 to 14.6]) and in the PT group, general health improved from 37.9 points at baseline to 48.7 points at 24 months (MD, 10.5 points [95% CI, 8.9 to 12.1]) (eFigure 6 in Supplement 2). The mixed-model analysis of the overall effects found an overall between-group difference of 1.3 points (95% CI, −0.2 to 2.7; P = .08) in favor of APM.

The activity level in the APM group improved from 2.6 points at baseline to 2.9 points at 24 months (MD, 0.34 points [95% CI, −0.00 to 0.69]) and in the PT group, the activity level improved from 2.5 points at baseline to 3.0 points at 24 months (MD, 0.38 points [95% CI, 0.08 to 0.68]) (eFigure 7 in Supplement 2). The mixed-model analysis of the overall effects found no significant between-group difference (0.04 points [95% CI, −0.3 to 0.2; P = .73]).

Osteoarthritis severity in the APM group progressed from 1.3 points at baseline to 1.6 points at 24 months (MD, 0.37 points [95% CI, 0.25 to 0.49]) and in the PT group, osteoarthritis severity progressed from 1.3 points at baseline to 1.5 points at 24 months (MD, 0.18 points [95% CI, 0.04 to 0.31]). The mixed-model analysis found no significant between-group difference (0.10 points more progression in the APM group [95% CI, −0.05 to 0.26; P = .18]).

As-Treated Analysis

In the as-treated analysis, 150 participants were analyzed in the APM group, 97 participants in the PT group, and 47 in the delayed APM group. All differences in knee function and pain during weight-bearing between the APM and PT groups were smaller in the as-treated analysis compared with the intention-to-treat analysis (Table 2 and Table 3).

Knee function improved in all 3 treatment groups (in the APM group from 43.9 points at baseline to 71.1 points at 24 months [MD, 26.8 points {95% CI, 23.6 to 29.9}]; in the PT group, from 48.6 points at baseline to 69.2 points at 24 months [MD, 20.2 points {95% CI, 16.5 to 23.8}]; and in the delayed APM group, from 40.8 points at baseline to 63.0 points at 24 months [MD, 21.5 points {95% CI, 15.8 to 27.3}]) (Table 2). The mixed-model analysis of the overall effects found a between-group difference of 1.7 points in favor of APM compared with PT (97.5% CI, −∞ to 5.1; P value for noninferiority < .001), indicating noninferiority of PT compared with APM (Table 2). The between-group differences at 3 (−2.9 points [97.5% CI, –∞ to 1.3]) and 6 (1.6 points [97.5% CI, –∞ to 5.7]) months after randomization also demonstrated noninferiority; however, the effects at 12 (4.9 points [97.5% CI, –∞ to 9.1]) and 24 (4.1 points [97.5% CI, –∞ to 8.3]) months after randomization did not demonstrate noninferiority .

When comparing PT with delayed APM, all between-group differences in knee function favored PT, demonstrating noninferiority of PT compared with delayed APM overall and at all time points (P < .002). The adjusted between-group differences are presented in eTable 1 in Supplement 2.

Knee pain during weight-bearing improved in all 3 groups (in the APM group, from 62.5 mm at baseline to 20.5 mm at 24 months [MD, 39.8 mm {95% CI, 34.1 to 45.5}]; in the PT group, from 56.0 mm at baseline to 21.6 mm at 24 months [MD, 33.6 mm {95% CI, 26.0 to 41.2}]; and in the delayed APM group, from 66.4 mm at baseline to 36.0 mm at 24 months [MD, 27.5 mm {95% CI, 16.0 to 39.1}]) (Table 3). The mixed-model analysis of the overall effects found no statistically significant between-group differences when comparing APM with PT (all P ≥ .20), and an overall between-group difference of 13.8 mm (95% CI, 6.8 to 20.8; P < .001) in favor of the PT group when comparing delayed APM with PT (Table 3). The adjusted between-group differences are presented in eTable 2 in Supplement 2.

Adverse Events

Serious adverse events (eg, cardiovascular, neurological or internal medicine conditions, venous thromboembolism, or repeat knee surgery) occurred in 9 participants in the APM group and 8 in the PT group. Nonserious adverse events (eg, reactive arthritis, joint paint resulting in extra consultation or surgical site infection) occurred in 9 participants in the APM group and 4 in the PT group. All adverse events are reported in eTable 3 in Supplement 2.

Post Hoc Exploratory Analysis

Post hoc exploratory analyses evaluated effect modification by the predefined potential confounders on the primary outcome, the IKDC score for knee function, and identified 2 statistically significant effect modifiers. First, there was interaction between baseline pain during weight-bearing and the treatment effect (regression coefficient, 0.14 [95% CI, 0.01 to 0.27; P value for interaction = .03]), indicating that the effect of APM was 0.14 points larger compared with PT on the IKDC score for each millimeter increase in baseline pain. Second, the effect of the intervention differed between BMI categories (P for interaction = .02 for obesity vs normal; P for interaction = .01 for obesity vs overweight). Specifically, obese participants in the APM group scored on average 10.7 IKDC points (95% CI, 4.7 to 16.8; P = .001) higher than obese participants in the PT group, while the difference between treatments was not statistically significant in the other groups (normal: 1.4 [95% CI, −3.4 to 6.2; P = .57] and overweight: 1.2 [95% CI, −3.1 to 5.4; P = .60]). There were no statistically significant interaction effects observed for location of the tear (P = .12), education level (P = .15), osteoarthritis severity (P = .74), mechanical complaints (P = .81), sex (P = .60), age (P = .53), and baseline IKDC score (P = .21) (eTable 4 in Supplement 2).

Discussion

This multicenter RCT showed that, in patients older than 45 years old with knee pain and nonobstructive meniscal tears, PT was noninferior to APM for knee function over a 24-month follow-up period. The results of this trial support the recommendations from the current guidelines that PT may be considered an appropriate alternative to APM as first-line therapy for patients with meniscal tears.^25,26

Although noninferiority was demonstrated for the overall between-group difference in patient-reported knee function, and for the 3- and 6-month follow-up time points, results did not demonstrate noninferiority at the 12- and 24-month time points. Longer follow-up will provide more details on the effect of time on the between-group differences. To date, only 1 trial has reported 5-year outcomes in a similar population with meniscal tears, and reported no statistically significant differences in knee function between APM combined with PT (n = 45) and PT alone (n = 47).¹⁰

The previously reported clinical trials included a combined 838 patients and each trial reported no statistically significant differences between groups for knee function. These trials, however, were designed to assess superiority and had smaller sample sizes or shorter follow-up. Pooling these trials resulted in small statistically significant benefits of APM at up to 6-month follow-up.^5,11 The current trial had a larger sample size and longer follow-up and demonstrated a small benefit of APM, consistent with the pooled results from earlier trials.^5,11 Because this benefit from APM as compared with PT was smaller than the predefined noninferiority margin, and within the previously reported MCID in patients with different knee pathologies,²⁷ the results of this trial demonstrated noninferiority of PT as compared with APM, and are consistent with current consensus that APM should not be the first treatment in middle-aged and older patients with meniscal tears.^25,26

In this trial, 29% of participants from the PT group received delayed APM, demonstrating that not all patients initially treated with PT were satisfied with their results. The post-hoc exploratory findings on effect modification could guide future research on the characteristics of individuals who may be less likely to respond to PT to improve their treatment options and functional outcome.

Limitations

This study has several limitations. First, participants were not blinded to group assignment. Second, a screening log was not kept of patients who were eligible but not randomized, which limits the ability to assess the generalizability of the results. Third, the predefined noninferiority margin was a conservative estimate of potentially relevant differences, based on the smallest detectable change of 8.8 points.¹⁷ The smallest detectable change quantifies the amount of change that can be reliably detected by a measurement instrument, while noninferiority margins should be based on the maximum clinically acceptable difference that a patient is willing to give up in exchange for the secondary benefits of the alternative therapy. While the exact threshold of clinical relevance is unknown in a population with meniscal tears, Irrgang and colleagues²⁷ reported an MCID for the IKDC of 11.5 points in patients with different types of knee disorders. If an MCID of 11.5 points was applied, PT would have been noninferior to APM both overall and at all individual time points. Fourth, noninferiority testing was intended for the secondary analyses, but no noninferiority margins were specified in the protocol. Therefore, the comparisons between the groups for the secondary outcomes were treated as standard 2-sided superiority hypotheses. Fifth, MCIDs for the secondary outcomes were not defined until after data analyses (identified in different populations; 13.7 mm for pain on the VAS²⁸ and 2.0 points for RAND-36 PCS²⁹). None of the observed between-group differences in these secondary outcomes exceeded MCID values, indicating that the clinical relevance of these findings is likely limited. Sixth, x-rays were interpreted by a single radiologist. Having 2 or more radiologists interpret x-rays may have resulted in more valid interpretations of osteoarthritis progression. Seventh, the combination of APM and PT may be more effective than APM alone. However, the authors followed the national guideline for generalizability of the study results and therefore APM was not always followed by PT.¹⁵

Conclusions

Among patients with nonobstructive meniscal tears, PT was noninferior to APM for improving patient-reported knee function over a 24-month follow-up period. Based on these results, PT may be considered as an alternative to surgery for patients with nonobstructive meniscal tears.

Supplement 1.

Trial Protocol

Click here for additional data file.^{(1.1MB, pdf)}

Supplement 2.

eTable 1. Adjusted Intervention Effects for the IKDC Score of Knee Function

eTable 2. Adjusted Intervention Effects for the VAS for Weight-Bearing Pain

eTable 3. Adverse events

eTable 4. Results of Interaction Effects of Post-Hoc Exploratory Analyses

eTable 5. Median IKDC points by treatment group

eFigure 1. Physical Therapy Protocol

eFigure 2. Histogram of Baseline IKDC Score of Knee Function per Treatment Group

eFigure 3. Histogram of baseline VAS for Knee Pain per Treatment Group

eFigure 4. Parallel Line Plot of Individual Change Scores in IKDC Score of Knee Function From Baseline to 24 Months

eFigure 5. Distribution of VAS for Knee Pain During Weight-Bearing

eFigure 6. Distribution of RAND-36 PCS Score for General Health

eFigure 7. Distribution of TAS for Activity Level

Click here for additional data file.^{(432.7KB, pdf)}

Supplement 3.

Data Sharing Statement

Click here for additional data file.^{(19.2KB, pdf)}

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

Supplement 1.

Trial Protocol

Click here for additional data file.^{(1.1MB, pdf)}

Supplement 2.

eTable 1. Adjusted Intervention Effects for the IKDC Score of Knee Function

eTable 2. Adjusted Intervention Effects for the VAS for Weight-Bearing Pain

eTable 3. Adverse events

eTable 4. Results of Interaction Effects of Post-Hoc Exploratory Analyses

eTable 5. Median IKDC points by treatment group

eFigure 1. Physical Therapy Protocol

eFigure 2. Histogram of Baseline IKDC Score of Knee Function per Treatment Group

eFigure 3. Histogram of baseline VAS for Knee Pain per Treatment Group

eFigure 4. Parallel Line Plot of Individual Change Scores in IKDC Score of Knee Function From Baseline to 24 Months

eFigure 5. Distribution of VAS for Knee Pain During Weight-Bearing

eFigure 6. Distribution of RAND-36 PCS Score for General Health

eFigure 7. Distribution of TAS for Activity Level

Click here for additional data file.^{(432.7KB, pdf)}

Supplement 3.

Data Sharing Statement

Click here for additional data file.^{(19.2KB, pdf)}

[joi180100r1] 1.Steiner CA, Karaca Z, Moore BJ, Imshaug MC, Pickens G. Surgeries in hospital-based ambulatory surgery and hospital inpatient settings, 2014. http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb223-Ambulatory-Inpatient-Surgeries-2014.pdf. Accessed August 15, 2018. [PubMed]

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PERMALINK

Effect of Early Surgery vs Physical Therapy on Knee Function Among Patients With Nonobstructive Meniscal Tears

Victor A van de Graaf, MD

Julia C A Noorduyn, MSc

Nienke W Willigenburg, PhD

Ise K Butter, MSc

Arthur de Gast, MD, PhD

Ben W Mol, MD, PhD

Daniel B F Saris, MD, PhD

Jos W R Twisk, PhD

Rudolf W Poolman, MD, PhD

Key Points

Question

Findings

Meaning

Abstract

Importance

Objective

Design, Setting, and Participants

Interventions

Main Outcomes and Measures

Results

Conclusions and Relevance

Trial Registration

Introduction

Methods

Trial Oversight and Design

Patient Population

Intervention, Randomization, and Blinding

Outcomes

Sample Size Calculation and Statistical Analysis

Deviations From the Original Trial Protocol

Results

Participants

Figure 1. Flow of Patients Through the ESCAPE Trial.

Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of the Intention-to-Treat Population.

Primary Outcome

Figure 2. Distribution of International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Score of Knee Function.

Table 2. Unadjusted Intervention Effects for the IKDC Score of Knee Function.

Exploratory Outcomes

Table 3. Unadjusted Intervention Effects for the VAS for Weight-Bearing Pain.

As-Treated Analysis

Adverse Events

Post Hoc Exploratory Analysis

Discussion

Limitations

Conclusions

References

Associated Data

Supplementary Materials

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

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