Abstract
Purpose
The study sought to summarize the evidence of pre-procedural atorvastatin therapy to improve the prognosis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
Patients and methods
We searched PubMed and Embase from inception to July 2018 for randomized controlled trials that compared loading dose atorvastatin pretreatment with no or low dose for the prevention of cardiovascular events. The primary end points were all-cause mortality and myocardial infarction (MI) at 30 days. The secondary end point was 30-day major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), a composite of all-cause mortality, MI, and revascularization.
Results
Six trials with 4,991 individuals were included in our meta-analysis. High-dose atorvastatin preloading before PCI was associated with a 27% relative reduction in MI (OR: 0.73, 95% CI, 0.56–0.94, P=0.015). All-cause mortality was nonsignificantly reduced by early treatment with high-potency atorvastatin (OR: 0.94, 95% CI, 0.69–1.30, P=0.725). There was a 20% reduction in MACE in the group of patients treated with statin loading prior to PCI (OR: 0.80, 95% CI, 0.66–0.97, P=0.026). When stratified according to the diagnosis of ACS, the results of MACE were only significant for those ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing PCI (OR: 0.67, 95% CI, 0.48–0.94, P=0.022) and were not noted in the group of non-ST elevation ACS patients (OR: 0.65, 95% CI, 0.35–1.22, P=0.179).
Conclusion
High-dose atorvastatin pretreatment leads to a significant reduction in MI and MACE at 30 days in ACS patients undergoing PCI, especially in ST-segment elevation MI.
Keywords: atorvastatin, acute coronary syndrome, percutaneous coronary intervention, adverse events
Introduction
The effect of a loading dose of statin, pretreatment before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), has been demonstrated in several observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).1,2 Preloading with high-potency statins was associated with lower risk of adverse events, mainly due to a decreased rate of periprocedural myocardial infarction (MI) and revas-cularization.3–5 The underlying mechanism of the benefit with statins was probably multifactorial and was hypothesized to be related to the complex pleiotropic effects of statins, which improve endothelial function, stabilize the atherosclerotic plaque, and decrease the vascular inflammation.6–8 Thus, current European and American guidelines recommend the administration of statins as early as possible in ACS patients, irrespective of cholesterol concentration at presentation.9,10
Long-term statin therapy has been shown to improve prognosis of patients with ACS. Yet it is less clear as to whether short-term high-dose atorvastatin pretreatment provides a consistent benefit in differential diagnosis of ACS patients, including ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) and non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS), undergoing PCI.2 We therefore conducted a meta-analysis based on relevant and available RCTs to assess the efficacy of short-term high-dose atorvastatin pretreatment in patients with ACS undergoing PCI, especially among patients presenting with differential diagnosis.
Materials and methods
Literature search and selection criteria
The systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted and reported in adherence to PRISMA guidelines.11 Two researchers independently searched the published articles in the PubMed and Embase for the effect of high-dose atorvastatin preloading before PCI in ACS patients. Relevant keywords related to atorvastatin in combination with words related to “acute coronary syndrome” or “myocardial infarction” or “unstable angina” were searched. Our search was limited to articles published in English language only. The last search was run on July 11, 2018. Two independent investigators carried out the initial search, deleted duplicate records, screened the titles and abstracts for relevance, and identified as excluded or requiring further assessment. If there was a dispute between the investigators, it was solved through joint discussion or by taking the opinion of the third investigator. All the investigators had sufficient experience in meta-analysis, writing, and literature search. We also reviewed previous meta-analyses and the references of the selected studies.
Studies meeting the following inclusion criteria were included: 1) participatant: ACS patients undergoing PCI; 2) intervention: loading doses of atorvastatin (80 mg) therapy before PCI; 3) comparison: the control group was given placebo, lower dose atorvastatin therapy (10 mg or 20 mg daily), or not receiving any atorvastatin before PCI; 4) outcome: major adverse cardiovascular end points (MACE); 5) study design: RCTs.
Data extraction and quality assessment
Data extraction was performed by MM and confirmed independently by LB. The following information was extracted from each study: the first author’s name, year of publication, participants’ characteristics, study design, total number of individuals, regimen of atorvastatin, type of controls (blank, placebo, or low dose of atorvastatin), prespecified clinical outcomes, and status of illness (unstable angina pectoris, STEMI, NSTEMI). Extracted data were entered into a standardized Excel file. Discrepancies were resolved by discussion between the two investigators and if the authors could not reach a consensus, disagreements were resolved by the third author (BY). The primary outcomes were all-cause mortality and MI at 30 days. The secondary outcome was 30-day MACE, stratified by STEMI and NSTE-ACS. The bias risk of trials was assessed with the components recommended by the Cochrane Collaboration,12 including sequence generation of the allocation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants, personnel and outcome assessors, incomplete outcome data, selective outcome reporting, and other sources of bias.
Statistical analysis
Risk ratio (RR) with 95% CIs was used to express the pooled effect on discontinuous variables. Heterogeneity across studies was tested by using the I2 statistic, which was a quantitative measure of inconsistency across studies. Studies with an I2 statistic of 25%–50% were considered to have low heterogeneity, those with an I2 statistic of 50%–75% were considered to have moderate heterogeneity, and those with an I2 statistic of >75% were considered to have a high degree of heterogeneity. Fixed-effects meta-analyses were conducted to pool these outcomes across the included trials when there was no between-study inconsistency, whereas the random-effects model was used if heterogeneity existed.
Publication bias was evaluated using a funnel plot. All P-values were two-tailed, with statistical significance set at 0.05, except where otherwise specified. All statistical analyses were performed using Stata 12.0 (Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA).
Results
Characteristics of studies selected for meta-analysis
The flow chart (Figure 1), describing the process of publication screening and the reasons for exclusion is shown in Figure 1. Of the 705 potentially relevant articles initially screened, a total of six RCTs2,13–17 including 4,991 individuals were selected. Among these, 2,483 patients were randomized to loading dose of atorvastatin pre-PCI and 2,508 patients comprised the control group. The characteristics of the included trials are shown in Table 1. There were one enrolling patients with ACS, combination of STEMI and NSTE-ACS; two enrolling only STEMI; and three enrolling only NSTE-ACS among the six included trials.
Figure 1.
Flow diagram of study selection.
Abbreviations: CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; CAD, coronary artery disease; ACS, acute coronary syndrome.
Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies
| Study | Participants, Expt/Ctrl | Age, years, Expt/Ctrl | Male, n (%), Expt/Ctrl | Diagnosis | Treatment | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Berwanger et al, 20182 | 1,351/1,359 | 61.7±11.3/61.9±11.7 | 1,581 (75.8)/1,525 (72.5) | ACS | 80 mg before PCI vs placebo | MACE at 30 days |
| Jang et al, 201413 | 163/172 | 60±10/61±9.2 | 116 (71.2)/126 (73.3) | NSTE-ACS | 80 mg at 12 hours + 40 mg at 2 hours before PCI vs no statin | MACE at 30 days |
| Kim et al, 201014 | 86/85 | 61±11/59±11 | 66 (76.7)/66 (77.6) | STEMI | 80 mg before PCI vs 10 mg before PCI | MACE at 30 days |
| Patti et al, 200715 | 86/85 | 64±11/67±10 | 68 (79)/67 (79) | NSTE-ACS | 80 mg at 12 hours + 40 mg at 2 hours before PCI vs no statin | MACE at 30 days |
| Post et al, 201216 | 20/22 | 57.5±7.7/54.3±7.2 | 19 (86)/13 (65) | STEMI | 80 mg before PCI vs no statin | End-systolic volume index (ESVI) at 3 months |
| Yu et al, 201117 | 41/40 | 63.3±10.5/64.4±11.6 | 25 (61)/23 (58) | NSTE-ACS | 80 mg at 12 hours + 40 mg at 2 hours before PCI vs placebo | MACE at 30 days |
Abbreviations: ACS, acute coronary syndrome; PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; MACE, major adverse cardiovascular end points; MI, myocardial infarction; STEMI, ST-segment elevation MI; NSTE-ACS, non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome; Expt, experiment; Ctrl, control.
Assessment of the study quality
The quality characteristics of included studies are provided in Table 2. All of the studies included patients with similar baseline characteristics and provided details about the eligible criteria and completeness of follow-up. Among the six trials, four trials reported the specific methods used for randomization. Of them, three trials used a block random approach and the other one used a random numbers table. Blinded methods were used in five trials, and all of which used a double-blind approach. Two trials described the allocation concealments in detail and one trial provided the intention-to-treat analysis. None of the included studies had incomplete outcome data, selective reporting, and other sources of bias.
Table 2.
Assessment of methodological quality of included studies
| Study | Randomized method | Allocation concealment | Blinded | Withdrawals and lost to follow-up | Intent-to-treat analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Berwanger et al, 20182 | Randomized block design | Yes | Double blind | No | Yes |
| Jang et al, 201413 | Randomized unclear | Unclear | Open label | No | No |
| Kim et al, 201014 | Randomization sequence | Unclear | Double blind (care provider and assessor) | No | No |
| Patti et al, 200715 | Randomized block design | Unclear | Double blind | No | No |
| Post et al, 201216 | Randomized block design | Yes | Double blind | No | No |
| Yu et al, 201117 | Randomized unclear | Unclear | Double blind | No | No |
Effect of loading dose of atorvastatin pretreatment on clinical outcome
Four studies were included in the all-cause mortality analysis at 30 days, with an overall incidence of 3.0% (70 of 2,356) in the loading dose of atorvastatin group and 3.1% (75 of 2,383) in the control group. There was a nonsignificant trend toward all-cause mortality reduction in the loading dose of atorvastatin group (risk ratio [RR]: 0.94, 95% CI, 0.69–1.30, P=0.73; Figure 2A) using the fixed-effect model. No significant heterogeneity was found between the two groups (I2=0.0%, P=0.84).
Figure 2.
Pooled risk ratio (RR) of loading dose of atorvastatin pretreatment vs control for 30-day all-cause mortality (A) and myocardial infarction (B) after percutaneous coronary intervention.
Outcome data for 30-day MI analysis were available from five trials. Compared with the control group, the high dose of atorvastatin group had significantly reduced incidence of MI (RR: 0.73, 95% CI, 0.56–0.94, P=0.015; Figure 2B) based on the fixed-effects model. There was no evidence of significant heterogeneity among these trials (I2=40.3%, P=0.15).
All the six studies reported the incidence of MACE. The overall incidence of MACE in the high dose of atorvastatin group was 6.7% (166 of 2,483), whereas in the control group, it was of 8.4% (210 of 2,508). The analysis showed that receiving high dose of atorvastatin pre-PCI was associated with a significantly lower MACE rate with a combined OR of 0.80 (95% CI: 0.66–0.97, P=0.026) (Figure S1).
Analysis of subgroups with differential diagnoses of ACS
To determine whether the outcome of high-dose statin treatment prior to PCI was consistent in patients with differential diagnoses of ACS, including STEMI and NSTE-ACS, we assessed subgroups of patients according to their disease classification.
For the subgroup with STEMI, the incidence of MACE was significantly lower in the high-dose atorvastatin group than in the control group (OR: 0.67, 95% CI, 0.48–0.94, P=0.022; I2=0.0%, P=0.81) (Figure 3A); however, for patients with NSTE-ACS, there was no significant difference in MACE between the high-dose atorvastatin group and the control group (OR: 0.65, 95% CI, 0.35–1.22, P=0.179; I2=68.7%, P=0.022) by using the randomized model (Figure 3B).
Figure 3.
Subgroup analysis of forest plot of risk ratio (RR) and 95% CI for 30-day major adverse composite end point in patients with STEMI (A) and NSTE-ACS (B).
Abbreviations: STEMI, ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction; NSTE-ACS, non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome.
Publication bias
As shown in Figure 4, the results did not provide any evidence of potential publication bias based on funnel plots and Egger’s regression test. Funnel plots constructed using a fixed-effect model for all-cause mortality (P=0.549, Figure 4A) and MI (P=0.107, Figure 4B) are presented.
Figure 4.
Funnel plot of included studies for all-cause mortality (A) and myocardial infarction (B).
Abbreviations: RR, risk ratio; MI, myocardial infarction.
Discussion
The current study, which included 4,991 individuals from six RCTs, mainly demonstrated that: 1) atorvastatin preloading in ACS patients undergoing PCI could significantly reduce the incidence of MI and MACE at 30 days; 2) the subgroup analysis showed that compared with the control group, STEMI patients receiving high dose of atorvastatin pre-PCI had a significant reduction in 30-day MACE, whereas in patients with NSTE-ACS there was no significant improvement between groups.
The beneficial effect of statin therapy has had a profound effect on ACS patients. Administration of statins prior to PCI might be of benefit, which is addressed by mechanistic studies demonstrating that it is anti-inflammatory and has favorable effects on platelet reactivity, circulating markers of myonecrosis, and microvascular obstruction, besides a lipid-lowering effect.6,18,19 Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in the 30-day rate of all-cause mortality. Previous trials demonstrated that the loading dose of statin could improve some “surrogate” measures, such as infarct size or specific biomarkers,17,20,21 which might decrease the adverse events in the long term logically. However, as the most “hard” end point, mortality might be very hard to decline significantly by improving endothelial function and myocardial circulation during limited period (30 days), which could explain to some extent why no studies show a positive result about this outcome. The present study confirmed that the loading doses of atorvastatin might have a role in reducing the risk of MI in ACS patients undergoing PCI, which might mainly be driven by a decreased rate of periprocedural MI.3,4,22 Meanwhile, the benefit of early protective effects of high-dose atorvastatin, attributed to its multifactorial effects mentioned previously, might be responsible for the improved clinical outcomes observed after PCI.
Moreover, in order to identify potential differences in treatment across the patients, subgroup analysis revealed that the clinical benefit of high-dose atorvastatin pretreatment was significant in STEMI patients, but not in NSTE-ACS patients.
A previous meta-analysis demonstrated a 68% reduction in short-term clinical events when statin therapy is given as a loading dose prior to PCI in NSTE-ACS patients.23 However, the results should be interpreted with caution, such as the rates of 30-day MACE in stable and NSTE-ACS patients (14.0% vs 3.3%, respectively) during the follow-up period. The higher incidence of stable patients in the pool analysis with a 45 months follow-up period24 should be the main responsibility for the reduction of MACE in NSTE-ACS patients.
Currently, a series of lipid-lowering trials have supported the concept “the lower, the better”. Moreover, guidelines have already suggested that ACS patients should receive high-intensity statin therapy. The strategy which involves administering high doses of statin within the first 24 hours is likely to be beneficial for both prevention of subsequent cardiovascular events and increased long-term adherence to statin therapy, which is a cornerstone of secondary prevention. Just like Statins Evaluation in Coronary procedures and Revascularization (SECURE-PCI) trial, the present study might present new management approach in terms of immediate statin administration in the emergency department to help clinicians make a more appropriate decision. In ACS patients, the strategy should be “the earlier, the lower, and the longer, the better”.
The present study has several limitations. First, in our analysis, we limited major adverse cardiac events to true clinical end points and included only death, MI, and revascularization in a short-term follow-up, and therefore determining the long-term prognosis of ACS patients would be difficult. Further large clinical trials may provide better results in this regard. Another limitation is that the included studies used different therapy strategies for administration of atorvastatin (high loading dose vs placebo, no treatment, or low dose). Moreover, SECURE-PCI trial did not report the detailed outcome at 30-day follow-up period stratified by diagnosis of ACS, and hence we could not analyze every component of MACE in STEMI and NSTE-ACS subgroups. Finally, the number of articles finally included in the study was small and there may be a possibility for geographical bias.
Conclusion
Among ACS patients undergoing PCI, pre-procedural loading doses of atorvastatin could reduce the rate of MI and MACE at 30 days. This strategy might be beneficial for STEMI patients undergoing an invasive strategy. Nevertheless, further trials are needed to identify patients who might receive maximum benefit from preloading with high-potency statins.
Supplementary material
Pooled risk ratio (RR) of loading dose of atorvastatin pretreatment vs control for 30-day major adverse composite end points after percutaneous coronary intervention.
Footnotes
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Pooled risk ratio (RR) of loading dose of atorvastatin pretreatment vs control for 30-day major adverse composite end points after percutaneous coronary intervention.