Abstract
Objective
Recently, concern has increased regarding the hazards of radiation exposure in patients and laboratory staff. Since the numbers of complex catheter ablations (CA) performed, duration of procedure times, and need for multiple sessions have increased, radiation exposure during each session needs to be minimised. Our study aimed to assess the impact of awareness on radiation exposure during CA for atrial fibrillation (AF).
Methods
Mini-course lectures was delivered to the physicians and staff in the electrophysiology division. Its effect on the fluoroscopic time and radiation dose during AF ablation before (Group I, n=70), shortly after (Group II: n=70) and remotely after the mini-lecture (Group III, n=70) were evaluated. Patient demographics, preoperative testing and procedural parameters were collected.
Results
The fluoroscopic time significantly reduced after the lecture (Group I and II: 25.1±10.0 and 15.1±7.3 min, respectively (p<0.0001)), and remained so in Group III (13.0±5.4 min), despite the increase in the number of persistent AFs. The radiation dose also significantly reduced (Groups I, II, III: 295.0±263.0, 109.6±103.5 and 110.1±89.6 mGy, respectively (p<0.0001)).
Conclusion
Awareness on radiation exposure led to a significant reduction in fluoroscopic time and radiation dose during CA for AF, the effect of which persisted even to remote periods following the procedure.
Keywords: catheter ablation, atrial fibrillation, fluoroscopy, radiation exposure, radiation dosage
Key questions.
What is already known about this subject?
Atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation has become an established therapy to control recurrent AF which could require longer procedure times and may require multiple procedures. Although some special tools or techniques have been introduced to reduce the radiation exposure, the ability of simple lecture to promote the awareness to reduce the radiation exposure in AF ablation is unclear.
What does this study add?
There have been limited information regarding effects of simple lecture to promote the awareness in catheter ablation even though it has been reported in coronary angiography and right heart catheterisation.
How might this impact on clinical practice?
Promoting awareness on radiation exposure reduced the radiation exposure during AF ablation, and the effects of the educational intervention persisted even at remote periods following the procedure.
Introduction
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia, and catheter ablation (CA) has become an established therapy to control recurrent AF.1 CA, especially for complex arrhythmias, such as AF requires longer procedure times and may require multiple procedures. As there are risks associated with exposure to medical radiation during these procedures, it is essential to keep the ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable) principle.
Radiation exposure is associated with the risk of brain tumours in the operators,2 and lens and skin injury in both the patients and the staff.3 Since the radiation dose from a single procedure is low, the risk to the medical staff is often underestimated. However, cumulative doses could contribute to significant risks, especially among physicians who perform many complex cases.
Although three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping systems (3D-EAM) have contributed to a reduction in radiation exposure,4 5 further reduction is necessary.6 Previous studies show that radiation exposure could be significantly reduced during percutaneous coronary intervention and cardiac catheterisation by promoting awareness.7–9 The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term and long-term impact of promoting awareness of radiation exposure during CA for AF.
Method
Patients
We evaluated the radiation dose used in CA for AF using a fluoroscopic system (INFX-8000V, Toshiba, Tokyo, Japan). Pulse fluoroscopy rates were preprogrammed at 3.75 frames per second, and the frame rate was set at six frames per second. X-ray beam collimation was encouraged to minimise the field of view.
A mini-course lecture was delivered to the catheter laboratory staff, including the electrophysiology fellows, physicians, medical engineers and nurses in the first week of July 2015. Seventy consecutive patients for each group were selected to compare the effects of awareness on radiation exposure prior to the lecture (Group I: from August 2014 to June 2015), shortly (immediately following) after the course (Group II: from August 2015 to November 2016) and remotely (one and a half years) after the lecture (Group III: from January 2017 to August 2017). Their baseline characteristics and procedural data were compared. The acute complications and complications at the 1-month visit were evaluated.
Mini-course lecture
The mini-course lecture on radiation exposure was administered to the electrophysiology team. It consisted of two 1-hour lectures, and included basic concepts on radiation, ionising effects and practical methods to reduce radiation exposure during CA such as minimisation of cine acquisition, maximal effort to avoid the left anterior oblique view, higher position of the patient table, optimisation of collimation and so on.
Catheter ablation
The patients were sedated with dexmedetomidine and fentanyl, and their arterial blood pressures were monitored through a femoral artery. An oesophageal temperature probe (Esophastar, Japan Lifeline) was inserted. The radio frequency application was stopped immediately if the temperature reached 40℃ to prevent the oesophageal injury. A 20-pole electrode catheter (BeeAT, Japan Lifeline) was placed in the coronary sinus for internal cardioversion, and a quadripolar catheter was placed at the right ventricular apex. In addition, an intracardiac echocardiographic catheter, a 20-pole ring catheter, and an ablation catheter were placed.
As an ablation catheter, a contact force sensing catheter (ThermoCool SmartTouch or ThermoCool SmartTouch SF, Biosense Webster; or TactiCath Quartz, St Jude Medical) was used in all cases with either a CARTO or an Ensite system. Voltage and activation maps were obtained using a circular mapping catheter. Following the pulmonary vein antrum isolation (PVAI), the presence of a bidirectional block was confirmed by pacing with and without a bolus injection of adenosine. Following the PVAI, a voltage map of the left atrium was obtained. Further ablation and modification of the substrate were performed only if a low voltage area (<0.5 mV) was present. From September 2016 onwards, the ablation strategy for persistent AF had changed from low voltage modification to left atrial posterior wall isolation (LAPI).
Cavo-tricuspid isthmus (CTI) and mitral isthmus linear ablations were performed if CTI-dependent or perimitral atrial flutters, respectively, were documented or induced. Frequent atrial extrasystoles or induced macroreentrant atrial tachycardias were targeted. In all patients, Warfarin was maintained at an international normalised ratio of 2–2.5 and was continued on the day of the procedure. For patients on direct oral anticoagulants, the morning doses were skipped and reinitiated after the ablation. Heparin was given prior to the transseptal puncture, and the activated clotting time was maintained between 250 and 350 s throughout the procedure. After the procedure, Protamine was administered, and haemostasis was achieved.
Follow-up
Patients were followed-up according to our regular practice at visits to the clinic at 2 weeks, 1, 3, 6 and 12 months following the procedure. On the day of the visit, a 12-lead ECG and 24 hours Holter monitoring were performed to check for recurrence. If an atrial tachyarrhythmia lasting longer than 30 s was recorded, a recurrence was diagnosed.
Statistics
Categorical data were described as numbers and percentages. Numerical data were described as means and SD. Comparisons were performed using the Mann-Whitney test for skewed data and the Student’s t-test for non-skewed data between the groups. To compare categorical data, the Fisher’s exact and χ2 tests was used. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted considering the possibility that clinical factors including left atrial dimension, body mass index (BMI) and type of AF (paroxysmal or persistent) influenced the results of fluoroscopic time and radiation dose.
Results
Patient characteristics
A total of 210 patients were enrolled. There were no significant differences in the height, weight, or BMI of patients, which could affect the radiation dose, between the three groups (table 1). However, Group III included more persistent AF (p<0.0001), as the majority of paroxysmal AF patients underwent cryoballoon ablation from May 2016 onwards. Additionally, the approach to persistent AFs had changed from September 2016 onwards, when we added LAPI, in addition to PVAI, for patients with persistent AF.
Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Group I (n=70) | Group II (n=70) | Group III (n=70) | |
| Age (years old) | 64±10 | 67±13 | 68±9 |
| Gender (male, %) | 48 (69%) | 46 (66%) | 43 (61%) |
| Height (cm) | 163.5±9.1 | 162.1±17.1 | 164.4±7.7 |
| Weight (kg) | 63.2±12.8 | 63.4±14.5 | 64.2±14.4 |
| BMI | 23.5±4.0 | 23.7±4.3 | 23.8±4.0 |
| Persistent atrial fibrillation (n, %) | 17 (24%) | 20 (29%) | 53 (76%) * |
| Congestive heart failure (n, %) | 12 (17%) | 11 (18%) | 18 (26%) |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 29 (41%) | 40 (57%) | 37 (53%) |
| Diabetes (n, %) | 8 (11%) | 13 (19%) | 8 (11%) |
| Stroke (n, %) | 3 (4%) | 5 (7%) | 2 (3%) |
| Vascular disease (n, %) | 2 (3%) | 1 (1%) | 7 (10%) |
| CHADS2 | 1.3±1.1 | 1.7±1.1 | 1.6±1.0 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc | 1.8±1.3 | 2.3±1.4 | 2.4±1.4 |
| Left atrial dimension (mm) | 37.4±7.7 | 36.9±5.9 | 40.2±6.4 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 61.8±8.8 | 60.3±10.2 | 60.7±8.3 |
*p<0.0001.
BMI, body mass index.
Procedure parameters
The procedure parameters are shown in table 2. PVAI was performed in all patients. There was no significant difference between the groups in the need for additional ablation, such as CTI linear ablation, low-voltage zone modification, superior vena cava (SVC) isolation, and mitral isthmus linear ablation. However, more patients in Group III had LAPI due to the change in treatment strategy for persistent AF. Contact force monitoring was used for a majority of the patients. However, since the number of Ensite cases increased from December 2016 and TactiCath became available from May 2017, fewer patients in Group II were treated with contact force monitoring as shown in table 2.
Table 2.
Procedure characteristics
| Group I (n=70) |
Group II (n=70) |
Group III (n=70) |
|
| Pulmonary vein antrum isolation | 70 (100%) | 70 (100%) | 70 (100%) |
| Cavo-tricuspid isthmus linear ablation | 12 (17%) | 12 (17%) | 18 (26%) |
| Supra vena cava isolation | 3 (4%) | 7 (10%) | 6 (9%) |
| Left atrial posterior wall isolation | 1 (1%) | 5 (7%) | 56 (80%) * |
| Mitral isthmus linear ablation | 2 (3%) | 3 (4%) | 4 (6%) |
| Low voltage zone modification | 2 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1%) |
| Other atrial tachycardia | 2 (3%) | 2 (3%) | 5 (7%) |
| Procedure time (min) | 251±53 | 250±58 | 188±38 † |
| Fluoroscopic time (min) | 25.1±10.0 | 15.1±7.3 * | 13.0±5.4 * |
| Radiation dose (mGy) | 295.0±263.0 | 109.6±103.5 * | 110.1±89.6 * |
| 3D-EMS (CARTO/Ensite/Rhythmia) | 64/6/0 | 46/24/0 ‡ | 31/38/1 * |
| Contact force monitoring catheter | 64 (91%) | 46 (66%) ‡ | 69 (99%) |
*p<0.0001.
†p=0.002.
‡p=0.0003.
3D-EMS, three-dimensional electroanatomical mapping systems.
The fluoroscopic times in patients treated after the mini-lecture were significantly shorter than those treated before (15.1±7.3 and 25.1±10.0 min, respectively (p<0.0001)), and it remained short in the remote period after the procedure (13.0±5.4 min (p<0.0001)). The radiation doses in patients treated after the lecture were also significantly lower than those in patients treated before the lecture (109.6±103.5 and 295.0±263.0 mGy, respectively (p<0.0001)), and remained low in remote period following the procedure (110.1±89.6 mGy (p<0.0001)). MANOVA test also revealed that the results have validity (p<0.0001 for all). The fluoroscopic time and radiation dose for each patient is shown chronologically in figures 1 and 2, and it is clear that both have reduced following the mini-lecture and the trend remained so even at remote periods after the lecture. The reduction in radiation doses was larger when compared with the reduction in fluoroscopic times.
Figure 1.
Chronological fluoroscopic time for each patient. Blue bar: patients prior to the mini-lecture (Group I); green bar: patients immediately after the mini-lecture (Group II); red bar: patients remotely after the mini-lecture (Group III).
Figure 2.
Chronological radiation dose for each patient. Blue bar: patients prior to the mini-lecture; green bar: patients immediately after the mini lecture; red bar. patients remotely after the mini-lecture.
Procedure outcome
In all patients, PVAI was achieved. SVC, LAPI, CTI and mitral isthmus linear ablation were completed, and the presence of bidirectional blocks was confirmed in all patients in whom the target lesions were present. There was no significant difference in the long-term outcomes (12 months) between the three groups (79%, 86% and 83% were free from AF recurrence, respectively). There were two complications in Group I (haematoma and pericardial effusion), and none in Groups II and III.
Discussion
Our study showed that promoting awareness on radiation exposure facilitated significant reductions in fluoroscopic time and radiation dose during CA for AF, and that the effects of the educational intervention persisted for a long period, even in more complex cases.
Over the past years, awareness of the risks associated with ionising radiation has increased. The estimated lifetime risk of cancer ranges between 1/2000 and 1/1000 per single cardiovascular procedure,2 and increases in younger patients and with repeated procedures. As the risk is not negligible for the medical staff, the ALARA principle should always be followed.
Mapping technologies for radiation reduction
Recent advance in 3D-EAM has reduced the radiation exposure during CA significantly,4 5 and a European survey showed that non-fluoroscopic mapping systems are available in more than 65% of centres that perform CA.10 However, these techniques, including 3D-EAM, require a change in work flow, certain experiences in CA, and a learning curve to reduce the ionising radiation exposure. There have been reports of CA with zero fluoroscopy using intracardiac echocardiography.11 Contact force technology has also been reported to reduce the fluoroscopic time effectively.12 13 In our study, all the patients underwent CA for AF using 3D-EAM, and contact force monitoring catheters were used in a majority of cases.
Promoting awareness on radiation reduction
Promoting awareness on radiation exposure using mini-lecture is simple, yet very effective, in achieving a reduction in radiation exposure. Precautions such as avoiding the cine acquisition, ensuring appropriate patient position and table height, minimising the left anterior oblique (LAO) view and using appropriately adjusted collimation were included in the mini-course lecture.
Study limitations
The limitations to our study are as follows: (1) it was a single centre study, and a relatively small number of patients were included; (2) the available tools, mapping systems and ablation strategies varied over the study period.
Conclusion
Promoting awareness on radiation exposure significantly reduced the fluoroscopic times and radiation doses during CA for AF, and the effects of the educational intervention persisted even at remote periods following the procedure.
Footnotes
Contributors: Each author has contributed significantly to the submitted work. YM was the first investigator of this study. KS organised this study. AU, MK, ST, MN, YM, NN, KH, ME, IT, AM, YH and TS collected data.
Funding: The authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.
Competing interests: None declared.
Patient consent for publication: Obtained.
Ethics approval: This study was approved by the institutional review board, and written informed consent was obtained from all patients and laboratory staff.
Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement: No additional data are available.
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