Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic hyperglycemic state and is associated with microvascular structural alterations. This study aimed to investigate the diameters of capillary loops and morphostructural changes using nailfold video capillaroscopy (NVC) in patients with type 2 DM with and without diabetic retinopathy (DR).
METHODS:
This cross-sectional, single-center study was conducted in patients with type 2 DM who were followed in outpatient clinics of ophthalmology and internal medicine. General demographic data were collected from patients. An ophthalmologist examined all patients in terms of DR. A rheumatologist blinded to the clinical data performed NVC. The diameters of apical, arterial, and venous loop of capillaries were measured, and the microvascular changes of capillaries were scored.
RESULTS:
In this study, 44 patients with type 2 DM with DR (47.7% males) and 20 patients with type 2 DM without DR (55% males) were included. In our study, patients with type 2 DM with DR had more frequent capillary hemorrhage, more frequent ectasia, more frequent giant capillary, and more frequent neo-angiogenesis than patients with type 2 DM without DR. However, these findings were not statistically significant.
CONCLUSION:
Further controlled studies with large sample size are needed to determine the characteristic NVC findings of DR in patients with type 2 DM.
Keywords: Diabetic retinopathy, diabetes mellitus, microvascular changes, nailfold videocapillaroscopy
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic hyperglycemic condition and is associated with microvascular structural changes [1]. The prevalence of DM varies between 3.8% and 10.2% [2]. According to the Turkish Diabetes Epidemiology Study [2], prevalence of diabetes was reported as 13.7% [3]. Microvascular complications of diabetes such as diabetic retinopathy (DR), nephropathy, and neuropathy are the most important causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. DR is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes and is an important cause of preventable blindness [4].
Endothelial dysfunction plays an important role in the development of microvascular complications. Generally, these findings are observed in the pathogenesis of the disease in the initial stage [5]. Some methods are used to assess microvascular damage such as Doppler flowmetry, direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, but the videocapillaroscope is not widely used for this purpose [6].
After the importance of diabetic vascular complications has been understood, investigations were started with direct observation tools such as ophthalmoscopes, magnifying lenses, and capillaroscopy for early diagnosis [7]. Nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) is an easy and noninvasive method that evaluates structural changes of capillaries such as tortuosity, elongation, extension, and cross-linkage [7–9]. NVC is increasingly and priorly used in the evaluation of patients with connective tissue disease. However, in the last decade, some studies evaluating the importance of NVC in non-rheumatic diseases such as DM have been published [10–13]. These studies suggest that NVC provides important data to determine vascular damage in diabetic patients.
In addition, NVC can also be used to assess disease progression [12, 13]. In addition, NVC can also provide precise measurements of individual capillaries, such as their diameter and length, through a software program [14].
This study aimed to investigate the capillary vessel diameters and capillary structural changes in patients with type 2 DM with and without DR. Thus, it was also evaluated whether the use of NVC would contribute to the early diagnosis of DR.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Design
This cross-sectional, single-center study was conducted between 2016 and 2017 in patients with type 2 DM followed in outpatient clinics of ophthalmology and internal diseases.
The local ethics committee approved this study, and all individuals gave their informed consent before data collection. Inclusion criteria were as follows: diagnosis of type 2 DM according to the criteria of American Diabetes Association (ADA) [15], being over 18 years of age and diagnosed with DR according to the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AOA) [16].
Patients with diseases affecting the vascular structure, such as Raynaud’s phenomenon, connective tissue disease, and patients with traumatic lesion in the periungual fold of the fourth finger of the non-dominant hand were excluded from the study.
Clinical Evaluations
General demographic data such as age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and duration of DM were collected from patients. The clinician (ZE) recorded microvascular complications of DM, including DR, nephropathy, and neuropathy. An ophthalmologist (EC) evaluated all patients DR. The diagnosis of DR was established according to the AOA criteria [16].
Evaluation of Nailfold Videocapillaroscopy
An experienced rheumatologist (SBU), blinded to clinical data, performed NVC. Dino-lite capillaroscopy device (with Dinocapture 2.0 windows software) (magnification ×500) was used for these evaluations. However, all images were converted to the same calibration similar to those seen in the capillaroscopy device with ×200 magnification lenses.
The NVC device consists of a combination of a digital video camera and an optical microscope that can be connected to any computer. A drop of immersion oil was placed on the patient’s finger cuticle to better visualize the capillaries and reduce refractory defects.
At the start, the patient to be examined was left waiting at room temperature for 15–20 minutes, then at a temperature of 22°C–23°C to prevent changes in the vessel wall, while the patient was at sitting position with his/her hands at the heart level [17]. Care was taken not to exert too much pressure on the nail surface as it interfered with blood flow and made it difficult to interpret the images. For each patient, the evaluations lasted 15 minutes.
Diameters of apical, arterial, and venous loops of the capillaries were measured. The incidence of structural forms of capillaries as bushy, tortuous, cross-linked, thin-elongated, and the presence of giant, ectatic capillaries, hemorrhagic areas, avascular areas, and areas of neo-angiogenesis have been defined and evaluated in accordance with the literature [12, 18, 19].
Interpretation of Nailfold Videocapillaroscopy Findings
NVC was applied to eight fingers (except thumbs). Capillaroscopic parameters were recorded for each finger (1 × 1 mm in size). Because of its lesser exposure to trauma, the diameter of the apical, arterial, and venous loops of the capillaries was measured from the fourth finger of the non-dominant hand (Fig. 1).
FIGURE 1.
Demonstration of the measurement of the diameters of arterial (a), venous (b), and apical (c) loops of a cross-linked capillary.
Capillaroscopic parameters, such as bushy, tortuous, cross-linked, thin-elongated, were evaluated on a 1 × 1 mm area, and if more than 50% of the existing capillaries were evaluated as being affected, they were scored as “present.” If less than 50% of capillaries were found to be affected, they were scored as “none” The presence of giant, ectatic capillaries, bleeding areas, areas of avascularity, and neo-angiogenesis were evaluated as “present” or “none” even if only one example was observed [20]. After all the images were recorded, the slides were anonymously numbered, and then scoring was performed.
Statistical Analysis
Continuous data were defined as mean (standard deviations, SD) or median (first and third quarter) according to their distribution, and categorical variables were expressed as frequencies (n) and percentages (%). Comparisons between the two samples were made using the Student-t test for normal distributed data or the Mann–Whitney U test for non-normally distributed variables. The chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables. When p-value was less than 0.05, it was considered statistically significant. SPSS V-20 was used for analysis (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
RESULTS
In this study, 44 patients with type 2 DM (21 males, 23 females) with DR and 20 patients with type 2 DM without DR (11 males, 9 females) were included in this study. Demographic data and disease characteristics were compared in two groups and summarized in Table 1. HbA1c was significantly higher in the DR-positive group. When patients with and without DR were compared in terms of capillaroscopic parameters, no finding reached statistical significance. However, the rate of patients with tortuous capillary, bleeding area, ectatic, and giant capillaries and neo-angiogenesis was higher in the DR-positive group. All capillaroscopic parameters were compared in two groups, and the results are given in Table 2.
TABLE 1.
Demographic data of all patients
| DR-positive n=44 | DR-negative n=20 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 61.4 (7.4) | 56.6 (9.2) | 0.02 |
| Male/Female n (%) | 21 (%47.7)/23 (%52.3) | 11 (%55)/9 (%45) | 0.59 |
| Hypertension n (%) | 25 (%56.8) | 13 (%65.0) | 0.53 |
| Hyperlipidemia n (%) | 13 (%29.5) | 9 (%45.0) | 0.22 |
| Duration of DM (year) | 14.6 (6.4) | 8.0 (5.4) | <0.001 |
| Hba1c | 9.0 (1.9) | 8.6 (2.2) | 0.5 |
| BMI kg/m2 | 29.9 (5.6) | 30.5 (5.4) | 0.72 |
| Diabetic nephropathy n (%) | 38 (%86.4) | 18 (%90) | 1.00 |
| Diabetic nephropathy n (%) | 14 (%31.8) | 16 (%80) | <0.001 |
DM: Diabetes mellitus; DR: Diabetic retinopathy; BMI: Body mass index; all data are expressed as n (%) or mean ± SD (standard deviation).
TABLE 2.
Comparison of capillaroscopic parameters between patients with and without DR
| DR-positive | DR-negative | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | ||
| Bushy capillaries | 5 | 11.4 | 3 | 15 | 0.693 |
| Tortuous capillaries | 35 | 79.5 | 15 | 75.0 | 0.749 |
| Cross-linked capillaries | 43 | 97.7 | 20 | 100 | 1.0 |
| Bleeding areas | 13 | 29.5 | 7 | 35.0 | 0.663 |
| Ectatic capillaries | 24 | 54.5 | 8 | 40 | 0.281 |
| Giant capillaries | 18 | 40.9 | 5 | 25.0 | 0.219 |
| Elongated-thin capillaries | 18 | 40.9 | 9 | 45.0 | 0.759 |
| Neo-angiogenesis | 3 | 6.8 | 0 | 0 | 0.546 |
| Avascular areas | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5.0 | 0.313 |
DM: Diabetes mellitus; DR: Diabetic retinopathy.
TABLE 3.
Comparison of diameters of arterial, venous loops, and apical region between patients with and without DR
| DR-positive Mean±SD |
DR-negative Mean±SD |
P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Arterial diameters (μm) | 30.7±7.7 | 29.1±9.2 | 0.480 |
| Venous diameters (μm) | 36.8±8.4 | 36.0±12.4 | 0.764 |
| Apical diameters (μm) | 45.0±13.2 | 39.4±14.4 | 0.139 |
DR: Diabetic retinopathy; SD: Standard deviation.
When the patients with and without DR were compared in terms of arterial, venous arms, and apical diameters, no parameters reached statistical significance. However, arterial and apical diameters were increased in DR-positive patients.
DISCUSSION
This study aimed to investigate whether the use of NVC would contribute to the early diagnosis of DR. No statistically significant difference was found between capillaroscopic findings and DR- positivities. In several studies, tortuous, cross-linked capillaries, microhemorrhagic, and avascular areas were defined as characteristic capillaroscopic patterns in patients with diabetes [18, 19, 21].
Similarly, Kuriliszyn-Moskalet et al. reported that patients with type 1 DM had higher number of dilated and tortuous capillaries and increased capillary density as compared with healthy controls. They also reported that patients with poor metabolic control and systemic involvement had moderate to severe abnormal capillaroscopic findings [22]. Meyer et al. found a relationship between morphological capillaroscopic changes as increased capillary diameter, tortuous capillaries, decreased capillary density, and ischemic vascular reactivity in patients with DM [17].
Barchetta et al. detected relationship between microangiopathic lesions in the retinal vessels and changes in capillary vessels, in patients with type 1 and type 2 DM, and compared them with those of healthy controls. As a result, they reported that patients with DM had greater capillary diameters, capillary ectasia, and nail bed edema compared to healthy controls [12]. In another study, the relation between microangiopathy observed in ophthalmoscopy and the presence of bushy capillary and avascular areas observed in the nail bed was shown [19]. Similarly, Chang et al. reported that there was a correlation between DR and tortuous capillaries, bushy capillaries, and capillary enlargement, and these capillary changes were more common in patients with severe DM [23]. On the other hand, Uyar et al. compared DR-positive patients with healthy controls, and showed a higher rate of tortuous, bushy, and dilated capillaries in DR-positive patients [24].
Although we did not achieve statistical significance in our study, we detected a higher rate of tortuous, ectatic, and giant capillaries, bleeding areas, and areas of neo-angiogenesis in DR-positive patients rather than DR-negative patients.
Our study has some limitations. One of them is the small number of samples. Inclusion of healthy controls in the comparisons could be more valuable in distinguishing capillaroscopic changes in patients with DR from healthy individuals. However, we observed that the comparison of these findings with patients with DM without DR is important because we were looking for the answer to the question of which capillaroscopic findings will arise more awareness of DR in patients with type 2 DM.
As a result, NVC is a noninvasive, easy-to-use method to assess the nail bed microvascular changes, allowing for many evaluations at one time. To determine the characteristic capillaroscopic findings of DR and to be able to use them in the early diagnosis of DR and to determine their value in the prediction of prognosis, controlled studies with larger sample sizes are needed.
Footnotes
Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Financial Disclosure: The authors declared that this study has received no financial support.
Authorship Contributions: Concept – SB, EC, AT, SBA, ZE, AGT, NNI, MK; Design – SB, EC, AT, SBA, ZE, AGT, NNI, MK; Supervision – SB, EC, AT; Materials – SB, EC, AT, SBA, ZE, AGT, NNI, MK; Data collection and/or processing – SB, EC, SBA, ZE, AGT, MK; Analysis and/or interpretation – SB, EC, AT; Writing – SB, EC, AT; Critical review – SB, EC, AT.
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