Abstract
Objective
To study the efficacy and adverse reactions of lobaplatin combined with other chemotherapy drugs in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer.
Methods
This retrospective analysis enrolled 114 patients who were diagnosed with advanced breast cancer from January 2010 to December 2015. Lobaplatin and another chemotherapeutic agent were given to patients. The efficacy and side effects were evaluated after at least two cycles of chemotherapy.
Results
Therapeutic efficacy and adverse reactions could be evaluated in 112 patients with 2 complete response (CR) patients, 31 cases of partial response (PR), 52 cases of stable disease (SD) and 27 cases of progressive disease (PD). The overall response rate (ORR) was 29.5% and the disease control rate (DCR) was 75.9%. The median time to progression (TTP) was 7.7 months, and the median overall survival (OS) was expected to be 28.0 months. The main side effects were myelosuppression. Twenty five patients (21.9%) had grade 3/4 neutrophil suppression, 18 patients (15.8%) had grade 3/4 thrombocytopenia. Other toxicities included gastrointestinal reaction, peripheral neuropathy, stomatitis, hepatic dysfunction, fatigue and skin rashes, which were alleviated by symptomatic treatment.
Conclusion
Lobaplatin-based regimen chemotherapy for advanced metastatic breast cancer patients is effective and well tolerated.
Keywords: metastatic breast cancer, lobaplatin, chemotherapy, side effects, retrospective study
Introduction
According to research reports from International agency for research on cancer, breast cancer is still ranking first with regard to the occurrence among female malignant tumors. During the past three decades, the occurrence rate of breast cancer in many countries showed a progressive increasing trend year-by-year. Even new therapies including targeted therapy, endocrine therapy, immunotherapy and others have become focus and trends of recent studies. However, chemotherapy remains the base of salvage treatment for advanced metastatic breast cancer (MBC) especially in patients with drug resistance for endocrine and targeted therapies, rapid progression, visceral crisis and triple negative breast cancer. With the widespread use of a combination of anthracyclines and paclitaxel (also including docetaxel and nab-paclitaxel), the treatment of breast cancer has made great progress, and it has also led to an increase in the proportion of resistance to these two types of drugs. There is no accepted alternative therapy for patients who have had recurrence and metastasis after treatment with anthracyclines and taxanes.1 Medication options cover capecitabine, gemcitabine, docetaxel, nab-paclitaxel, vinorelbine, platinum-based medications and others for single-agent or combined chemotherapy. It was indicated in initial studies that platinum anticancer drugs, as single-agent or combined treatment, could achieve favorable therapeutic effect in MBC.2–7 However, the application of platinum-based medication was restricted for severe renal toxicity, ototoxicity, neurotoxicity and gastrointestinal adverse reaction as well as potential acute allergic reaction and significant myelosuppression.8,9 Lobaplatin is the third-generation platinum-based anticancer medication. It was indicated that favorable outcomes were achieved with application of lobaplatin in MBC.10–12 A total of 114 recurrent MBC cases who received lobaplatin-combined therapy in Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Research Institute from January 2010 to December 2014 were analyzed retrospectively with observations of therapeutic effects and adverse reactions. The report results are as follows.
Materials and methods
General information
Women with histological or cytological confirmed bidimensionally measurable breast cancer with clinical evidence of metastatic disease were eligible for this study. A total of 114 invasive breast cancer patients (range 34–74 years; median age of 52) who were recruited from Jiangsu Tumor Hospital and Research Institute between January 2010 and December 2014 were enrolled. Most cases were involved with multiple organs. There are 73 cases with lymphatic metastasis, 48 with pulmonary metastasis, 52 with liver metastasis, 62 with bone metastasis, 18 with brain metastasis and 11 with skin and soft-tissue metastasis. A total of 41 patients received first-line treatment, among which 2 received chemotherapy for one cycle without evaluation of therapeutic outcome, 29 received second-line treatment and 44 received third-line therapy and the above. The ECOG scores of the patients ranged from 0 to 1 (Table 1).
Table 1.
Baseline patient characteristics (n=114)
| Median age (range) | 52 (34–74) |
| ECOG performance status，n (%) | |
| 0 | 46 (40.4) |
| 1 | 68 (59.6) |
| Hormonal receptor status，n (%) | |
| Both ER and PgR negative | 35 (30.7) |
| ER and (or) PgR positive | 78 (68.4) |
| ER and PgR status unknown | 1 (0.9) |
| HER2 status，n (%) | |
| HER2 positive | 35 (30.7) |
| HER2 negative | 78 (68.4) |
| HER2 unkown | 1 (0.9) |
| Metastatic sites，n (%) | |
| Brain | 18 (15.8) |
| Lung | 48 (42.1) |
| Liver | 52 (45.6) |
| Bone | 62 (54.4) |
| Lymph nodes | 73 (64.0) |
| Chest wall or skin | 11 (9.6) |
| Visceral disease，n (%) | 89 (78.1) |
| Chemotherapy line，n(%) | |
| 1 | 41 (36.0) |
| 2 | 29 (25.4) |
| ≥3 | 44 (38.6) |
| Drug combination, n (%) | |
| Gemcitabine | 17 (14.9) |
| Taxol | 41 (36.0) |
| Docetaxel | 11 (9.6) |
| Vinorelbine | 15 (13.2) |
| Pemetrexed | 23 (20.1) |
| Albumin-bound paclitaxel | 6 (5.3) |
| Liposomal doxorubicin | 1 (0.9) |
Abbreviations: PR, partial response; PgR, progesterone receptor.
Methods
Lobaplatin (provided by Yibai Pharmaceutical Company) Application: 30 mg/m2 d2; the medications for lobaplatin-combined therapy include pemetrexed (PEM) of 500 mg/m2 d1 (n=23), Navelbine (NVB) of 25 mg/m2 d1 & d8 (n=18), Docetaxel (DOC) of 75 mg/m2 d1 (n=15), Taxol (TAX) of 175 mg/m2 d1 (n=41) and Gemcitabine (GEM) of 1,000 mg/m2 d1 & d8 (n=17). Every cycle takes 3 weeks. Repeated imaging was performed every 2 cycles for evaluation of therapeutic effect. Patients presented with therapeutic achievements (CR + PR + SD) continued original chemotherapy until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity. Ones with progressive conditions received alternative therapies. Before chemotherapy, conventional application of 5-HT3 receptor antagonist was adopted for preventive antiemetic therapy.
Clinical workup
The evaluation of therapeutic effect was based on the RECIST 1.1 (2009). Complete remission (CR) refers to conditions with all target foci disappeared; partial remission (PR) refers to conditions with a total length reduction of ≥30% for baseline foci; progression of disease (PD) refers to conditions with a total length increase of ≥20% for baseline foci or with new foci(s); stable disease (SD) refers to conditions with a total length reduction of below PR level or with a total length increase of below PD level for baseline foci. Imaging (spiral CT) before treatment was performed. Enrolled cases had one or the above measurable foci(s). Repeated imaging and evaluation of therapeutic effect were performed every 2 cycles. If the evaluation result was CR, PR or SD, the chemotherapy continued. Alternative therapies were performed in patients with PD. Toxicity was evaluated according to the revised CTCAE 4.0 as Grade 0~IV.
Statistical analysis
SPSS 17.0 statistical software was adopted for statistical analysis. Pearson’s chi-square test (or Fisher’s Exact Test) was adopted for the analysis of enumeration data from different groups. P＜0.05 indicates statistically significant different. The time to -progression (TTP) and overall survival (OS) were counted in month. Kaplan–Meier method was adopted for survival analysis.
Results
Clinical activity
Overall, 2 patients received treatment of one cycle without therapeutic effect evaluation. A total of 112 patients received treatment of 2 and the above cycles. For these cases, average chemotherapy cycle was 3.98, objective effective rate (CR+PR) of the group was 29.5%, while the disease control rate (DCR) (CR + PR + SD) was 75.9%; among which, there were 2 cases (1.8%) with CR, 31 (27.7%) with PR, 52 (46.4%) with SD and 27 (24.1%) with PD. The patients were followed up until December 2017. Median follow-up time was 19 months. During the follow-up period, there were 94 cases (83.9%) with disease progression, 62 deaths (55.4%), 8 lost patients of follow-up and 10 cases without meeting the TTP. Median TTP was 7.7 months (95% CI: 5.17—10.22). The survival curve was immature. Estimated median OS was 28.0 months (Figures 1–2). Stratification analysis: There were 111 patients with known hormone receptor (HR) condition including 78 HR-positive patients (70.3%; 1 CR case, 20 PR cases, 41 SD cases; overall response rate (ORR): 26.9%, DCR 79.5%) and 22 HR-negative patients (29.7%; 1 CR case, 11 PR cases, 11 SD cases; ORR: 36.4%, DCR 69.7%). There was not statistically significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). There were 111 patients with known Her2 status, including 35 Her2-positive cases (31.5%; 1 CR case, 15 PR cases, 15 SD cases; ORR: 45.7%, DCR 88.6%) and 76 Her2-negative cases (1 CR case, 16 PR cases, 37 SD cases; ORR: 22.4%, DCR 71.1%). Inter-group ORR and DCR showed statistically significant differences (P=0.012; P=0.043). For the analysis between the triple negative breast cancer patients (TNBC) group (n=18) or non-triple negative breast cancer patients (Non-TNBC) group (n=93), the ORR and DCR of the TNBC group were 11.1% (2/18) and 50% (9/18), respectively, while the ORR and DCR of the Non-TNBC group were 33.3% (31/93) and 81.7% (76/93), respectively. There was a large difference in values between the two groups, but there was no statistically significant difference between the groups (Table 2). The TTP of the two groups was 3.7 months and 9.0 months, respectively, and the difference was significant (P=0.003, Figure 3); but there was no difference between the two groups of OS (30.8 M vs 21.2 M, Figure 4). According to the stratified analysis of different chemotherapy lines, there were 112 cases available for evaluation including 39 cases with first-line therapy (2 CR cases, 13 PR cases, 17 SD cases; ORR: 38.5%, DCR 82.1%), 29 cases with second-line therapy (0 CR case, 8 PR cases, 17 SD cases; ORR: 27.6%, DCR 86.2%) and 44 cases with third and the above-line therapies (0 CR case, 10 PR cases, 18 SD cases; ORR: 22.7%，DCR 63.6%). No statistically significant difference of ORR and DCR was founding in these three groups; but the TTP survival analysis showed statistical difference obviously (Table 3, Figures 5, 6).
Figure 1.
Kaplan-Meier plot of Time-to-Progression.Abbreviation: TTP, time to progression.
Figure 2.
Kaplan-Meier plot of Overall Survival.
Table 2.
Comparison of different groups therapeutic effect
| Group | N (%) | ORR (%) | DCR (%) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR+ | 78 (70.3) | 21 (26.9) | 62 (79.5) | >0.05 |
| HR– | 33 (29.7) | 12 (36.4) | 23 (69.7) | |
| Her2+ | 35 (31.5) | 16 (45.7) | 31 (88.6) | =0.012 |
| Her2– | 76 (68.5) | 17 (22.4) | 54 (71.1) | |
| TNBC | 18 (16.2) | 2 (11.1) | 9 (50.0) | >0.05 |
| Non-TNBC | 93 (83.8) | 31 (33.3) | 76 (81.7) |
Abbreviations: DCR, disease control rate; ORR, overall response rate; TNBC, triple negative breast cancer.
Figure 3.
Kaplan-Meier plot of Time-to-Progression for TNBC and non-TNBC.Abbreviations: TTP, time to progression; TNBC, triple negative breast cancer.
Figure 4.
Kaplan-Meier plot of Overall Survival for TNBC and non-TNBC.Abbreviation: TNBC, triple negative breast cancer.
Table 3.
Different line chemotherapy outcomes
| Chemotherapy line | N (%) | ORR (%) | DCR (%) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| First-line | 39 (34.8) | 15 (38.5) | 32 (82.1) | >0.05 |
| Second-line | 29 (25.9) | 8 (27.6) | 25 (86.2) | |
| Third or more line | 44 (39.3) | 10 (22.7) | 28 (63.6) |
Abbreviations: DCR, disease control rate; ORR, overall response rate.
Figure 5.
Kaplan-Meier plot of Time-to-Progression for different line therapy.Abbreviation: TTP, time to progression.
Figure 6.
Kaplan-Meier plot of Time-to-Progression for different line therapy.
Toxicity
The common adverse reaction during treatment in the 114 MBC cases was myelosuppression with major manifestations including thrombocytopenia and neutropenia. Most cases were Grade 1/2 thrombocytopenia and neutropenia. There were 25 cases (21.9%) with Grade 3/4 neutropenia and 18 cases (15.8%) with Grade 3/4 thrombocytopenia. Among all the patients we enrolled, two patients had neutropenic fever during the course of treatment. However, this symptom was improved after the antipyretic symptomatic treatment. Five patients (4.5%) required platelet transfusion for thrombocytopenia. There was no toxicity-related death during treatment; other adverse reaction covered fatigue (16.7%), rash (5.3%), nausea and vomit (52.6%), stomatitis, peripheral neuropathy, mild hepatic dysfunction and others (Table 4).
Table 4.
Toxicity of lobaplatin-based regimen in treatment of metastatic breast cancer patients n (%)
| Toxicities | Grades 1–2 | Grade 3 | Grade 4 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Neutropenia | 59 (51.8) | 18 (15.8) | 7 (6.1) |
| Thrombocytopenia | 36 (19.2) | 12 (10.5) | 6 (5.3) |
| Anemia | 22 (19.3) | 5 (4.4) | 0 (0.0) |
| Nausea/Vomiting | 53 (46.5) | 7 (6.1) | 0 (0.0) |
| Diarrhea | 5 (4.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Rash | 6 (5.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Stomatitis | 8 (7.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Peripheral neuropathy | 11 (9.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Fatigue | 18 (15.8) | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) |
| Anaphylaxis | 3 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Infection | 3 (2.6) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| Hepatic dysfunction | 15 (13.2) | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) |
Discussion
With the standardization of treatment, the therapeutic effect of breast cancer has been significantly improved.13,14 Systematic medication therapies including endocrine therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and others are major therapies for MBC. For MBC with rapid disease progression, viscera metastasis, skin involvement companied by lymphatic metastasis, below 2 years of disease-free survival, negative or unknown receptor and previous drug resistance for endocrine therapy, chemotherapy reminds the preferred therapy. Especially for visceral crisis patients with rapid disease progression as well as negative hormone receptor or resistance to endocrine therapy, systemic chemotherapy is usually administered to control the condition, relieve symptoms, improve quality of life and extend survival time.15 Anthracene nucleus-contained chemotherapy regimens have become the standard regimen of preoperative neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer, postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy and MBC treatment. But for late-stage patients with resistance to anthracene nucleus, there is no standard chemotherapy regimen alternatively. According to the guidelines of NCCN, ESMO and Chinese Anti-Cancer Association, optional medications for MBC chemotherapy cover taxanes, navelbine, gemcitabine, capecitabine, platinum-based medications and others. How to achieve reasonable combined application of medications to have maximal therapeutic and reduce adverse reactions to the most requires further study and investigation. The application of lobaplatin-combined therapy in our hospital has achieved favorable outcomes for recent years.
Lobaplatin (chemical name: 1,2-cyclobutanedimethanamine-N,N’) is the third-generation platinum-based anti-cancer compound developed by ASTA Medical (Degussa, German). The anti-tumor mechanism of lobaplatin is similar to other platinum agents, forming DNA intra-strand and/or inter-strand cross-linking and, therefore, affecting the normal functions of DNA and achieving the purpose of inhibiting tumor.16 It was showed in preclinical studies that the anti-cancer therapeutic index of lobaplatin equaled or was higher than cisplatin and carboplatin; also, lobaplatin was effective for partial tumors with cisplatin and carboplatin resistance, had lower renal toxicity than cisplatin and incomplete cross resistance with other platinum agents, and showed better anti-tumor activity in preclinical studies.17–19 Clinical studies20–27 indicated that lobaplatin single-agent therapy, with low toxicity, held certain therapeutic effect in breast cancer, ovarian cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, lung cancer, urinary transitional epithelium tumor, esophagus cancer, chronic myeloid leukemia and others. However, Neutropenia, anemia, nausea and vomiting are observed as side effects. In addition, thrombocytopenia is the most commonly observed dose-limiting toxicity associated with this drug. Therefore, lobaplatin was a broad-spectrum and effective anti-tumor drug with low toxicity.24,28 The effective rate of lobaplatin single-agent chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer cases was 45.2% (the rates for patients without and with previous chemotherapy were 53.5% and 28.5%, respectively), while the major toxicities were myelosuppression and gastrointestinal reaction.11 A China multicenter clinical study for navelbine and lobaplatin combination therapy in advanced breast cancer cases reported a RR of 42.4% and a DCR of 75.8%. But the occurrence of Grade 3/4 granulocytopenia was as high as 57.6% and the rate of Grade 3 thrombocytopenia was 9.1%.29 Deng Qian-Qian30 studied some cases of MBC who were resistant to the combination of pemetrexed and lobaplatin and it was reported that the RR was 15.8%, the DCR was 42.1% and the median OS was 10.3 months in these patients. After symptomatic treatment, major adverse reactions (myelosuppression and gastrointestinal reactions) were all remitted. A report studied by Wang ZP31 showed that the lobaplatin-based combination regimen is superior to the cisplatin-based combination regimen in the treatment of MBC after paclitaxel and anthracycline treatment (mPFS 13.2 vs 4.7 months, hazard ratio =0.37). A Phase II study32 showed that the chemotherapy regimen including docetaxel plus epirubicin plus lobaplatin was compared with the docetaxel plus epirubicin regimen for neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer. The pCR rate (38.7% vs 12.7%, P=0.001) and ORR (93.5% vs 73.0%, P=0.003), and the toxicity of the three drugs combination group also increased significantly. Favorable therapeutic effect and tolerable toxic adverse reactions were reported in various China and foreign studies which reported lobaplatin and docetaxel, vinorelbine, pemetrexed as well as gemcitabine-combined treatment in recurrent MBC cases.33–36
Patients enrolled in this study are all MBC treated with first-line, second-line and third and the above-line therapies. The results were promising with a total effective rate of 29.5% and a DCR of 75.9%. While adverse reactions were tolerable, major adverse reactions were myelosuppression with 21.9% grade 3/4 granulocyte reduction and 15.8% grade 3/4 thrombocytopenia. The occurrence of grade 3/4 myelosuppression was relatively high which might be related with the large amount of patients who received repeated therapies (the rate of patients who received second-line, third-line and the above-line therapy reached 64.0%) and the relatively large amount of patients (54.4%) accompanied with bone metastasis. It was indicated that myelosuppression was more significant in post-chemotherapy breast cancer patients with bone metastasis than patients without accompanied bone metastasis.37 Other toxic adverse reactions, mostly grade 1–2, cover rash, stomatitis, hepatic dysfunction, nausea and vomiting and others.
According to previous literature, the efficacy and prognosis of Non-TNBC are better than that of TNBC. Similar conclusions can be drawn from our study. The literature shows that the platinum-containing regimen is superior to the non-platinum-containing regimen in the treatment of TNBC. Hu XC et al found that cisplatin combined with gemcitabine was superior to paclitaxel plus gemcitabine in a Phase III clinical trial of first-line treatment for advanced TNBC. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 7.73 months vs 6.47 months, respectively, with a significant difference (P＜0.05).38 Zhang WX and other studies found that gemcitabine combined with cisplatin regimen achieved higher DCR in the treatment of advanced breast cancer in the second or third line. The DCR of the TNBC group was higher than that of the Non-TNBC group, and the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).39 Hong RX and other studies have shown that platinum-containing regimens can prolong PFS and OS in patients with TNBC with primary lung metastases compared with platinum-free chemotherapy. All of the above studies suggest that platinum-containing regimens have a good effect on TNBC in the treatment of advanced breast cancer.40 Hierarchical analysis showed that TNBC was worse than Non-TNBC in terms of efficacy and prognosis. In addition, TTP and OS between groups with different line treatments showed statistically significant differences, consistent with other clinical trials and previous study reports.41–43
The scale of our study was small while the median PFS time was 5.0 months. Due to the longtime span of case collection, most patients received following treatments after progression of disease. By the end of follow-up, there were 43 deaths; the estimated median survival time was 28.5 months. The preliminary results of reference reports and this study have shown that the two-drug combination regimen containing lobaplatin shows a relatively high effective rate and DCR, in patients with metastatic or recurrent breast cancer, while the drug has a less toxic side effect. It is still effective for patients who have been treated with multiple chemotherapy or who are resistant to multiple drugs. Further clinical studies are required to offer MBC patients more benefits.
Conclusion
Lobaplatin-based regimen chemotherapy for advanced MBC patients is effective and well tolerated.
Ethical approval
All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Our study was approved by Ethics Committee of Jiangsu Cancer Hospital.
Informed consent
Verbal informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in this study; for this type of study, written informed consent is not required.
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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