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(a) The annual mean global mean (blue) and maximum (equator, yellow) of Europa's surface temperature (in K) as a function of the internal heating rate, Q (in W m−2). The solid lines indicate temperatures that are based on the numerical solution of Eq. (29), while the dashed lines indicate those that are based on the annual mean radiation and energy balance equation [Eqs. (18), (21), (35)]. (b) Same as (a) for the minimum (NH polar) surface temperature.
