Abstract
Background
We investigated the relationship between hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐related pathogenesis and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in interleukin‐21 (IL‐21)‐JAK‐STAT signaling pathway genes.
Methods
We used the high‐resolution melting (HRM) method to genotype five SNPs (IL‐21 rs2221903, IL‐21 rs4833837, IL‐21 receptor (IL‐21R) rs2285452, JAK3 rs3008, and STAT3 rs1053023) in 546 HBV‐infected patients and 353 healthy Chinese subjects. The HBV‐infected patients were further divided into subgroups based on the HBV‐related pathologies: chronic hepatitis B (CHB), HBV‐related liver cirrhosis (LC), and HBV‐related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Results
There were no significant differences in the genotype and allele distributions of the five SNPs between the HBV‐infected patients and healthy subjects. The genotype and allele frequencies were similar in the two groups for IL‐21 rs2221903 (A>G, P = 0.83 and 0.67), rs4833837 (A>G, P = 0.80 and 0.49), IL‐21R rs2285452 (G>A, P = 0.25 and 0.68), STAT3 rs1053023 (A>G, P = 1.00 and 0.96), and JAK3 rs3008 (C>T, P = 0.32 and 0.54). However, patients with the IL‐21R rs2285452 AA genotype were more susceptible to HBV‐related HCC than those with the IL‐21R rs2285452 GA/GG genotype (P = 0.03, OR = 3.27, 95% CI = 1.16‐9.20). The serological marker model of “HBsAg+, HBeAg+, HBcAb+” was predominant among patients with HBV infection. However, there was no association between the genotype's distribution of the five SNPs and the serological marker models (P > 0.05).
Conclusions
These findings demonstrate that the IL‐21R rs2285452 AA genotype increases the risk of HBV‐related HCC in Chinese patients.
Keywords: hepatitis B virus, hepatocellular carcinoma, IL‐21, IL‐21R, JAK/STAT, single nucleotide polymorphism
Abbreviations
- anti‐HBc Ab
anti‐hepatitis b core‐antigen antibody
- anti‐HBe Ab
anti‐hepatitis B e‐antigen antibody
- anti‐HBs Ab
anti‐hepatitis B surface‐antigen antibody
- CD
cluster of differentiation
- CHB
chronic hepatitis B
- HBeAg
hepatitis B e‐antigen
- HBsAg
hepatitis B surface antigen
- HBV
hepatitis B virus
- HCC
hepatocellular carcinoma
- HRM
high‐resolution melting
- IL‐21
interleukin‐21
- JAK‐STAT
Janus tyrosine kinase‐signal transducer and activator of transcription
- NK
natural killer cells
- SNP
single nucleotide polymorphisms
1. INTRODUCTION
Nearly 240 million people are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV),1 and more than 686 million deaths are reported due to hepatitis B‐related cirrhosis and liver cancer every year.2 In China, approximately 90 million people are infected with HBV each year and nearly 28 million require therapeutic intervention.3
Interleukin‐21 (IL‐21) is a member of the interleukin‐2 family, which is primarily secreted by activated CD4+ T cells and natural killer T cells.4 IL‐21 promotes the proliferation and differentiation of NK cells, T cells, and B cells; it also stimulates immunoglobulin production and induces apoptosis in both immune and nonimmune cells.5 IL‐21 binds to its receptor, IL‐21R, which is preferentially expressed in T and B lymphocytes, NK cells, certain myeloid cells, and keratinocytes, but is absent in other tissues and solid tumors. IL‐21 binding to the IL‐21 receptor regulates the activation and proliferation of T, B, and NK cells by stimulating the JAK‐STAT signaling pathway.6 JAK3 and STAT3 are the two key proteins that are integral to the JAK/STAT signaling pathway.7, 8, 9
The broad immunomodulatory activity of IL‐21 is critical in chronic viral infections.10 IL‐21 promotes proliferation of Tfh and Th17 lymphocytes, enhances the cytotoxicity of CD8+ T cells and NK cells, and induces differentiation of the B lymphocytes into plasma cells.11 Conversely, IL‐21 inhibits dendritic cells, induces apoptosis of B cells and NK cells, and inhibits Treg cells. Based on these mechanisms, IL‐21 regulates immune response to HBV. IL‐21 also plays a key regulatory role in HBV infection pathogenesis. High serum IL‐21 levels are associated with a high model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) score and mortality rates.10 In the mouse model of HBV, IL‐21 regulates specific CD8+ T‐ and B‐lymphocyte responses that are crucial for the clearance of the viral antigens.12 IL‐21 also modulates CD4+ T‐helper 2 (Th2) response that promotes HBV clearance and in vivo fibrogenesis. IL‐21 is also involved in the development of severe liver inflammation.13
Host genetic factors influence the extent of HBV‐related liver injury, fibrosis, and tumorigenesis.14 Therefore, designing effective therapeutic strategies against chronic HBV infection requires a better understanding of the host and viral mechanisms that affect HBV replication and persistence. IL‐21 polymorphisms are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus, Graves’ disease, ischemic stroke, chronic hepatitis B infection, breast cancer, and thyroid cancer.15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 Moreover, polymorphisms in the IL21‐JAK‐STAT signaling pathway are associated with breast cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and chronic myelogenous leukemia.21, 22, 23 IL‐21 gene polymorphisms such as rs12508721 T/C and rs2221903 A/G are also recognized as risk factors for HBV‐related HCC and chronic HBV infections.24
In this study, we investigated the association of five SNPs in the IL21‐JAK‐STAT signaling pathway genes with HBV infection and related pathology.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Ethics statement
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and conducted according to the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki guidelines. Signed informed consent forms were obtained from all the study subjects.
2.2. Study subjects
We recruited 546 HBV patients that were diagnosed at the West China Hospital of Sichuan University between May 2014 and December 2016. These patients were further divided into three subgroups based on the disease progression, namely chronic hepatitis B (CHB; 302 cases), HBV‐related liver cirrhosis (LC; 115 cases), and HBV‐related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC; 129 cases). Two physicians independently diagnosed and evaluated each patient according to the following criteria: (a) CHB subgroup: patients with an HBV infection history based on HBsAg positivity for more than 6 months; patients were all HBsAg‐positive and in some cases HBV DNA‐positive; and high serum ALT levels or histological examination showed inflammatory liver injury; (b) HBV‐related liver cirrhosis (LC) subgroup: Histological examination showed diffuse fibroplasias and pseudolobules in addition to CHB‐related pathology; and (c) HBV‐related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) subgroup: HCC was diagnosed and staged considering the HBV infection history, clinical symptoms, imaging data, and AFP test results.
We excluded individuals with a history of other infectious diseases such as HIV and syphilis and other complex health problems, such as cardiomyopathy, hypertension, or diabetes. We also enrolled 353 healthy subjects based on physical examination from the general population. Based on the HBV serological marker testing, the controls were divided into negative (253 cases) and anti‐HBs‐positive (100 cases) subgroups.
2.3. Selection of SNPs
We searched the dbSNP (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/), miRBase registry (http://microrna.sanger.ac.uk), to identify SNPs in the IL‐21, IL‐21R, JAK3, and STAT3 genes with a minor allele frequency (MAF) ≥ 0.05. We identified five potential functional polymorphisms, namely rs2221903 and rs4833837 in IL‐21, rs2285452 in IL‐21R, rs3008 in JAK3, and rs1053023 in STAT3 based on the following criteria: (a) Reported MAF was ≥0.10 for the SNPs in the Chinese Han population; (b) SNPs were located in potential functional regions such as exons, UTRs, and promoters (within 2 kb of the genes); (c) sequencing primers were available; and (d) SNPs were reported in previous studies.
2.4. Genomic DNA extraction
We collected 5‐10 mL peripheral blood sample with disposable syringes under aseptic conditions from each study subject. Then, genomic DNA was extracted from 200 μL of blood using the QIAamp® DNA Blood Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The DNA was quantified in each sample and then diluted to 10 ng/µL with AE buffer (10 mM Tris‐Cl 0.5 mM EDTA; pH 9.0).
2.5. Genotyping by HRM analysis
The PCR primers used to detect the five SNPs by the high‐resolution melting (HRM) method are shown in Table 9. The primers were designed using Primer premier 3.0 (http://bioinfo.ut.ee/primer3-0.4.0/) for the target gene sequences obtained from NCBI website (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/).
PCR was performed in the LightCycler 480 Real‐Time PCR System (Roche Diagnostics, Germany). The total PCR mixture (10 μL) contained 5 μL of Roche PCR mix (DNA Polymerase, dNTP, buffer and fluorescent dye), 2.5 μL of MgCl2 (Roche), 0.2 μL each of forward and reverse primers, 2.4 μL of double‐distilled water, and 1 μL of purified genomic DNA. The PCR protocol included hot start at 95°C for 15 minutes followed by 55 cycles of denaturation at 95°C for 15 seconds, annealing at 63°C for 10 seconds, and extension at 72°C for 10 seconds. Then, HRM analysis was performed by denaturing at 95°C for 30 seconds, cooling to 65°C, and then gradually increasing the temperature from 65°C to 95°C at a rate of 1°C/s in 30 seconds. Finally, the reaction was cooled to 40°C for 30 seconds. Data were collected and analyzed by the LightCycler® 480 Gene Scanning software v1.2 (Roche Diagnostics, Penzberg, Germany). First, normalization was performed by selecting linear regions before (100% fluorescence) and after (0% fluorescence) the melting transition. Then, temperature shift was carried out by selecting a threshold using the LightCycler® 480 Gene Scanning software v1.2 (Roche Diagnostics). Finally, HRM curve's calculations and automatic groupings were performed in each sample. Samples with delayed PCR amplification or with <60% fluorescence than the average were excluded. The samples were divided into various subsets based on the differences in the melting curve clusters, and then, genotyping was determined relative to the reference samples of known genotypes. To improve the reliability of genotyping, three control samples of each SNP were run in all experiments. Random samples were verified by sequencing.
2.6. DNA sequencing
The genotypes of some samples were previously confirmed by sequencing the control samples of the five SNPs. The PCR products were purified using 1 unit of shrimp alkaline phosphatase. Then, the PCR samples were treated with shrimp alkaline phosphatase (SAP) and sequenced using the same forward primers for the five SNPs that were used for the PCR with the BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit, and the sequence was determined using the ABI 3130 genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems).
2.7. Detection of the HBV serological markers
We collected 3 mL peripheral vein blood samples from patients into vacuum tubes containing heparin. After separating out the blood cells, we determined the HBV serological markers in the plasma: (a) HBsAg; (b) anti‐HBs; (c) HBeAg; (d) anti‐HBe; and (e) anti‐HBc by using the Modular Analytics E170 (Roche Diagnostics), and there are eight different modes. The most popular mode was “135” (HBsAg+, HBeAg+, anti‐HBc +) which prompted the virus replication stage with serious infectivity, followed by the mode of “145” (HBsAg+, anti‐HBe+, anti‐HBc+); in addition to “135” and “145,” there were including six rare modes (“13,” “1345,” “1235,” “1245,” “15,” and “12345”). “13” (HBsAg+, HBeAg+) usually appeared in chronic carriers with strong infection; the contagious capability of subjects with “15” (HBsAg+, anti‐HBc+) was relatively weak; “1345” (HBsAg+, HBeAg+, anti‐HBe+, anti‐HBc+) prompted the chronic infection; “1235” (HBsAg+, anti‐HBs+, HBeAg+, anti‐HBc+) and “1245” (HBsAg+, anti‐HBs+, anti‐HBe+, anti‐HBc+) prompted the subclinical or atypical infection; “12345” (HBsAg+, anti‐HBs+, HBeAg+, anti‐HBe+, anti‐HBc+) may prompt that the anti‐HBs generated by the bodies have mutated.25
2.8. Statistical analysis
The data regarding age and gender of the different patient subgroups and control subjects were analyzed by the t test and Pearson chi‐square test. The deviation of Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) for each group was assessed using the online SHEsis software (http://analysis2.bio-x.cn/SHEsisMain.htm). The assessment of the genotype and the allele frequencies as well as their association with the subgroup pathology was determined as follows: (a) Binary logistic regression model was used to compare HBV‐infected patients as well as cirrhosis and HCC subgroup patients with their corresponding controls; and (b) Pearson chi‐square analysis was used to compare HBV‐infected patients and the CHB subgroup with their controls. The effect of SNPs was tested for odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). All statistical analyses were performed by the SPSS 17.0 software (IBM, New York, NY, USA). P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
3. RESULTS
3.1. Clinicopathological characteristics of study subjects and Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) analysis
The basic clinicopathological features of both the patients and the healthy controls in different experimental groups are shown in Table 1. There were no differences in the mean age and gender distributions between HBV‐infected patients (P = 0.60), CHB patients (P = 0.44), HBV‐related LC patients (P = 0.36), and HBV‐related HCC patients (P = 0.08) with their corresponding controls. Table 2 summarizes the Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) analyses for the genotypes of the five SNPs in all groups. In the controls, the genotype distributions of all five polymorphism loci were according to HWE (P > 0.05). However, in the HBV‐infected patients, as well as the CHB and HBV‐related HCC patient subgroups, IL‐21R rs2285452 SNP showed deviation from HWE (P = 1.60e−6, 0.002 and 1.94e−8, respectively). Our findings support previous reports that suggest such deviations from HWE in the case group as a result of genetic drift influenced by the disease.17, 18
Table 1.
Basic characteristics of patients and controls
| Groups | n | Males/females | P | Age | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients | 546 | 388/158 (2.46) | 0.60a | 41.05 ± 13.65 | 0.40a |
| CHB | 302 | 218/84 (2.60) | 0.44b | 40.40 ± 11.22 | 0.79b |
| Cirrhosis | 115 | 85/30 (2.83) | 0.36c | 41.69 ± 12.12 | 0.50c |
| HCC | 129 | 100/29 (6.59) | 0.08d | 44.76 ± 13.30 | 0.60d |
| Controls | 353 | 245/108 (2.27) | 41.05 ± 13.65 |
Patients vs Controls.
CHB vs Controls.
Cirrhosis vs Controls.
HCC vs Controls.
Table 2.
The results of HWE analyses for the genotypes of five SNPs
| Groups | n | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs2221903 | rs4833837 | rs2285452 | rs1053023 | rs3008 | ||
| Controls | 353 | 0.503 | 0.850 | 0.191 | 0.533 | 0.160 |
| Patients | 546 | 0.954 | 0.873 | 1.60e−6 | 0.544 | 0.546 |
| CHB | 302 | 0.909 | 0.182 | 0.002 | 0.211 | 0.822 |
| Cirrhosis | 115 | 0.148 | 0.054 | 0.599 | 0.413 | 0.920 |
| HCC | 129 | 0.075 | 0.832 | 1.94e−8 | 0.693 | 0.368 |
3.2. Correlation between the gene polymorphisms and HBV infection
We genotyped five SNPs (IL‐21 rs2221903, IL‐21 rs4833837, IL‐21R rs2285452, STAT3 rs1053023, and JAK3 rs3008) in the HBV‐infected patients and control subjects. The distribution of genotypic and allelic frequencies of the five SNPs is summarized in Table 3. The genotype and allele frequencies were similar in the patient and control groups for IL‐21 rs2221903 (P = 0.83 and 0.67, respectively; OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.40‐1.82), IL‐21 rs4833837 (P = 0.80 and 0.49, respectively; OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 0.61‐2.77), IL‐21R rs2285452 (P = 0.25 and 0.68, respectively; OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.68‐1.29), STAT3 rs1053023 (P = 1.00 and 0.96, respectively; OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.77‐1.31), and JAK3 rs3008 (P = 0.32 and 0.54, respectively; OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.85‐1.37) polymorphisms. Moreover, there were no significant differences between the patient and controls groups in the additive, dominant, and recessive models for the five candidate SNPs as shown in Table 4.
Table 3.
Comparison of genotype and allele frequencies between patient and control groups
| Gene | SNP | Group | Allele | Allele n (%) | OR (95% CI) | P | Genotype n (%) | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 11 | 12 | 22 | ||||||
| IL‐21 | rs2221903 | Patient | A | G | 961 (88.00) | 131 (12.00) | 0.86 [0.40‐1.82] | 0.67 | 423 (77.47) | 115 (21.06) | 8 (1.47) | 0.83 |
| Control | 619 (87.68) | 87 (12.32) | 270 (76.49) | 79 (22.38) | 4 (1.13) | |||||||
| IL‐21 | rs4833837 | Patient | A | G | 965 (88.37) | 127 (11.63) | 1.31 [0.61‐2.77] | 0.49 | 426 (78.02) | 113 (20.70) | 7 (1.28) | 0.80 |
| Control | 617 (87.39) | 89 (12.61) | 270 (76.49) | 77 (21.81) | 6 (1.70) | |||||||
| IL‐21R | rs2285452 | Patient | A | G | 117 (10.71) | 975 (89.29) | 0.93 [0.68‐1.29] | 0.68 | 17 (3.11) | 83 (15.20) | 446 (81.69) | 0.25 |
| Control | 80 (11.33) | 626 (88.67) | 7 (1.98) | 66 (18.70) | 280 (79.32) | |||||||
| STAT3 | rs1053023 | Patient | A | G | 742 (67.95) | 350 (32.05) | 1.01 [0.77‐1.31] | 0.96 | 249 (45.60) | 244 (44.69) | 53 (9.71) | 1.00 |
| Control | 482 (68.27) | 224 (31.73) | 162 (45.89) | 158 (44.76) | 33 (9.35) | |||||||
| JAK3 | rs3008 | Patient | T | C | 489 (44.78) | 603 (55.22) | 1.08 [0.85‐1.37] | 0.54 | 163 (29.86) | 277 (50.73) | 106 (19.41) | 0.32 |
| Control | 395 (55.95) | 311 (44.05) | 117 (33.14) | 161 (45.61) | 75 (21.25) | |||||||
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism.
Table 4.
Analysis of IL‐21‐JAK/STAT signaling pathway polymorphisms relevant to the risk of infecting with hepatitis B virus between patient and control groups
| Group | Gene | SNP | Additive model | Recessive model | Dominant model | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |||
| Patient vs Control | IL‐21 | rs2221903A>G | 0.97 [0.73‐1.30] | 0.86 | 0.77 [0.23‐2.58] | 0.77 | 1.06 [0.77‐1.45] | 0.73 |
| IL‐21 | rs4833837A>G | 0.91 [0.68‐1.22] | 0.53 | 1.33 [0.40‐4.00] | 0.61 | 1.09 [0.79‐1.50] | 0.59 | |
| IL‐21R | rs2285452G>A | 1.10 [0.98‐1.40] | 0.70 | 0.86 [0.61‐1.20] | 0.38 | 1.59 [0.65‐3.87] | 0.30 | |
| STAT3 | rs1053023A>G | 1.02 [0.83‐1.25] | 0.88 | 0.96 [0.61‐1.52] | 0.86 | 0.99 [0.76‐1.29] | 0.93 | |
| JAK3 | rs3008C>T | 1.03 [0.85‐1.24] | 0.76 | 1.12 [0.80‐1.56] | 0.50 | 0.86 [0.64‐1.14] | 0.30 | |
3.3. Correlation between the gene polymorphisms and different HBV‐related pathologies
Next, we investigated the correlation between the five SNPs and different HBV‐related pathologies such as CHB, HBV‐related LC, and HBV‐related HCC (Tables 5, 6, 7). The allele and genotype distributions of the candidate five SNPs were similar in the CHB (Table 5) and the HBV‐related LC (Table 6) relative to the control groups. However, the AA, GA, and GG genotypes of IL‐21R rs2285452 polymorphism were differently distributed between the HBV‐related HCC and control groups (P = 0.007; Table 7). And the data for the subgroup analysis based on the different genetic models are shown in Table 8. In the recessive model, subjects carrying the IL‐21R rs2285452 AA genotype were associated with greater risk (2.27‐fold) in developing HBV‐related HCC than the combined genotypes of GA and GG carriers (AA vs GA + GG; P = 0.03, OR = 3.27, 95% CI = 1.16‐9.20). However, the additive model analysis of the IL‐21R rs2285452 SNP (AA vs GA vs GG; P = 0.97, OR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.67‐1.53) showed no differences for CHB and HBV‐related LC subgroups vs control group (Table 9).
Table 5.
Comparison of genotype and allele frequencies between CHB and control groups
| Gene | SNP | Group | Allele | Allele n (%) | OR (95% CI) | P | Genotype n (%) | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 11 | 12 | 22 | ||||||
| IL‐21 | rs2221903 | CHB | A | G | 542 (89.74) | 62 (10.26) | 1.23 [0.87‐1.74] | 0.24 | 234 (80.47) | 56 (18.54) | 3 (0.99) | 0.47 |
| Control | 238 (24.33) | 87 (12.32) | 270 (76.49) | 79 (22.38) | 4 (1.13) | |||||||
| IL‐21 | rs4833837 | CHB | A | G | 537 (88.91) | 67 (11.09) | 1.16 [0.83‐1.62] | 0.40 | 241 (79.80) | 55 (18.21) | 6 (1.99) | 0.51 |
| Control | 617 (87.39) | 89 (12.61) | 270 (76.49) | 77 (21.81) | 6 (1.70) | |||||||
| IL‐21R | rs2285452 | CHB | A | G | 61 (10.10) | 543 (89.90) | 0.88 [0.62‐1.25] | 0.47 | 8 (2.65) | 45 (14.90) | 249 (82.45) | 0.39 |
| Control | 80 (11.33) | 626 (88.67) | 7 (1.98) | 66 (18.70) | 280 (79.32) | |||||||
| STAT3 | rs1053023 | CHB | A | G | 425 (70.36) | 179 (29.64) | 1.10 [0.87‐1.40] | 0.41 | 145 (48.01) | 135 (44.70) | 22 (7.29) | 0.61 |
| Control | 482 (68.27) | 224 (31.73) | 162 (45.89) | 158 (44.76) | 33 (9.35) | |||||||
| JAK3 | rs3008 | CHB | T | C | 344 (56.95) | 260 (43.05) | 0.96 [0.77‐1.20] | 0.72 | 97 (32.12) | 150 (49.67) | 55 (18.21) | 0.50 |
| Control | 395 (55.95) | 311 (44.05) | 117 (33.14) | 161 (45.61) | 75 (21.25) | |||||||
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism.
Table 6.
Comparison of genotype and allele frequencies between HBV‐related LC and control groups
| Gene | SNP | Group | Allele | Allele n (%) | OR (95% CI) | P | Genotype n (%) | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 11 | 12 | 22 | ||||||
| IL‐21 | rs2221903 | Cirrhosis | A | G | 192 (83.48) | 38 (16.52) | 0.48 [0.15‐1.55] | 0.22 | 78 (67.83) | 36 (31.30) | 1 (0.87) | 0.15 |
| Control | 619 (87.68) | 87 (12.32) | 270 (76.49) | 79 (22.38) | 4 (1.13) | |||||||
| IL‐21 | rs4833837 | Cirrhosis | A | G | 195 (84.78) | 35 (15.22) | 1.70 [0.52‐5.57] | 0.38 | 80 (69.57) | 35 (30.43) | — | 0.07 |
| Control | 617 (87.39) | 89 (12.61) | 270 (76.49) | 77 (21.81) | 6 (1.70) | |||||||
| IL‐21R | rs2285452 | Cirrhosis | A | G | 27 (11.74) | 203 (88.26) | 1.16 [0.68‐1.97] | 0.60 | 1 (0.87) | 25 (21.74) | 89 (77.39) | 0.58 |
| Control | 80 (11.33) | 626 (88.67) | 7 (1.98) | 66 (18.70) | 280 (79.32) | |||||||
| STAT3 | rs1053023 | Cirrhosis | A | G | 147 (63.91) | 83 (36.09) | 0.95 [0.62‐1.46] | 0.83 | 49 (42.61) | 49 (42.61) | 17 (14.78) | 0.26 |
| Control | 482 (68.27) | 224 (31.73) | 162 (45.89) | 158 (44.76) | 33 (9.35) | |||||||
| JAK3 | rs3008 | Cirrhosis | T | C | 118 (51.30) | 112 (48.70) | 1.28 [0.86‐1.92] | 0.23 | 30 (26.09) | 58 (50.43) | 27 (23.48) | 0.37 |
| Control | 395 (55.95) | 311 (44.05) | 117 (33.14) | 161 (45.61) | 75 (21.25) | |||||||
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism.
Table 7.
Comparison of genotype and allele frequencies between HBV‐related HCC and control groups
| Gene | SNP | Group | Allele | Allele n (%) | OR (95% CI) | P | Genotype n (%) | P | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 11 | 12 | 22 | ||||||
| IL‐21 | rs2221903 | HCC | A | G | 227 (87.98) | 31 (12.02) | 0.43 [0.13‐1.45] | 0.17 | 102 (79.07) | 23 (17.83) | 4 (3.01) | 0.20 |
| Control | 619 (87.68) | 87 (12.32) | 270 (76.49) | 79 (22.38) | 4 (1.13) | |||||||
| IL‐21 | rs4833837 | HCC | A | G | 233 (90.31) | 25 (9.69) | 2.95 [0.85‐10.25] | 0.09 | 105 (81.40) | 23 (17.83) | 1 (0.77) | 0.46 |
| Control | 617 (87.39) | 89 (12.61) | 270 (76.49) | 77 (21.81) | 6 (1.70) | |||||||
| IL‐21R | rs2285452 | HCC | A | G | 29 (11.24) | 229 (88.76) | 1.34 [0.78‐2.30] | 0.30 | 8 (6.02) | 13 (10.08) | 108 (83.72) | 0.007 |
| Control | 80 (11.33) | 626 (88.67) | 7 (1.98) | 66 (18.70) | 280 (79.32) | |||||||
| STAT3 | rs1053023 | HCC | A | G | 170 (65.89) | 88 (34.11) | 0.74 [0.47‐1.17] | 0.20 | 55 (42.64) | 60 (46.51) | 14 (10.85) | 0.78 |
| Control | 482 (68.27) | 224 (31.73) | 162 (45.89) | 158 (44.76) | 33 (9.35) | |||||||
| JAK3 | rs3008 | HCC | T | C | 141 (54.65) | 117 (43.35) | 1.14 [0.74‐1.75] | 0.55 | 24 (18.60) | 69 (53.49) | 36 (27.91) | 0.31 |
| Control | 395 (55.95) | 311 (44.05) | 75 (21.25) | 161 (45.61) | 117 (33.14) | |||||||
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism. Bold value indicate P < 0.05.
Table 8.
Association between IL‐21‐JAK/STAT signaling pathway polymorphisms and the risk of infecting with hepatitis B virus between patient subgroups and control groups
| Group | Gene | SNP | Additive model | Recessive model | Dominant model | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | OR (95% CI) | P | |||
| CHB vs Control | IL‐21 | rs2221903A>G | 0.84 [0.59‐1.20] | 0.32 | 1.11 [0.25‐5.00] | 1.00 | 1.22 [0.84‐1.78] | 0.30 |
| IL‐21 | rs4833837A>G | 0.87 [0.62‐1.21] | 0.41 | 0.85 [0.27‐2.67] | 0.79 | 1.22 [0.84‐1.76] | 0.31 | |
| IL‐21R | rs2285452G>A | 1.12 [0.80‐1.57] | 0.50 | 0.82 [0.55‐1.21] | 0.31 | 1.35 [0.48‐3.75] | 0.57 | |
| STAT3 | rs1053023A>G | 0.90 [0.71‐1.15] | 0.40 | 1.31 [0.75‐2.30] | 0.34 | 1.10 [0.81‐1.49] | 0.57 | |
| JAK3 | rs3008C>T | 0.96 [0.78‐1.20] | 0.72 | 1.21 [0.82‐1.79] | 0.33 | 0.95 [0.69‐1.33] | 0.78 | |
| Cirrhosis vs Control | IL‐21 | rs2221903A>G | 1.16 [0.28‐10.49] | 0.10 | 1.31 [0.15‐11.81] | 1.00 | 0.65 [0.84‐1.78] | 0.07 |
| IL‐21 | rs4833837A>G | 1.26 [0.82‐1.94] | 0.30 | 1.01 [1.00‐1.03] | 0.34 | 0.70 [0.44‐1.12] | 0.14 | |
| IL‐21R | rs2285452G>A | 0.96 [0.61‐1.51] | 0.87 | 1.21 [0.68‐1.86] | 0.66 | 0.43 [0.05‐3.56] | 0.67 | |
| STAT3 | rs1053023A>G | 1.22 [0.89‐1.66] | 0.22 | 0.59 [0.32‐1.11] | 0.10 | 0.88 [0.57‐1.34] | 0.54 | |
| JAK3 | rs3008C>T | 1.19 [0.89‐1.60] | 0.23 | 0.88 [0.53‐1.45] | 0.62 | 0.71 [0.44‐1.14] | 0.16 | |
| HCC vs Control | IL‐21 | rs2221903A>G | 0.97 [0.63‐1.50] | 0.90 | 0.36 [0.09‐1.45] | 0.22 | 1.16 [0.71‐1.90] | 0.55 |
| IL‐21 | rs4833837A>G | 0.72 [0.45‐1.16] | 0.17 | 2.21 [0.26‐18.56] | 0.68 | 1.35 [0.81‐2.23] | 0.27 | |
| IL‐21R | rs2285452G>A | 1.00 [0.67‐1.53] | 0.97 | 3.27 [1.16‐9.20] | 0.03 | 0.75 [0.44‐1.27] | 0.28 | |
| STAT3 | rs1053023A>G | 1.12 [0.82‐1.52] | 0.48 | 0.85 [0.44‐1.64] | 0.62 | 1.14 [0.76‐1.71] | 0.53 | |
| JAK3 | rs3008C>T | 0.95 [0.71‐1.26] | 0.72 | 1.28 [0.82‐2.00] | 0.27 | 0.85 [0.51‐1.41] | 0.53 | |
CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism. Bold value indicate P < 0.05.
Table 9.
Primer sequences of the target SNPs
| Gene | SNPs | Primer | Length | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL‐21 | rs2221903 | A/G | F:5′‐AGACACAGCTCTGCTGCTTG‐3′ | 116 |
| R:5′‐CACTGACGCCCATATTGATG‐3′ | ||||
| rs4833837 | A/G | F:5′‐TTTGTGGAAGGTGGTTTCCT‐3′ | 120 | |
| R:5′‐TGAGTGGTCAGCTTTTTCCTG‐3′ | ||||
| IL‐21R | rs2285452 | G/A | F:5′‐CTGGGATAATGCCCATGGTA‐3′ | 126 |
| R:5′‐ACGGCTGTTGTCATCTGTTG‐3′ | ||||
| JAK3 | rs3008 | T/C | F:5′‐GGCCTTATGAGGGTCCTCTACT‐3′ | 122 |
| R:5′‐ATGCCCATCTGTCTTGAACC‐3′ | ||||
| STAT3 | rs1053023 | A/G | F:5′‐AGGGCTTCTCTGGAGCAGAT‐3′ | 135 |
| R:5′‐GCCTGAGGACCCTGTTCTTT‐3′ |
3.4. Correlation analysis between the gene polymorphisms and the serological marker mode of HBV
The serological markers (HBsAg, anti‐HBs Ab, HBeAg, anti‐HBe Ab, and anti‐HBc Ab) are used to estimate the progression and outcomes of HBV infection. Therefore, we tested the serological markers of 257 randomly selected CHB patients and analyzed the relationship between candidate SNP genotypes and the status of the serological markers (Table S1). We identified eight serological modes. The most represented serological mode in the HBV‐infected patients was HBsAg+ HBeAg+ anti‐HBc+ (n = 44.75%), followed by HBsAg+ anti‐HBe+ anti‐HBc+ (n = 37.35%), and HBsAg+ HBeAg+ anti‐HBe+ anti‐HBc+ (n = 8.2%). Among the 257 CHB patients, 139 (54.09%) were HBeAg+. As shown in Table S2, the genotype and allele frequencies in the 8 serological marker modes were similar for IL‐21 rs2221903 (P = 0.46 and 0.19, respectively), IL‐21 rs4833837 (P = 0.36 and 0.21, respectively), STAT3 rs1053023 (P = 0.81 and 0.95, respectively), and JAK3 rs3008 (P = 0.79 and 0.94, respectively) SNPs. However, the distribution of the IL‐21R rs2285452 alleles and genotypes showed significant differences among the eight serological marker modes (P = 0.00 and P = 0.00, respectively).
4. DISCUSSION
In our study, we examined the association of five SNPs in the IL‐21‐JAK‐STAT signaling pathway genes (IL‐21 rs2221903, IL‐21 rs4833837, IL‐21R rs2285452, STAT3 rs1053023, and JAK3 rs3008) with HBV infection‐related pathogenesis in a Chinese population.
There was no significant association between HBV infection and all the five SNPs based on our analysis of the patient and control subjects. However, in the recessive model, the IL‐21R rs2285452 AA genotype was associated with HBV‐related HCC (P = 0.03). The subjects with the IL‐21R rs2285452 AA genotype were at a higher risk (2.27 times) for HBV‐related HCC than subjects with IL‐21R rs2285452 GA/GG genotypes. This implied that IL‐21R was a susceptibility gene associated with the occurrence and progression of HBV and that the patients with the heterozygous IL‐21R rs2285452 AA genotype were at a greater risk of developing HCC.
IL‐21 modulates both T‐cell and B‐cell responses, which are critical in the immune response related to the pathogenesis of various diseases such as type 1 diabetes, autoimmune systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and multiple sclerosis,26 including chronic HBV infections.9, 18 Previous reports showed that SNPs in the IL‐21 gene, such as rs907715 and rs2221903, increased susceptibility to Grave's disease.27 and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in the Europeans and Americans,28 as well as the Chinese.29 Moreover, IL‐21 rs4833837 SNP was identified as a protective factor for psoriasis.9 Although most IL‐21 gene‐related SNPs were related to autoimmune diseases, the IL‐21 rs2221903 genotype AG and allele G was identified as a protective factor against chronic HBV and the IL‐21 rs2221903 genotype AA and allele A was identified as a risk factor in chronic HBV infections.30 We postulate that IL‐21 modulates B lymphocytes, which play a significant role in neutralizing and removing circulating HBV by producing effective antibodies.31 In our study, the two SNPs in the IL‐21 gene, rs2221903 and rs4833837, were located in the intron and the 3rd exon of the IL‐21 gene, respectively. However, they were not associated with HBV infection. Although Li'reseach30 and our study both chose Chinese population as study subjects, Li'reseach was on people in northern China, while ours was focused on people in western China and Li'reseach had a little bit larger than our sample sizes. The varying results between our study and others may be due to the differences in sample sizes and the study populations.
In the present study, we demonstrated that the IL‐21R rs2285452 SNP was associated with HBV‐related HCC. The IL‐21R rs2285452 polymorphism is located in the 3'‐UTR. The patients with the AA genotype of IL‐21R rs2285452 show higher risk of HBV‐related HCC than those with the AG/GG genotype. In a previous study, the IL‐21R rs2285452 polymorphism showed differential genotype distribution in Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and control subjects.32 Moreover, the IL‐21 rs2221903 and IL‐21R rs3093301 polymorphisms were associated with chronic HBV infection, an interactive role of IL21R rs3093301 CC with IL‐21 rs2221903 in inducing the elevation of IL‐21 and IgE production in the HBV patients, thereby suggesting that the SNPs in the IL‐21 and IL‐21R genes influence the susceptibility and persistence of HBV by affecting serum IL‐21 and IgE levels.30
Our finding suggests that the SNPs inIL‐21R play an important role in HBV‐related HCC. We postulate that IL‐21 may be closely related to HBV‐related HCC cells.9, 18 On the other hand, IL‐21 probably enhances the antibody‐dependent cytotoxicity of NK cells. IL‐21 in combination with soluble programmed death receptor‐1 (PD‐1) stimulated different periods of B lymphocyte, T lymphocyte, and NK cell proliferation by IL‐2, IFN‐γ, whereas downregulation of IL‐10 significantly inhibited tumor growth.26 Furthermore, HBV infection promotes HCC, whereas activated CD4+ T lymphocytes and NK cells that produce IL‐21 play a critical role in antitumor immunity.31 Moreover, HBV infection suppresses NK cell proliferation, differentiation, or activation.30 Although we did not find a difference, previous studies have shown that IL‐21 and IL‐21R play an important role in promoting liver fibrosis. They are associated with a significant increase in HBV in patients with liver cirrhosis. Excessive IL‐21 is produced by the peripheral Thl7 cells and liver cells, which further results in induced activation of hepatic stellate cells, which contributes to the severity of the disease and high expression of IL‐17 and IL‐21 by the Thl7 cells.33
IL‐21 activates the JAK‐STAT, PI 3‐kinase (PI3K), and MAPK signaling pathways. The activation of the JAK‐STAT signaling pathway by IL‐21 has been extensively studied in this.34 JAK3 and STAT3 are the key proteins in the JAK‐STAT signaling pathway. Polymorphisms in the STAT3 gene are associated with a variety of tumors. The STAT3 rs1053023 SNP in the 3′‐UTR reduces the risk of B‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma as well as other lymphoma subtypes such as diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).35 However, the relationship between STAT3 rs1053023 SNP and HBV is unclear. In our study, there was no association between HBV pathogenesis and STAT3 rs1053023 and JAK3 rs3008 SNPs. However, STAT3 promotes cell cycle progression and cell proliferation of hepatocytes in response to liver regeneration.36, 37 Hence, further studies are needed to explore the role of SNPs in the JAK‐STAT pathway in susceptibility to infectious diseases.
The serological markers (HBsAg, anti‐HBs Ab, HBeAg, anti‐HBe Ab, and anti‐HBc Ab) are closely associated with the diagnosis of HBV infection.25 In general, they are used to determine whether a suspected individual is suffering from HBV infection and estimate the replication status of HBV. The serological markers showed variability probably due to individual variations. In our study, there was no association between the genotype and allele frequency of the five polymorphisms and the eight serological marker modes. Although there was significant correlation between the serological marker modes and the distribution of the IL‐21R rs2285452 genotypes and alleles (P = 0.00, P = 0.00, respectively), the findings need to be confirmed by larger sample sizes because insufficient sample size may have caused a bias. Moreover, IL‐21 serum levels modulate HBsAg seroconversion during treatment.38
The main limitation of our study is the limited sample size. Hence, the functional consequences of the SNPs in the IL‐21‐JAK/STAT signaling pathway in HBV‐related pathogenesis need to be confirmed by large‐scale studies in the future.
In summary, our study demonstrates that the IL‐21R rs2285452 AA genotype is a risk factor for HBV infections and HBV‐related HCC. Our study suggests that SNPs in the IL21‐JAK‐STAT signaling pathway modulate host immune responses to HBV infection and influence HBV‐related disease outcomes.
Supporting information
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank all the study subjects for participation in this study. This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant Nos.: 81472026, 81672095, and 81672096] and the Projects in the Science and Technology Department of Sichuan Province Pillar Program [Grant No.: 2014SZ0208].
Liu T, Song J, Zhang M, et al. Interleukin‐21 receptor gene polymorphism is associated with hepatitis B virus‐related hepatocellular carcinoma in Chinese patients. J Clin Lab Anal. 2019;33:e22860 10.1002/jcla.22860
Liu, Song, Zhang and Li contributed equally to this work.
REFERENCES
- 1. WHO . Global hepatitis report, 2017. 2017. http://www.who.int/hepatitis/publications/global-hepatitis-report2017/en/. Accessed April 25, 2017.
- 2. Global, regional, and national age‐sex specific all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015;385(9963):117‐171. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3. World Health Organization . Regional Office for the Western Pacific. China‐WHO country cooperation strategy 2016–2020. WPRO/2016/DPM/003.2016:4. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/206615/1/WPRO_2016_DPM_003_chi.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 2016.
- 4. Lebre MC, Vieira PL, Tang MW, et al. Synovial IL‐21/TNF‐producing CD4(+) T cells induce joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis by inducing matrix metalloproteinase production by fibroblast‐like synoviocytes. J Leukoc Biol. 2017;101(3):7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5. Spolski R, Leonard WJ. Interleukin‐21: a double‐edged sword with therapeutic potential. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2014;13(5):379‐395. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6. Bhatt S, Sarosiek KA, Lossos IS. Interleukin 21 ‐ its potential role in the therapy of B‐cell lymphomas. Leuk Lymphoma. 2017;58(1):17‐29. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7. Wang YC, Cui XB, Chuang YH, et al. Janus Kinase 3, a novel regulator for smooth muscle proliferation and vascular remodeling. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2017;37(7):1352‐1360. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8. Sim SH, Kim S, Kim TM, et al. Novel JAK3‐activating mutations in extranodal NK/T‐cell lymphoma, nasal type. Am J Pathol. 2017;187(5):980‐986. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9. Zhang QX, Li SL, Yao YQ, et al. Association between interleukin‐21 gene polymorphisms (rs12508721) and HBV‐related hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Immunogenet. 2016;43(3):151‐158. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10. Li Y, Tang L, Hou J. Role of interleukin‐21 in HBV infection: friend or foe? Cell Mol Immunol. 2015;12(3):303‐308. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11. Ding R, Ma SW. Research advances in the role of interleukin‐21 in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi. 2016;24(6):469‐473. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12. Publicover J, Goodsell A, Nishimura S, et al. IL‐21 is pivotal in determining age‐dependent effectiveness of immune responses in a mouse model of human hepatitis B. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(3):1154‐1162. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13. Feng G, Zhang JY, Zeng QL, et al. Interleukin‐21 mediates hepatitis B virus‐associated liver cirrhosis by activating hepatic stellate cells. Hepatol Res. 2014;44(10):E198‐E205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14. Churin Y, Roderfeld M, Stiefel J, et al. Pathological impact of hepatitis B virus surface proteins on the liver is associated with the host genetic background. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(3):e90608. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15. Ding L, Wang S, Chen GM, et al. A single nucleotide polymorphism of IL‐21 gene is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus in a Chinese population. Inflammation. 2012;35(6):1781‐1785. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16. Zeng H, Yan H, Zhang Z, et al. Association between IL‐21 gene rs907715 polymorphisms and Graves' disease in a Southern Chinese population. Exp Ther Med. 2014;8(1):213‐218. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17. Li G, Xu R, Cao Y, et al. Interleukin‐21 polymorphism affects gene expression and is associated with risk of ischemic stroke. Inflammation. 2014;37(6):2030‐2039. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18. Yao JY, Chao K, Li MR, et al. Interleukin‐21 gene polymorphisms and chronic hepatitis B infection in a Chinese population. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(14):4232‐4239. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19. You Y, Deng J, Zheng J, et al. IL‐21 gene polymorphism is associated with the prognosis of breast cancer in Chinese populations. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2013;137(3):893‐901. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20. Xiao M, Hu S, Tang J, et al. Interleukin (IL)‐21 promoter polymorphism increases the risk of thyroid cancer in Chinese population. Gene. 2014;537(1):15‐19. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21. Vaclavicek A, Bermejo JL, Schmutzler RK, et al. Polymorphisms in the Janus kinase 2 (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) genes: putative association of the STAT gene region with familial breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2007;14(2):267‐277. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22. Yamamoto K, Ioroi T, Kanaya K, et al. STAT3 polymorphism rs4796793 may be a predictive factor of tumor response to multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitors in metastatic renal cell carcinoma in Japanese population. Med Oncol. 2016;33(3):24. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23. Kreil S, Waghorn K, Ernst T, et al. A polymorphism associated with STAT3 expression and response of chronic myeloid leukemia to interferon alpha. Haematologica. 2010;95(1):148‐152. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24. Wang K, Zhou B, Zhang J, et al. Association of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 gene polymorphisms with cervical cancer in Chinese women. DNA Cell Biol. 2011;30(11):931‐936. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25. Trepo C, Zoulim F, Alonso C, Petit MA, Pichoud C, Vitvitski L. Diagnostic markers of viral hepatitis B and C. Gut. 1993;34:S20‐S25. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 26. Spolski R, Wang L, Wan CK, et al. IL‐21 promotes the pathologic immune response to pneumovirus infection. J Immunol. 2012;188(4):1924‐1932. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 27. Parmigiani A, Pallin MF, Schmidtmayerova H, et al. Interleukin‐21 and cellular activation concurrently induce potent cytotoxic function and promote antiviral activity in human CD8 T cells. Hum Immunol. 2011;72(2):115‐123. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 28. Frohlich A, Kisielow J, Schmitz I, et al. IL‐21R on T cells is critical for sustained functionality and control of chronic viral infection. Science. 2009;324(5934):1576‐1580. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 29. Ma SW, Huang X, Li YY, et al. High serum IL‐21 levels after 12 weeks of antiviral therapy predict HBeAg seroconversion in chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol. 2012;56(4):775‐781. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 30. Li N, Zhu Q, Li Z, et al. IL21 and IL21R polymorphisms and their interactive effects on serum IL‐21 and IgE levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hum Immunol. 2013;74(5):567‐573. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 31. Ettinger R, Kuchen S, Lipsky PE. The role of IL‐21 in regulating B‐cell function in health and disease. Immunol Rev. 2008;223:60‐86. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 32. Zhang J, Xiao WX, Zhu YF, et al. Polymorphisms of interleukin‐21 and interleukin‐21‐receptor genes confer risk for autoimmune thyroid diseases. BMC Endocr Disord. 2013;13:26. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 33. Liu B, Gao W, Zhang L, et al. Th17/Treg imbalance and increased interleukin‐21 are associated with liver injury in patients with chronic severe hepatitis B. Int Immunopharmacol. 2017;46:48‐55. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 34. Wan CK, Andraski AB, Spolski R, et al. Opposing roles of STAT1 and STAT3 in IL‐21 function in CD4+ T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112(30):9394‐9399. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 35. Butterbach K, Beckmann L, de Sanjose S, et al. Association of JAK‐STAT pathway related genes with lymphoma risk: results of a European case‐control study (EpiLymph). Br J Haematol. 2011;153(3):318‐333. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 36. Huda KA, Guo L, Haga S, et al. Ex vivo adenoviral gene transfer of constitutively activated STAT3 reduces post‐transplant liver injury and promotes regeneration in a 20% rat partial liver transplant model. Transpl Int. 2006;19(5):415‐423. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 37. Li W, Liang X, Kellendonk C, Poli V, Taub R. STAT3 contributes to the mitogenic response of hepatocytes during liver regeneration. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(32):28411‐28417. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 38. Ito N, Eto M, Nakamura E, et al. STAT3 polymorphism predicts interferon‐alfa response in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(19):2785‐2791. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials