Abstract
Background
Genetic and environment play a significant role in the etiology of essential hypertension (EH). Recently STK39 rs3754777, ATP2B1 rs2681472 and rs17249754 have been associated with BP variation and hypertension. In this study we aimed to determine firstly whether index variants were associated with the risk of developing EH in Burkina Faso and secondly to characterize cardiovascular risk markers.
Methods
We conducted a case-control study with 380 participants including 180 case subjects with EH and 200 control subjects with normal BP. We used TaqMan genotyping assays with probes from Applied Biosystems to genotype polymorphisms using the 7500 Real-Time PCR System. Biochemical parameters were measured using chemistry analyzer COBAS C311.
Results
T-test showed that cardiovascular risk markers such as body mass index, waist circumference, blood sugar, total cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly higher in hypertensive compared to normotensive (all p < 0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed in decreasing order that overweight, family history of hypertension, central obesity and alcohol intake increased the risk of developing EH (all OR > 3.8; all p < 0.001).
In genetic level we observed that individuals carrying the AA+AG genotype of ATP2B1 rs17249754 had a low risk of developing EH than those carrying the GG genotype (OR = 0.48 [95% CI: 0.31–0.75] p = 0.001) and the A allele frequency in the cases was significantly lower than that of the controls (OR = 0.56 [95% CI: 0.38–0.82] p = 0.003). We also observed that ATP2B1 rs17249754 was significantly associated with higher SBP and DPB in case and control groups (GG versus AG + AA; p < 0.05), ATP2B1 rs2681472 was significantly associated with higher SBP only in case and control group (AA versus AG + GG; p < 0.05), STK39 rs3754777 was not significantly associated with any of the BP traits (CC versus CT + TT; p > 0.05).
Conclusion
Our results confirmed the significant association of ATP2B1 rs17249754 with the risk of developing EH in Burkinabe and showed an increase of cardiovascular risk markers levels in subjects with EH.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1186/s12872-019-1136-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Keywords: ATP2B1, STK39, Essential hypertension, Burkina Faso
Background
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality in the world and represent 31% of global deaths [1]. The common risk factors for developing cardiovascular disorders are obesity, arterial hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia [2].
Hypertension is the main leading causes for morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases and affects about one-third of adults worldwide each year [3, 4]. Hypertension was once considered rare in Africa, but currently it has become a public health concern. Several studies estimated at 16.2% the overall prevalence of hypertension in 74.4 millions of hypertensive individuals in sub-Saharan Africa and the number of affected individuals will increase by 68% (125.5 million) by 2025 [5]. The causes of EH which accounts for 95% of cases of hypertension remain largely unknown, however interplay among genetic and non genetic factors might contribute to its etiology [6]. An estimated 30–60% of blood pressure variation is explained by genetic factors [7]. Determinants also include life-style [8], obesity [9] and environment which can impact blood pressure or risk of hypertension through the influence on gene expression or through interaction with gene products [10].
Recently, with the enormous progress made in molecular Biology domain, Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified news genes and their variants which are associated with blood pressure variations and the risk of hypertension such as STK39 rs3754777 [11], ATP2B1 rs2681472 and rs17249754 [12]. In addition, other reports confirmed these associations in Asian and European population [7, 13–16], but not all.
In this work, we genotyped index variants from these 2 candidate loci identified by studies and examined for the first time the association between them and systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and the risk of developing EH in Burkina Faso, West Africa and in a second time we characterized some cardiovascular risk markers in patients with EH. The results will be instrumental in the future for a better clinical management of cardiovascular diseases in the country.
Methods
Study design
This case-control study was performed in Burkina Faso located in West Africa. A detailed description of our study population has been published previously [17]. Briefly 380 age-sex matched subjects from 20 to 75 years were recruited in the same geographical area of central region in Burkina Faso, including 180 subjects newly diagnosed with EH as case group and 200 subjects having normal blood pressure as control group.
Patients with EH were diagnosed by the cardiologist in the absence of secondary causes and recruited from the service of cardiology of Saint Camille hospital and the University Hospital Center Yalgado Ouedraogo of Ouagadougou. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg [18].
Controls were subjects with SBP < 130 mmHg and DBP < 80 mmHg without antihypertensive treatments (to avoid pre-hypertension) and without any previous history of high blood pressure. They were recruited in general consultation in the same centers.
Patients who are already taking antihypertensive medications, patients with secondary hypertension or chronic diseases and pregnant women were excluded to avoid confusion.
Samples and data collection
We recorded using a questionnaire followed by a medical examination, socio-anthropometric parameters (age, sex, waist circumference, weight and height), lifestyle (smoking, alcohol intake), family history of HTA and clinical parameters such as systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP).
Information about the participant’s age (years) was based on their self-reported birth year.
Body weight and height were measured respectively by using standardized scale and stadiometer. Body mass index (BMI) was obtained by dividing a person’s weight (kilograms) by the square of the person’s height (meters). Overweight was defined when BMI ≥ 25 Kg/m2.
Waist circumference (WC) was a measure of the distance around the abdomen in centimeter while the subject was at minimal respiration by using measuring tape. Central obesity was determinate when WC > 102 cm for men and WC > 88 cm for women [19].
Smoking status and alcohol intake were dichotomized respectively into smokers versus nonsmokers and drinkers versus nondrinkers.
We defined family history of hypertension like having someone in your family (a blood relative such as a mother, father, sister, or brother) who has or had high blood pressure before the age of 60 years old.
Blood pressure values were measured 3 consecutive times, after 10 min of seated rest before the first measurement and 5 min intervals between each measurement with a manual aneroid sphygmomanometer. The average of the 3 measurements was used for analyses.
We also collected 8 ml of fasting venous blood in tube containing anticoagulant (EDTA) and tube without anticoagulant for analyses. Serum was used to determine High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides and blood sugar using the COBAS C311 chemistry analyzer (Roche-Hitachi, France).
DNA extraction and genotyping of polymorphisms
Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood white cells using the standard salt fractionation method as described by Miller and al. in 1988 [20]. The purity and concentration of DNA were assessed using a Biodrop μLITE (Isogen Life Science, N.V/S.A, Temse, Belgium).
Polymorphisms were genotyped by TaqMan allelic discrimination assays with probes labeled with the fluorophores FAM/VIC (C_16057071_10, C_34612217_10 and C_27474774_10) purchased from Applied Biosystems (ABI, Applera International Inc., Foster City, CA, USA). PCRs were performed according to the protocol established by the manufacturer in 25 μL reaction volume including 5 μL of DNA, 12.5 μL of TaqMan Universal PCR Master Mix, 6.25 μL of sterilized water and 1.25 μL of SNP mix (40X) using 7500 Fast real time PCR system. Fluorescence was analyzed with the 7500 FAST Sequence Detection Software version v.2.1 (Applied Biosystem).
Statistical analysis
Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 20.0) and Epi Info (Version 6.0) were used for data analysis.
Sample size and power calculations were conducted (Epi Info Version 6.0) by using following values: Two-sided confidence level of 95%, power of 80%, ratio of controls to cases 1.1, the proportion exposed in the control group with 50%, odds ratio of 1.8 or greater.
Quantitative variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation and comparison between groups was assessed with Student’s t-test. Pearson correlation test was used to established correlation.
Investigation of factors increasing the risk of developing EH were done with binary logistic regression analysis (forward stepwise method) by taking hypertensive status as a dependent variable and including some conventional cardiovascular risk markers such as gender (male/female), overweight (yes/no), central obesity (yes/no), alcohol consumption (yes/no), Smoking (yes/no) and family history of HTA (yes/no).
Associations between polymorphisms and EH and/or blood pressure were established by comparing genotypic and allelic frequencies between cases and controls using the chi-squared test and averages of arterial blood pressures between genotypes using Student’s t-test respectively.
For all analyses, difference was statistically significant when p < 0.05.
Results
Quantitative characteristics
The characteristics of the study population are given in Table 1. We included 180 subjects with EH as cases and 200 subjects with normal blood pressure as controls. Hypertensive patients were mostly female (58.68%). T-test demonstrated that means of BMI (MD = 4.89; p < 0.001), WC (MD = 10.69; p < 0.001), serum level of blood sugar (MD = 2.25; p < 0.001), total cholesterol (MD = 0.78; p = 0.001) and triglycerides (MD = 0.22; p = 0.03) were significantly higher in cases compared to controls.
Table 1.
General Characteristics of the study population
| Parameters | Total n = 380 |
Cases n = 180 |
controls n = 200 |
MD | CI (95%) | p values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (M/F) | 157/223 | 74/106 | 83/117 | – | – | 1 |
| Age (years) | 48.98 ± 11.32 | 48.21 ± 10.09 | 49.67 ± 12.31 | −1.45 | − 3.74 - 0.82 | 0.21 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 140.50 ± 30.36 | 167.58 ± 20.0 | 116.13 ± 11.6 | 51.45 | 48.18–54.71 | < 0.001∗ |
| DBP (mmHg) | 84.95 ± 16.81 | 98.73 ± 12.15 | 72.55 ± 8.90 | 26.18 | 24.05–28.32 | < 0.001∗ |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.90 ± 6.45 | 28.48 ± 7.18 | 23.58 ± 4.63 | 4.89 | 3.68–6.10 | < 0.001∗ |
| WC (cm) | 88.87 ± 12.60 | 94.50 ± 13.33 | 83.81 ± 9.39 | 10.69 | 8.38–13.00 | < 0.001∗ |
| Blood sugar (mmol/l) | 5.10 ± 1.57 | 5.94 ± 2.84 | 3.69 ± 1.66 | 2.25 | 1.36–3.14 | < 0.001∗ |
| HDL-c (mmol/l) | 1.27 ± 0.52 | 1.38 ± 0.55 | 1.08 ± 0.42 | 0.29 | 0.04–0.46 | 0.002∗ |
| LDL-c (mmol/l) | 3.03 ± 1.14 | 3.17 ± 1.10 | 2.60 ± 1.15 | 0.57 | 0.17–0.96 | 0.005∗ |
| TC (mmol/l) | 5.00 ± 1.36 | 5.13 ± 1.21 | 4.34 ± 1.48 | 0.78 | 0.32–1.24 | 0.001∗ |
| Triglyceride (mmol/l) | 1.24 ± 0.68 | 1.23 ± 0.56 | 1.00 ± 0.65 | 0.22 | 0.01–0.43 | 0.03∗ |
Values are Median ± SD for continuous variables; Cases versus controls (t-test); ∗ Significant p value; HDL-c high density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-c low density lipoprotein cholesterol, TC total cholesterol, M male, F female, BMI body mass index, WC waist circumference, DBP diastolic blood pressure, SBP systolic blood pressure, MD means difference
We determined Pearson index and we showed positive correlation of age, BMI, WC, blood sugar with systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the study population (case + controls). Only BMI was positively correlated with all other variables studied such as serum level of blood sugar, TC, HDL-c, LDL-c and Triglycerides (data not shown). Additional file 1: Table S1.
Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that in decreasing order, overweight, family history of HTA, central obesity and alcohol intake increased the risk of developing EH (all OR > 3.87; all p < 0.001) Table 2.
Table 2.
Factors increasing risk of essential hypertension
| Factors | OR | 95%CI | p values |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender M/F | 0.91 | 0.54–1.53 | 1 |
| Overweight | 5.24 | 2.92–9.43 | < 0.0001∗ |
| Central obesity | 4.57 | 3.37–6.20 | < 0.0001∗ |
| Alcohol intake | 3.87 | 2.47–6.08 | < 0.0001∗ |
| Smoking | 1.37 | 0.66–2.8 | 0.46 |
| Family history of HTA | 5.19 | 3.32–8.13 | < 0.0001∗ |
WC waist circumference, BMI body mass index, M male, F female, * significant p value
Genetics analysis
Genotypic frequencies of the study polymorphisms are given in Table 3. A total of 380 subjects were genotyped for ATP2B1 gene polymorphisms (rs2681472, rs17249754) and STK39 gene polymorphism (rs3754777). All three polymorphisms genotypes didn’t deviate from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p > 0.05). In the general population, we found that genotypic frequencies of rs2681472 were 2.1% for GG, 16.1% for GA and 81.8% for AA; genotypic frequencies of rs17249754 were 2.6% for AA, 30.0% for AG, 67.4% for GG; genotypic frequencies of rs3754777 were 2.1% for TT, 25.3% for TC, 72.6% for CC.
Table 3.
Distribution of the genotypes frequency in the study population
| SNPs | Genotypes | Cases + Controls n = 380 (100%) |
Cases n = 180 (100%) |
Controls n = 200 (100%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs2681472 | GG | 8 (2.1) | 4 (2.2) | 4 (2.0) |
| GA | 61 (16.1) | 27 (15.0) | 34 (17.0) | |
| AA | 311 (81.8) | 149 (82.8) | 162 (81.0) | |
| HWE p value | 0.09 | 0.24 | 0.30 | |
| rs17249754 | AA | 10 (2.6) | 4 (2.2) | 6 (3.0) |
| AG | 114 (30.0) | 40 (22.2) | 74 (37.0) | |
| GG | 256 (67.4) | 136 (75.6) | 120 (60.0) | |
| HWE p value | 0.78 | 0.80 | 0.45 | |
| rs3754777 | TT | 8 (2.1) | 4 (2.2) | 4 (2.0) |
| TC | 96 (25.3) | 46 (25.6) | 50 (25.0) | |
| CC | 276 (72.6) | 130 (72.2) | 146 (73.0) | |
| HWE p value | 0.85 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
HWE Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
When we compared genotypic and allelic frequencies between cases and controls and average of SBP and DBP between genotypes, we observed that individuals carrying the AA+AG genotype of ATP2B1 rs17249754 had a low risk of developing EH than those carrying the GG genotype (OR = 0.48 [95% CI: 0.31–0.75] p = 0.001). In addition, the A allele frequency of ATP2B1 rs17249754 in the case group was significantly lower than that of the control group (allelic OR = 0.56 [95% CI: 0.38–0.82] allelic p = 0.003). We didn’t find any significant associations of ATP2B1 rs2681472 and STK39 rs3754777 with the risk of developing EH in our study population (all p > 0.05) Table 4.
Table 4.
Associations between polymorphisms and risk of essential hypertension
| SNPs | Cases, n (%) 180 (100%) |
Controls, n (%) 200 (100%) |
OR | CI (95%) | p values | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs2681472 | GG versus AG + AA, n (%) | 4 (2.2) | 4 (2.0) | 1.11 | 0.27–4.51 | 1.00 |
| GG + AG versus AA, n (%) | 31 (17.2) | 38 (19.0) | 0.88 | 0.52–1.49 | 0.69 | |
| A (%) | 90.3 | 89.5 | – | – | – | |
| G (%) | 9.7 | 10.5 | 0.91 | 0.57–1.47 | 0.80 | |
| rs17249754 | AA versus AG + GG, n (%) | 4 (2.2) | 6 (3.0) | 0.73 | 0.20–2.64 | 0.75 |
| AA + AG versus GG, n (%) | 44 (24.4) | 80 (40.0) | 0.48 | 0.31–0.75 | 0.001∗ | |
| G (%) | 86.7 | 78.5 | – | – | – | |
| A (%) | 13.3 | 21.5 | 0.56 | 0.38–0.82 | 0.003∗ | |
| rs3754777 | TT versus TC + CC, n (%) | 4 (2.0) | 4 (2.0) | 1.11 | 0.27–4.51 | 1.00 |
| TT + TC versus CC, n (%) | 50 (28.0) | 54 (27.0) | 1.03 | 0.66–1.63 | 0.90 | |
| C (%) | 85.0 | 85.5 | – | – | – | |
| T (%) | 15.0 | 14.5 | 1.04 | 0.69–1.55 | 0.90 | |
∗, significant p value; NA not available
We also observed that ATP2B1 rs17249754 was significantly associated with higher SBP and DPB (GG versus AG + AA; p < 0.05) in cases and controls groups; ATP2B1 rs2681472 was significantly associated with higher SBP only in case and control group (AA versus AG + GG; p < 0.05); STK39 rs3754777 was not associated with any of the BP traits (CC versus CT + TT; p > 0.05). data not shown. Additional file 2: Table S2.
Discussion
Hypertensive patients often present metabolic disorders which impact their quality of life and could increase their risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. In our study we characterized known cardiovascular risk markers in subjects with EH (cases) and normotensive individuals (controls). The results showed that subjects with EH had significantly higher levels of blood sugar (p < 0.001), BMI (p < 0.001) and total cholesterol (p < 0.05) compared to controls. These findings suggest that subjects with EH tend to develop disorders associated with metabolic syndrome as described previously [21]. These markers were positively correlated to the augmentation of systolic and diastolic blood pressure in our study population, supporting those several independent studies conducted in different population which showed that risk of hypertension increased with age [22] and BMI [23], and that dyslipidemia [24] and hyperglycemia [25] were more frequent in hypertensive compared to normotensive individuals. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that Obesity and overweight were associated with an increase of cardiovascular risk markers [26], in our study we also found that BMI was positively correlated to all other cardiovascular risk markers such us SBP, DBP, HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, triglycerides and blood sugar level. Regular physical activities have been shown to reduce the risk of high blood pressure and could also help lipids repartition in the organism [27], in our study we also found that obese and overweight patients who are usually less active were the main group at risk of developing cardiovascular disorders as previously described [28].
In the genetic level we investigated the effect of genetic loci recently identified by GWAS with BP and the risk of developing EH. Our first gene of interest ATP2B1 also named PMCA1 (Plasma Membrane Calcium ATPase type 1) is located in chromosome 12, position 12q21.q23 and belongs to the P-type pump family [29]. It encoded a protein responsible for the regulated transport between the intracellular and the extracellular milieu of Ca2+, an ion which contributes to contraction-relaxation of vascular smooth muscles [30]. Mechanism by which ATP2B1 gene influences blood pressure is not yet clear but, investigations showed its mRNA overexpression in hypertensive animal models compared to normotensive [31] and an excessive increase of blood pressure through vasoconstriction in ATP2B1 gene deleted rats [32]. These findings may explain among other things the mechanism by which changes in the ATP2B1 gene product levels are involved in BP regulation and risk of EH. In our study we observed that individuals carrying the AA+AG genotype of ATP2B1 rs17249754 had a low risk of developing EH than those carrying the GG genotype (OR = 0.48; 95% CI = 0.31–0.75; p = 0.001). Furthermore, the A allele frequency of ATP2B1 rs17249754 in the case group was significantly lower than that of the control group (allelic OR = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.38–0.82; allelic p = 0.003). The association of ATP2B1 rs17249754 with hypertension has been previously shown in Koreans [12]. Subsequently GWA studies conducted by the Global Blood Pressure Genetics and CHARGE consortiums confirmed this association [13]. Recently Daily and al. in Korean, showed that carriers of the major allele G of ATP2B1 rs17249754 were at greater risk of developing hypertension and that high Na intake and low Ca increased the risk more in major allele than among minor allele carrier, suggesting that people with the G allele can reduce risk of high blood pressure by having good calcium status [33]. Interaction of BMI, gender and ATP2B1 rs17249754 in susceptibility to hypertension has been also reported in Han Chinese Population [15]. In our study, we were unable to perform sub-group analysis given the limited number of participants. Concerning ATP2B1 rs2681472, it was found to be associated with hypertension firstly in 2009 by Levy and al. [7]. In our cohort, we didn’t find any significant association between it and essential hypertension, but we found that individuals carrying the AA genotype had high SBP than those carrying the GG + AG genotype. The association between rs17249754 and EHT demonstrate the potential role of ATP2B1 in the regulation of blood pressure and treatment of EHT. Indeed, Okuyama and al., showed that mice lacking ATP2B1 had a higher response to CCBs for blood pressure-lowering effects than other anti-hypertensive drugs [34], and previously Tabara and al. showed that it may be a reduction in the expression of ATP2B1 which leads to raised blood pressure in those with a ATP2B1 risk allele for hypertension [35]. These data may suggest that hypertensive patients with variant G of rs17249754 (risk allele for hypertension) may also have a reduction in the expression of ATP2B1 and therefore a better response to CCBs compared to other antihypertensive drugs. However, further studies are needed to confirm that.
Our second gene of interest STK39, encodes a serine-threonine kinase named STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase (SPAK), which seems to impact blood pressure by its action on renal excretion of sodium through its interaction with the WNK kinase and co-transporters cation-chloride [36]. Experimental studies showed that rats in which SPAK and WNK interaction were blocked had a lower blood pressure [37]. In the present study, we didn’t find any significant association of STK39 rs3754777 with EH as reported previously in Amish, non Amish [11], Belgian population [16] and male Han Chinese [38]. However, certain studies before ours reached to the same conclusion and failed to prove any association such as studies in British Caucasian [39] and Chinese Children [40].
In view of our results and other results obtained in previous studies, we can note a strong interaction between genetic variants and environmental and/or epigenetic factors, so that certain genetic variants only have significant effect in specific populations.
Conclusion
In conclusion, our study confirmed the significant association between ATP2B1 rs17249754 and EH in Burkinabe, suggesting the potential role of ATP2B1 in the regulation of blood pressure. It also showed a significant increase of cardiovascular risk markers in individuals with EH compared to normotensive and once again invite clinicians to be looking at the level of BMI, WC and cholesterol in the management of EH. However, the present research has some limitations, particularly the small size of the study population. A large scale study will be necessary to fully comprehend the role of ATP2B1 rs17249754 in the development of EH and response to CCBs in Burkina Faso.
Additional files
Table S1. Correlation between blood pressure and cardiovascular risk markers. This file shows correlation between known cardiovascular risk markers such as SBP, DBP, age, BMI, WC, serum level of blood sugar, TC, HDL-c, LDL-c and Triglycerides in the general study population. (DOCX 13 kb)
Table S2. Distribution of systolic and diastolic blood pressure according to genotypes. This file presents the results of association analysis between genetic polymorphisms studied and SBP or DBP in cases and controls. (DOCX 13 kb)
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank all participants in this study. A deep gratitude to all the staff of Saint Camille Hospital of Ouagadougou (HOSCO) and Biomolecular Research Center Pietro Annigoni (CERBA) for technical support.
Abbreviations
- ATP2B1
ATPase plasma membrane Ca2+ transporting 1
- BMI
Body mass index
- CERBA
Pietro Annigoni biomolecular research center
- DBP
Diastolic blood pressure
- EDTA
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic
- EH
Essential hypertension
- GWAS
Genome-wide association study
- HDL-c
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- LABIOGENE
Laboratory of molecular biology and genetics
- LDL-c
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- MD
Means difference
- PCR
Polymerase chain reaction
- SBP
Systolic blood pressure
- SD
Standard deviation
- SPAK
STE20/SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase
- SPSS
Statistical package for the social sciences
- STK39
Serine/threonine kinase 39
- TC
Total cholesterol
- WC
Waist circumference
- WNK
With-no-K (Lys)
Authors’ contributions
Study concept and design: HM, JKK and JS. Sampling and Laboratory analysis: HKS, DT, SYO, APS, AKO, IN and JKK. Statistical analysis and interpretation of data: HKS, APS, STS, ATY and DT. Drafting of the manuscript: FWD, HKS, APS, BMN, SYO, AKO, RTC and JS. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: FWD, BMN, HM, JKK, PZ and JS. Administrative, technical, and material support: FWD, ATY, JKK and JS. Study supervision: JKK, HM, PZ and JS. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
This work was supported by west African economic and monetary union (WAEMU) through the “Programme d’appui et de développement des centres d’excellence régionaux” (PACER II) and “Centre national de l’Information, de l’Orientation Scolaire et Professionnelle, et des Bourses” (CIOSPB) especially for researcher life stipend. Financial support for reagents and consumables was provided by Italian episcopal conference (CEI)
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The present study has been approved by the ethics committee of CERBA/LABIOGENE. Free and written consent was obtained from all participants of this study. The anonymity and confidentiality of the patients were respected as stated in the IRB (Institutional Review Board) protocol.
Consent for publication
Not Applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Footnotes
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Table S1. Correlation between blood pressure and cardiovascular risk markers. This file shows correlation between known cardiovascular risk markers such as SBP, DBP, age, BMI, WC, serum level of blood sugar, TC, HDL-c, LDL-c and Triglycerides in the general study population. (DOCX 13 kb)
Table S2. Distribution of systolic and diastolic blood pressure according to genotypes. This file presents the results of association analysis between genetic polymorphisms studied and SBP or DBP in cases and controls. (DOCX 13 kb)
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.