Abstract
Background
Tamra Bhasma is derived from metallic copper that is recommended for different ailments of liver and spleen, dropsy, abdominal pain, heart disease, colitis, tumors, anemia, loss of appetite, tuberculosis, as well as eye problems.
Objectives
The knowledge of crystallite size and active ingredients in Bhasma materials is limited restricting its use as nanomedicine in the modern era. Also, the 2015 Nobel prize in medicine has motivated many researchers towards traditional medicines. Therefore, the different chemical and physical properties of prepared Tamra Bhasma has been studied by modern experimental tools (XRD, VSM, SEM, FTIR and PL spectrometer) and the preliminary testing of Tamra Bhasma nanoparticles was examined on bacteria.
Materials and methods
Bhasma is prepared by metals and minerals using three step procedures e.g. Shodhana, Bhavana and Marana. In the present work, for the preparation of Tamra Bhasma, pulverized copper wire was used and prepared by the principle of Puta (incineration) in an Electrical Muffle Furnace (EMF).
Results
X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy results revealed that the crystallite size of Bhasma powder was less than 100 nm and nanocrystallites of aglomerated size in micrometer. Magnetometer measurement supports its medicinal value. Photoluminescence (PL) properties of nanocrystalline Bhasma powder was investigated in UV-NIR region and shows luminescence in visible region. The antimicrobial study of Tamra Bhasma shows effectiveness on bacteria and, may be useful to control the bacterial infection disease.
Conclusion
Scientific data obtained using modern scientific tools and evidence would support in utilizing the ancient Indian wisdom of Ayurveda for the development of newer drugs as a modern nanomedicine and in other possible technological applications.
Keywords: Ayurvedic Tamra Bhasma, Nanomedicine, Physical properties, Magnetism
1. Introduction
As mentioned in India's Vedic lore, the whole system of preventive and curative health is “Ayurveda” i.e science of life. It is the traditional and natural system of healing and is accepted as the oldest scientific medicinal system of Indian subcontinent since ancient period, which utilizes herbs, metal, minerals and formulations in therapeutics [1], [2], [3]. It is a science of life or a way of living with rhythm of nature i.e connecting the physical, mental and spiritual connectivity of the human body. According to this system 'Bhasmas' are metal or metal oxide based drugs [4], [5]. Metal/metal oxide in the field of medicine got the status during “Samhita” period in its sense. A complex and elaborate procedure for the preparation of bhasma was described by Nagarjun around 800 AD in Rasashastra. According to Ayurvedic metallurgy, bhasma is product of herbo-metallic process and contains both metallic and herbal ingredients They are basically calcined form of metals/minerals treated with herbs. This process is strictly followed till date [2], [3]. Bhasmas are believed to be ancient part of India as nanomedicine and are more efficacious than any other healing system. This is because their nanosize (10−9 m) particles being insoluble can absorb and enter into the blood stream and, are more biocompatible as compared to any chemically produced entity due to its size/volume ratio. The size of nanoparticles lies between 1 and 100 nm at least in one dimension [6]. Bhasmas as compared to their herbal drug counterparts are stable over a longer period of time, require lower dose, are easy to store and sustainable availability. Currently, there is an urgent need for the practitioners of modern and traditional systems to standardize the synthesis procedure, rigorous scientific analysis for the quality, safety of these metal-based bhasmas. One of the widely used metal oxide based Ayurvedic drug is Tamra Bhasma. Tamra Bhasma is derived from metallic copper and is recommended for different ailments of liver and spleen, dropsy, abdominal pain, heart disease, colitis, tumors, anemia, loss of appetite, tuberculosis, as well as eye problems. The ancient Egyptian medical texts mention the use of copper for the purpose of sterilizing chest wound and evidences of first use of copper can be found in these papyri. Greek also applied the dry powder form of copper oxide and copper sulfate on wounds. Inorganic ways of copper synthesis were found to be effective in treating eczema, impetigo, tubercular infections etc. [7], [8]. Copper is present in all tissues of animals and promotes hemoglobin synthesis, connecting tissue metabolism and growth of bone [9].
In this work, our objective is to explore the physical properties of Tamra Bhasma by modern scientific techniques and gather scientific evidence to corroborate the authenticity of such bhasma as a modern nanomedicine, which is the ancient Indian wisdom. Hence, the present article may help to design a drug from nanocrystalline Tamra Bhasma in future.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Pharmaceutical procedure of making Bhasma
According to Rasatarangin, edited by Pandit Kasinath Shastri (Motilal Banarshidas publication, Delhi).
विशुद्धशुल्बस्य दलानि निम्बूद्रवम पिष्टेश्र्वर गन्धलेपात्।
विशाष्य धर्मे प्रटितानि नूनं वारत्रयेणोह मृतिं प्रयान्ति॥२५॥
Vishudhshulbsy Dalani Nimbudrawam Pisheshwar Gandhlepat
।Vishashay Dharme Pratitani Nunan Wartrayenoh Mritim Prayanti॥25॥
Bhasma is prepared by metals and minerals using three step procedures e.g Shodhana, Bhavana and Marana [10], [11]. In the present work, for the preparation of Tamra Bhasma, pulverized copper wire was used and prepared by the principle of Puta (incineration) in an Electrical Muffle Furnace (EMF). Samaguna Kajjali equal to the amount of pure Tamra was mixed with wet trituration with lemon juice (Nimbu Swarasa Bhavana) till a paste-like consistency appeared and was smeared on Tamra patra. After drying in shade, it was put in Sharava (earthen saucer), which was covered by another Sharava and junction was sealed by multifold of multani mitti with smeared clothes. It was subjected for Puta in EMF. On the next day, after self-cooling Sharava Samputa was separated and, the material was collected and triturated for another Puta. The same process was repeated and total five Puta were given to complete the preparation of Bhasma. Following temperature pattern was followed: 1st Puta – 700 °C for 60 min, 2nd Puta – 600 °C for 45 min, 3rd Puta – 500 °C for 30 min, 4th and 5th Puta – 500 °C for 25 min. The flow chart 1 is given below and materials used are mentioned in Table 1.
Flow chart 1.
Preparation of Tamra Bhasma.
Table 1.
Materials used for the preparation of bhasma.
| Materials | Purpose |
|---|---|
| Til Taila and Takra (butter milk) | Samanya Shodhana (Purification) |
| Gomutra and Kanji | Vishesha Shodhana (Potentiation) |
| Gandhak (Sulfur) | Marana (Calcination) |
| Nimbhu Swarasa (lemon juice) | Bhavana (Levigation) |
3. Results
3.1. Crystal and micro-structural measurement
The crystallographic phase analysis of prepared Tamra Bhasma material was carried out by using Rigaku TTRX-III X-ray diffractometer, Japan with Cu-Kα radiation source (λ = 1.5418 Å) and is shown in Fig.1. The average crystallite size found to be ~88 nm, which was calculated by employing Scherrer’s formula (d=Kλ /β cos θ, where K is a constant that has value 0.9, β is full width half minimum (FWHM), θ is Bragg’s angle and λ is the wavelength of Cu-Kα radiation.
Fig. 1.
XRD pattern of Tamra Bhasma.
Measure peaks in XRD spectrum can be indexed to different oxides and salt of Cu with different oxidation state, shown in Table 2 and depicts search of ICDD database. The chemical formulae are also enlisted in Table 2. Similar results have been reported by other research groups [12].
Table 2.
The ICDD data base card numbers with chemical formula and corresponding compounds are present in Tamara Bhasma (XRD peak position analysis).
| No. | 2θ (deg) | Chemical formula | ICDD card number |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 26.65 (7) | Fe2 O3, Zn S | 01-074-6271,01-074-5014 |
| 2 | 28.39 (3) | Cu4 O3, Zn S | 01-083-1665,01-074-5014 |
| 3 | 29.427 (6) | Na2 S O3, Zn S | 01-075-2067,01-074-5014 |
| 4 | 31.84 (5) | Cu4 O3, Zn S, K O2 | 01-083-1665,01-074-5014,01-077-0137 |
| 5 | 32.84 (4) | Cu O, Fe2 O3, Na2 SO3, Zn S | 03-065-2309,01-074-6271,01-075-2067,01-074-5014 |
| 6 | 35.64 (5) | Cu4 O3, Cu O, Fe2 O3, Zn S | 01-083-1665,03-065-2309,01-074-6271,01-074-5014 |
| 7 | 46.69 (4) | Cu O | 03-065-2309 |
| 8 | 46.98 (2) | Cu4 O3, Fe2 O3, Zn S | 01-083-1665,01-074-6271,01-074-5014 |
| 9 | 47.209 (14) | K O2 | 01-077-0137 |
| 10 | 47.43 (3) | Zn S | 01-074-5014 |
| 11 | 48.13 (7) | Mg O, Zn S | 01-075-9567,01-074-5014 |
| 12 | 48.74 (7) | Cu4 O3, Fe2 O3, Zn S | 01-083-1665,01-074-6271,01-074-5014 |
| 13 | 49.116 (12) | Cu O, Na2 S O3 | 03-065-2309,01-075-2067 |
| 14 | 58.6 (3) | Cu4 O3, Cu O, Fe2 O3, Na2 S, Zn S | 01-083-1665,03-065-2309,01-074-6271,01-075-2067,01-074-5014 |
| 15 | 79.6 (3) | Cu4 O3, Cu O, Fe2 O3, Na2 S O3 | 01-083-1665,03-065-2309,01-074-6271,01-075-2067 |
Grain size and morphological observation of prepared bhasma materials, shown in Fig. 2 has been carried out by the SEM technique using Evo 18 research and Zeiss tungsten electron source equipment. Bhasma was coated by ultrathin electrically conducting gold and palladium mixture alloy deposited on the sample by sputter coating with Hummer V sputter coater. The micrographs were obtained with applied 10.00 kv electron beam and the distance between sample and electron source was 4.5 mm of magnification of 50 kx. SEM micrographs reveal that, the size of particles is in micrometer (~ 30 μm) of agglomeration of nanocrystallites.
Fig. 2.
SEM micrograph of Tamra Bhasma nanoparticles.
3.2. FTIR Measurement
FTIR measurement of Tamra Bhasma sample was prepared by the KBr palate method. In this method, obtained sample was properly grind and mixed with potassium bromide (KBr) at approximately 1:20 mass ratio with the help of mortar and pestle. The mixture was then pressed to make thin pellets by palatalizer and applied pressure up to 6.5 tons. Spectra were observed with Perkin-Elmer Model (Frontier, Thermo fisher) at room temperature. The FTIR absorption bands of crystalline solid are usually assigned to the vibrations of ions in the crystal lattice. The FTIR finger prints are shown in Fig.3. In case of Tamra Bhasma, the single carbon and chlorine (C-Cl) bond with stretching vibration were in the range of 80-700 cm-1. The carbon oxygen stretching bond (C-O-C) vibration were found at 1200 cm-1 and a number of inorganic groups such as sulfate, phosphate and carbonate were also observed at wave number below 1200 cm-1. The wave number and functional group details are shown in Table 3.
Fig. 3.
FTIR spectrum of Tamra Bhasma.
Table 3.
FTIR absorption wave number and corresponding functional groups.
| Wavenumber (cm−1) | 517 | 590 | 675 | 749 | 854 | 1120 | 1190 | 1233 | 1375 | 1465 | 1652 | 1702 | 1741 |
| Functional Group | Alkanes | C—Cl | C—H | C—H Stretching | C—H | C—O Ether | C—O Ester | C—O—C | C—H | C C | C O | C C | C O |
3.3. Magnetic measurement
Magnetic parameters were measured using the vibrating sample magnetometer (7410, LakeShore,USA) at room temperature. The M-H hysteresis loop is shown in Fig. 4. The magnetization, of this material was found to be 18 emu/g for Tamra Bhasma. Thus, Tamra Bhasma nanomaterials show magnetic properties as well.
Fig. 4.
M−H hysteresis loop of Tamra Bhasma.
3.4. Luminescence Measurement
Color in Ayurvedic methodology indicates the formation of specific compounds. Room temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra of Tamra Bhasma were measured using the fluorescence spectrometer (LS-55, PerkinElmer, U.K.). PL spectra taken in the wavelength range 200-900 nm and excited by a photon of wavelength of 200 nm and 225 nm are shown in Fig. 5.1 and 5.2 respectively. A characteristic luminescence spectrum is exhibited with 18 peaks with different intensities in UV, visible-NIR region as shown in Fig. 5.1 through excitation of 200 nm laser source and 10 peaks using 225 nm excitation source.
Fig. 5.
(1) PL at 200 nm Excitation. (2) PL at 225 nm Excitation source.
3.5. Antimicrobial test
Preliminary testing of the Tamra Bhasma nanoparticles was conducted on gram negative (P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae) and gram positive (S. aureus) bacteria and results are shown in Fig.6. The determination of antimicrobial property of Tamra Bhasma was observed by Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method. In this method, a standard suspension of bacteria to be tested was inoculated on the surface of Mueller-Hinton Agar (MHA) plates. 40µL of Tamra Bhasma acetonic solution having concentration of 25mg/ml was used. Zone of inhibition are shown in Table 4.
Fig. 6.
Antimicrobial test of Tamra bhasma on P. aeruginosa, S aureus and K. pneumoniae (A,B,C,).
Table 4.
Zone of inhibition of Tamra Bhasma against bacteria.
| S.N. | Name of bacteria | Zone of inhibition |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | P. aeruginosa | 30 mm |
| 2. | K. pneumoniae | 22 mm |
| 3. | S. aureus | 15 mm |
4. Discussion
Based on the X-ray diffraction (XRD) results shown in Fig. 1, prepared Ayurvedic Tamra Bhasma which was nanocrystalline in nature had size less than 100 nm; however, the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) micrograph, shown in Fig. 2, reveals the formation of micrometer samples due to agloromation of nanocrystallites. Also Tamra Bhasma is in polycrystalline form. In a single particle there may exist several crystallographic grain boundaries. This may be due to heat treatment for multiple times (Puta) and mixing with different herbs like lemon, aloe vera etc. The difference between the crystallite size obtained from XRD and particle size obtained from SEM has been observed by other researchers and our result is comparable with those results [13], [14], [15]. Measurement of peaks of different intensities in XRD can be indexed to different oxides and salt of copper with different oxidation state, shown in Table 2 and depicts search peaks of ICDD database. The chemical formulae are also enlisted in Table 2. Thus, this study reveals that prepared bhasma has nanocrystalline materials of average size less than 100 nm.
The FTIR results, shown in Fig. 3, support the different ingredients present in the Tamra Bhasma nanoparticles [16]. The single carbon and chlorine (C—Cl) bond with stretching vibration were in the range of 80–700 cm–1. The carbon oxygen stretching bond (C—O—C) vibration were found at 1200 cm–1 and a number of inorganic groups such as sulfate, phosphate and carbonate were also observed at wave number below 1200 cm–1. The wave number and functional group details are shown in Table 3. Thus, XRD data shown in Table 2 support the FTIR results, shown in Table 3.
The magnetization (M–H) loop, shown in Fig. 4 suggests the super-paramagnetic nature of Tamra Bhasma nanoparticles. Also, the magnetization saturates at low field which is a signature of soft magnetic nanomaterials. Hence, these materials can also be used for soft magnetic applications. This super-paramagnetic property also favors any medicinal values of traditional medicine [17], [18]. Mostly, Cu is an anti-ferromagnetic material at room temperature. But the high magnetic moments and hysteresis loop suggest the presence of magnetic phase oxide and other elements, which are present during the preparation. Also, XRD shows (Table 2) the presence of iron oxide (Fe2O3).This justifies the appearance of magnetic hysteresis loop. This bhasma can be used to treat the diseases, where magnetic bhasmas are required [19].
The luminescence in the present material may be due to presence of different chemicals as enlisted in Table 2 from XRD analysis. It needs a theoretical analysis and support from other experimental results such as, X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) etc. Hence, it is our future research problem to establish the PL spectra of ‘Tamra Bhasma’. This observation of magnetic and luminescence investigation reveals that, the ‘Tamra Bhasma’ not only can be used as a very good medicine particularly for diseases treatment but can also be employed as magnetic material for other technological applications. The advantage is that, the production is natural which will be environment friendly.
The antimicrobial study, shown in Fig. 6 reveals that Tamra Bhasma is effective on both gram positive as well as gram negative bacteria. As a result, a zone of inhibition of 30 mm in P. aeruginosa, 22 mm in K. pneumoniae and 15 mm in S. aureus was observed. Such bacterial studies on Tamra Bhasma nanoparticles were also reported by few research groups [8], [20], [21], [22], [23]. Generally antimicrobial mechanism is found to be due to some possible reasons e.g. changes in the bacterial cell membrane preventing the uptake of an antimicrobial, production of enzyme which inactivates antibiotics, modification of target so that it no longer interacts with the antimicrobial agent, alteration of ribosomes - plasmid mediated methylation of the 30s ribosome block attachment of the drug to the ribosome. Therefore mentioned mechanisms may be involved in Tamra Bhasma nanomaterials antimicrobial properties and further study is needed at this stage. The present study reveals that Tamra Bhasma nanomaterials can be used in bacterial infection diseases for both gram positive and gram negative. Ayurvedic bhasma shows nanometric size with optical behavior and treated as a nanomedicine are in agreement with findings reported by other research groups [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29].
5. Conclusion
Based on the XRD result, it can be concluded that Ayurvedic Tamra Bhasma in nanocrystalline nature has size less than 100 nm; however, the SEM micrograph reveals the formation of micrometer samples due to agloromation of nanocrystallites. FTIR results reveal different crystalline oxides and salts of Cu are present in this Ayurvedic bhasma. The luminescence properties of Tamra are found to be in visible range that reveals color. VSM measurement reveals super-paramagnetic nature of the bhasma that supports its medicinal value. The antimicrobial study of Tamra Bhasma shows effectiveness on both gram positive and gram negative bacteria and, may be useful in controlling bacterial infections. The observations of magnetic behaviour and luminescence in visible region results reveals that, the ‘Tamra Bhasma’ not only can be used as a very good medicine particularly for disease treatment but can also be employed as magnetic materials for other technological applications. The advantage is that, the production is natural which will be environment friendly. These results may help to establish a relation among modern science and technology, modern medicine and ancient medicine. In the present study, scientific data and evidence would support in utilizing the ancient Indian wisdom of Ayurveda for the development of newer drugs as a modern nanomedicine.
Sources of funding
Aryabhatta Knowledge University Patna, Bihar, India and Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of Bihar, India.
Conflict of interest
None
Acknowledgements
Authors are thankful to Dr. R. K. Kotnala, CSIR-NPL, Delhi for his motivation in this work and entered the VSM technique for magnetic measurement, Dr. Jitendra Kumar, Dept. of Biotechnology, Patna University for antimicrobial study help and Dr. Prabhat Kr Dwedi of Govt. Ayurvedic College, Patna for fruitful discussion and support.
Footnotes
Peer review under responsibility of Transdisciplinary University, Bangalore.
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