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. 2019 Jun 7;24(11):2156. doi: 10.3390/molecules24112156

Design, Synthesis and Anti-Platelet Aggregation Activity Study of Ginkgolide-1,2,3-triazole Derivatives

Jian Cui 1,†, Le’An Hu 1,2,†, Wei Shi 3, Guozhen Cui 3,*, Xumu Zhang 2,*, Qing-Wen Zhang 1,*
PMCID: PMC6600273  PMID: 31181694

Abstract

Ginkgolides are the major active component of Ginkgo biloba for inhibition of platelet activating factor receptor. An azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition reaction was used to introduce a triazole nucleus into the target ginkgolide molecules. A series of ginkgolide-1,2,3-triazole conjugates with varied functional groups including benzyl, phenyl and heterocycle moieties was thus synthesized. Many of the designed derivatives showed potent antiplatelet aggregation activities with IC50 values of 5~21 nM.

Keywords: ginkgolide, platelet-activating factor receptor, inhibitor

1. Introduction

Ginkgo biloba, also named maidenhair tree, the only surviving species from the family Ginkgoaceae has existed for more than 180 million years, and for this reason it was called a “living fossil” by Darwin. G. biloba has been used as a traditional Chinese medicine for a long time for the treatment of lung weakness, asthma, coughing, cancer, etc [1,2]. Ginkgo has also been popular in the Western world since 1965, when a German company developed from ginkgo extracts a botanical medicine named EGB761, with various effects on central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, hypomnesia, etc [3,4]. The main components of ginkgo extracts are terpene trilactones (including ginkgolides and bilobalide) and flavonoids [5,6]. Since flavonoids are deemed to hardly penetrate the blood-brain barrier, it is assumed the terpene trilactones from ginkgo extracts should be the major active components for the CNS effects and cardiovascular activity [7,8]. As a natural phospholipid agonist of the platelet activating factor of platelet activating factor receptor (PAFR), platelet activating factor (PAF) regulates various physiological activities of the CNS and peripheral nervous system, including platelet aggregation, blood pressure regulation, inflammation, long-term enhancement of CNS, etc [9]. It’s reported that ginkgolides could competitively inhibit the platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR), resulting in the observed CNS protection and antithrombotic effects [10,11].

To date, 10 ginkgolides (ginkgolide A~Q) [5,6,12] and two bilobalides (bilobalide and bilobanol) [13,14] have been isolated and from G. biloba and their structures elucidated. Most natural ginkgolides displayed significant activity against PAFR, while the bilobalides didn’t. In particular, ginkgolide B is the most potent PAFR antagonist discovered in nature [1]. Since the 1970s, many investigations on the structural modifications and structure-activity relationship of ginkgolides have been conducted. It is revealed that both ring C and ring D are essential for anti-PAFR activity [15]. Substituents at the C-7 position decrease the activity [16]. It’s noteworthy that the introduction of bulky or aromatic substituents at 10-OH could help to increase activity against PAFR [17,18]. The 1,2,3-triazole moiety, also known simply as triazole, acts as an important structural fragment widely used to construct new drug molecules [19]. The triazole is an electron isostere of the amide group, which easily forms hydrogen bonds, coordination bonds, etc., helping to form a variety of non-covalent bond interactions with target proteins [19,20].

In this paper, a series of ginkgolide derivatives with 1,2,3-triazole moieties connected with various benzyl, phenyl and heterocycle moieties at the C-10 position were designed and synthetized. Their antiplatelet aggregation activities were also evaluated and several derivatives displayed more potent inhibitory effects against PAFR than the natural ginkgolide B, with IC50 values of 5~21 nM, or about 10 to 20 times higher than the natural compound.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Chemistry

Drugability is improved when the triazole moiety is introduced into some leads [20]. The azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition reaction, also known as the Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, has been proved to be a powerful tool in construction of triazoles [21]. In this reaction, the azide moiety reacts to a terminal alkyne group to form the triazole ring. The copper(I) catalyst improves both the reaction rate and selectivity. A series of ginkgolide-1,2,3-triazole conjugates with varied functional groups including benzyl, phenyl and heterocycle moieties was synthesized via this method.

10-O-Propargylated ginkgolide B (3) was synthesized in 65% yield by mixing ginkgolide B (1) and 3-bromoprop-1-yne (2) with potassium carbonate in anhydrous acetonitrile for several hours (Scheme 1). 10-O-Propargylated ginkgolide A (3′) and 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide C (3″) were obtained in 32% and 69% yield, respectively from the corresponding ginkgolide A (1′) and ginkgolide C (1″) following the same scheme.

Scheme 1.

Scheme 1

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Formation of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolides 3, 3′ and 3″.

The target molecules, 10-substituted 1,2,3-triazole-ginkgolide B derivatives 5, were synthesized using the copper(I)-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction [21] by mixing 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3) with a series of azides 4 in a three-phase solvent, using copper(I) as catalyst (Scheme 2). The 1,2,3-triazole-ginkgolide A derivatives (5′) and 1,2,3-triazole-ginkgolide ginkgolide C derivatives (5″) were obtained by the same route.

Scheme 2.

Scheme 2

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Formation of 10-substituted 1,2,3-triazole-ginkgolide derivatives 5, 5′ and 5″.

Azides 4a–4ee were synthesized by firstly mixing the corresponding aniline, sodium nitrite and concentrated hydrochloride in ethyl acetate at 0 °C for 30 min, then adding sodium azide to the system at room temperature and stirring for another two hours (Scheme 3) [22,23,24]. The resulting products are listed in Table 1.

Scheme 3.

Scheme 3

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Preparation of azides 4a–4ee.

Table 1.

Synthesized azides 4a–4ee.

Entry Azide Ar Yield
1 4a Ph 77
2 4b 2-Cl-Ph 88
3 4c 3-Cl-Ph 91
4 4d 4-Cl-Ph 75
5 4e 2-Cl, 6Cl-Ph 72
6 4f 2-Cl, 4Cl-Ph 71
7 4g 3-Cl, 4Cl-Ph 87
8 4h 3-F-Ph 88
9 4i 3-CF3, 4-Cl-Ph 62
10 4j 4-OCF3-Ph 86
11 4k 3-CF3, 5-CF3Ph 91
12 4l 4-tertbutyl-Ph 76
13 4m 3-Br-Ph 62
14 4n 2-Me-Ph 75
15 4o 2-OH-Ph 92
16 4p 2-CN-Ph 88
17 4q 3-Me-Ph 74
18 4r 3-isopropyl-Ph 87
19 4s 3-COOEt-Ph 78
20 4t 3-COOH-Ph 78
21 4u 4-Me-Ph 65
22 4v 4-OMe-Ph 87
23 4w 4-F-Ph 74
24 4x 4-Br-Ph 63
25 4y 4-CF3-Ph 77
26 4z 4-NO2-Ph 67
27 4aa 4-COOMe-Ph 87
28 4bb 4-COOH-Ph 76
29 4cc 3-OMe,5-OMe-Ph 79
30 4dd 3-Cl, 4F-Ph 87
31 4ee 3-pyridine 68
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Azides 4ff–4gg were synthesized by mixing the corresponding benzyl bromide and sodium azide in DMF for two hours (Scheme 4) [22,25]. The resulting products are listed in Table 2.

Scheme 4.

Scheme 4

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Preparation of azides 4ff, 4gg.

Table 2.

Synthesized azides 4ff–4gg.

Entry Azide Ar Yield
1 4ff Bn 82
2 4gg 2-Me-Bn 77
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Following the reaction shown in Scheme 2, using 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B 3 and azides 4a-4gg, compounds 5a-5gg were obtained (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Structures of 10-substituted 1,2,3-triazole-ginkgolide B derivatives 5a–5gg.

Following the reaction shown in Scheme 2, using 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide A 3′, 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide C 3″ and azides 4a, 4n, 4p, 4ff, 4gg, compounds 5′a-5′gg, 5″a-5″gg were obtained as illustrated in Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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Structures of 10-substituted 1,2,3-triazole-ginkgolide A derivatives 5′a-5′gg and 10-substituted 1,2,3-triazole-ginkgolide C derivatives 5″a-5″gg.

2.2. Biology

Since ginkgolide derivatives have shown antiplatelet aggregation activities as reported before [15,16,17,18], the as-synthesized ginkgolide-1,2,3-triazole derivatives were expected to show improved biological potency.

Firstly, the newly synthesized 10-substituted 1,2,3-triazole-ginkgolide B derivatives (5) were tested by the method of Born [26,27]. The result was given in Figure 3. Which showed some of them exhibited considerable activity better than ginkgolide B. The best results were obtained with compounds 5a, 5n, 5p, 5ff and 5gg.

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Antiplatelet aggregation activities of the 10-substituted 1,2,3-triazole-ginkgolide B derivatives. Ginkgolide B (1) was used as reference.

From the results shown above, we can preliminarily conclude that non-substituted benzyl (compound 5a) and phenyl (compound 5ff) 1,2,3-triazole conjugates have significantly enhanced antiplatelet aggregation activities compared to ginkgolide B (1). We can also see that the substitution at the meta- or/and para- positions of the benzyl group reduce the activity. Some small steric hindrance groups (such as methyl and cyano groups) substituted at the ortho-position of the phenyl (compounds 5n and 5p) and benzyl (compound 5gg) groups maintain or slightly reduce the activity.

In further studies, 10-substituted 1,2,3-triazole-ginkgolide A 5′ and ginkgolide C 5″ derivatives, having the same moieties as the most active ginkgolide B derivatives 5a, 5n, 5p, 5ff and 5gg, were synthesized and their antiplatelet aggregation activities tested and reported as inhibition ratios at 50 nM). The results are shown in Figure 4. Some of them exhibit better activity than not only their precursors 1′ or 1″, but also ginkgolide B (1). The best results were obtained with compounds 5′a, 5′ff, 5′gg and 5″gg.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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Antiplatelet aggregation activity activities of the 10-substituted 1,2,3-triazole-ginkgolide A and ginkgolide C derivatives. Ginkgolide B (1), ginkgolide A (1′) and ginkgolide C (1″) were used as reference.

The most active compounds obtained by method above, 5a, 5n, 5p, 5q, 5ff, 5gg, 5′a, 5′ff, 5′gg and 5″gg, were further examined in order to get their activity expressed as an IC50 value. The results are listed in Table 3.

Table 3.

In vitro antiplatelet aggregation activity study of some of ginkgolide-1,2,3-triazole derivatives.

Compound PAF-Induced Platelet Aggregation IC50 (nM) Compound PAF-Induced Platelet Aggregation IC50 (nM)
1 130.1 ± 20.0 5ff 5.31 ± 1.84
1′ 580.4 ± 50.3 5gg 5.68 ± 0.71
1″ 7540 ± 662 5′a 18.55 ± 2.25
5a 7.74 ± 1.89 5′ff 25.37 ± 4.25
5n 20.63 ± 2.84 5′gg 71.47 ± 6.26
5p 10.19 ± 2.03 5″gg 37.68 ± 4.17
5q 44.33 ± 4.42
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As we can see, compounds 5a, 5p, 5ff, 5gg and 5′a display promising antiplatelet aggregation activity with IC50 values ranging from 5–21 nM. Among them compounds 5ff and 5gg were the best among the series of compounds, showing about a 20-fold increase in comparison with the natural ginkgolide B (1).

In order to verify if the most active ginkgolide-1,2,3-triazole derivatives could also be considered as potential antiplatelet aggregation therapeutics, compounds 5a, 5n, 5p, 5q, 5ff, 5gg, 5′a, 5′ff and 5″gg were examined to confirm their cytotoxicity using an LDH assay [28]. The results are shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

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Cytotoxicity of some of ginkgolide-1,2,3-triazole derivatives: (a) Tested at 1 μM concentration. (b) Tested at 10 μM concentration. Ginkgolide B (1) was used as reference.

In addition, compounds 5a, 5p, 5ff, 5gg and 5′a were examined to confirm their toxicity on platelets using the LDH assay [29]. The results are shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6.

Figure 6

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Toxicity on platelets of some of ginkgolide-1,2,3-triazole derivatives: (a) Tested at 1 μM concentration. (b) Tested at 10 μM concentration. Ginkgolide B (1) was used as reference.

As shown in results above, these most active compounds did not demonstrate toxicity towards cardiomyocytes and platelets (p > 0.05) up to 10 μM (almost two order of magnitude higher than IC50 of ginkgolide B), which suggest that they have a broad therapeutic window/safety window.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. Compound Synthesis

3.1.1. General Experimental Procedures

All solvents and reagents of analytical grade were obtained from commercial sources. Flash chromatography was performed using silica gel (200–300 mesh, Qingdao Marine Chemical Group Co., Qingdao, China). All reactions were monitored by TLC on silica gel plates (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). NMR spectra were recorded in CDCl3 or DMSO at 400 or 600 MHz for 1H-NMR and 125 or 150 MHz for 13C-NMR on an Ascent 400 or 600 spectrometer (Bruker, Fallanden, Switzerland). The solvent signal was used as an internal standard. ESI-MS were recorded on an 1200/MSD mass spectrometer (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA). HREIMS were recorded on a LTQ Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer (Thermo, Bremen, Germany).

3.1.2. General Procedures for the Preparation 10-O-propargylated Ginkgolides

Propargyl bromide (2.4 mmol) were slowly added to a mixture of ginkgolide (1, 1′ or 1″, 2.0 mmol) and K2CO3 (4.0 mmol) in acetonitrile (15 mL). The reaction mixture was refluxed for 24 h under an argon atmosphere and then was extracted with EtOAc three times. The combined organic phases were dried over anhydrous MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography (SiO2, petroleum ether (PE)/EtOAc stepwise elution, 1:1 to EtOAc).

10-O-Propargylated ginkgolide B (3). Following the described procedure, 602 mg (65%) of compound 3 were obtained from 829 mg (2.0 mmol) of ginkgolide B (1). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 6.46 (s, 1H), 6.14 (s, 1H), 5.32 (d, J = 4.1 Hz, 1H), 5.19 (s, 1H), 5.15 (d, J = 4.9 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (ddd, J = 70.7, 15.8, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 4.61 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.09 (dd, J = 6.9, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 3.62 (t, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 2.84 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.13 (dd, J = 13.6, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 1.99 (s, 1H), 1.87 (td, J = 13.9, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 1.71 (dd, J = 14.4, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 1.11 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.05 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.77, 172.56, 170.63, 110.02, 99.51, 93.37, 83.06, 79.71, 79.29, 74.96, 74.12, 72.41, 67.84, 60.23, 57.91, 49.08, 41.96, 36.96, 32.29, 29.38 (3C), 8.44. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C23H26O10 [M + H]+: 463.1599, found 463.1531.

10-O-Propargylated ginkgolide A (3′), Following the described procedure, 286 mg (32%) of compound 3′ were obtained from 797 mg (2.0 mmol) of ginkgolide A (1′). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 6.43 (s, 1H), 6.12 (s, 1H), 5.10 (s, 1H), 5.00 (d, J = 4.1 Hz, 1H), 4.86 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.72 (dd, J = 15.6, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 4.50 (dd, J = 15.5, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 3.59 (s, 1H), 3.17 (d, J = 5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.91 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.75 (dd, J = 15.1, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.08 (dd, J = 13.7, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 1.99 (s, 1H), 1.95 (dd, J = 13.8, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 1.82 (dd, J = 15.1, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 1.72 (dd, J = 14.1, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 1.23 (s, 2H), 1.12 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.03 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.91,172.75, 170.96, 110.08, 100.94, 87.95, 86.48, 85.31, 79.49, 78.95, 75.32, 68.67, 66.83, 57.81, 49.07, 49.03, 36.78, 36.45, 32.25, 29.24 (3C), 8.64. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C23H26O9 [M + H]+: 447.1650, found 447.1582.

10-O-Propargylated ginkgolide C (3″). Following the described procedure, 669 mg (69%) of compound 3″ were obtained from 861 mg (2.0 mmol) of ginkgolide A (1″). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 6.47 (s, 1H), 6.17 (s, 1H), 5.68 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 5.26 (d, J = 5.0 Hz, 1H), 5.18 (s, 1H), 4.71 (ddd, J = 67.5, 15.8, 2.5 Hz, 2H), 4.59 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.06–4.01 (m, 2H), 3.99 (ddd, J = 12.6 Hz, 6.1 Hz, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (s, 1H), 2.82 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.50 (s, 2H), 1.99 (s, 2H), 1.54 (d, J = 12.5 Hz, 1H), 1.18 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.12 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.73, 172.50, 170.90, 109.86, 99.26, 93.45, 83.06, 79.82, 79.29, 74.79, 74.17, 73.95, 67.05, 64.01, 60.23, 58.01, 49.26, 41.94, 32.20, 21.23 (3C), 8.48. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C23H26O11 [M + H]+: 479.1548, found 479.1472.

3.1.3. General Procedures for the Preparation of 10-Substituted 1,2,3-triazole-Ginkgolide Derivatives

Sodium ascorbate (0.03 mmol) and CuSO4 (0.01 mmol) were added in single portions to a solution of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide 3, 3′ or 3″ (0.1 mmol) and corresponding azide 4 (0.11 mmol) in 1:1:1 t-BuOH/ H2O/THF (3 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 48 h under an argon atmosphere and then was extracted with EtOAc three times. The combined organic phases were dried over anhydrous MgSO4, filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography (SiO2, PE/EtOAc 1:3 stepwise elution to EtOAc) to afford the appropriate compound 5.

10-O-(1-Phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5a). Following the described procedure, 42.3 mg (73%) of compound 5a were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.798 (1H, s), 7.88 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.50–7.64 (m, 3H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 6.20 (s, 1H), 5.52 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 1H), 5.45 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (dd, J = 6.8 Hz, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (q, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.11 (dd, J = 13.6 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.84 (ddd, J = 14.0 Hz, 13.6 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.73 (dd, J =14.4 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.32, 172.51, 170.12, 143.76, 136.46, 129.96 (2C), 128.94, 121.59, 120.23 (2C), 109.68, 98.88, 92.62, 82.47, 78.49, 75.16, 73.77, 71.96, 67.34, 63.00, 48.73, 41.56, 36.54, 31.73, 28.64 (3C), 7.84. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C29H31N3O10 [M + H]+: 582.2082, found 582.2062.

10-O-(1-(2-Chlorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5b). Following the described procedure, 21.0 mg (34%) of compound 5b were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.78 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.58–7.71 (m,2H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 6.20 (s, 1H), 5.50 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 5.46 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 5.33–5.35 (m, 2H), 4.97 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (dd, J = 7.2 Hz, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 2.12 (dd, J = 13.6 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.85 (ddd, J = 14.4 Hz, 13.4 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.74 (dd, J = 14.4 Hz, 4.0 Hz,1H), 1.12 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H), 176.30, 172.47, 170.10, 142.91, 134.30, 131.77, 130.60, 128.52, 128.39, 128.31, 125.43, 109.67, 98.86, 92.58, 82.46, 78.47, 75.25, 73.74, 71.93, 67.32, 63.07, 48.72, 41.55, 36.51, 31.72, 28.65 (3C), 8.57 (s,1H). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ7.82, 7.80 (d, J = 1.2 Hz, 1H). HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C29H30ClN3O10 [M + H]+: 616.1692, found 616.1670.

10-O-(1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5c). Following the described procedure, 40.1 mg (65%) of compound 5c were obtained as method 1, from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3).1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.87 (s, 1H), 8.02 (s, 1H), 7.59–7.91 (m, 3H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 6.20 (s, 1H), 5.43–5.46 (m, 2H), 5.33 (s, 2H), 4.93 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (dd, J = 7.0 Hz, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (q, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.11 (dd, J = 13.0 Hz, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 1.86 (ddd, J = 14.2 Hz, 13.4 Hz, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 1.73 (dd, J = 14.4 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.12(d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.28, 172.46, 170.08, 143.82, 137.48, 134.20, 131.69, 128.74, 121.91, 120.02, 118.84, 109.66, 98.88, 92.60, 82.47, 78.45, 75.14, 73.75, 71.93, 67.29, 62.90, 48.71, 41.53, 36.51, 31.70, 28.62 (3C), 7.82. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C29H30ClN3O10 [M + H]+: 616.1692, found 616.1674.

10-O-(1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5d). Following the described procedure, 20.3 mg (33%) of compound 5d were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ8.82 (s,1H), 7.68–7.94 (dd, 4H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 6.20 (s, 1H), 5.43–5.48 (m, 2H), 5.32–5.33 (m, 2H), 4.92 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (dd, J = 7.0 Hz, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (q, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.11 (dd, J = 13.0 Hz, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 1.83 (ddd, J = 14.4 Hz, 13.2Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.73 (dd, J = 14.4 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.28, 172.46, 170.08, 143.87, 135.24, 133.19, 129.91 (2C), 121.90 (2C), 121.73, 109.66, 98.87, 92.60, 82.46, 78.45, 75.16, 73.74, 71.92, 67.30, 62.93, 48.70, 41.53, 36.51, 31.70, 28.62 (3C), 7.81. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C29H30ClN3O10 [M + H]+: 616.1692, found 616.1671.

10-O-(1-(2,6-Dichlorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5e). Following the described procedure, 34.5 mg (53%) of compound 5e were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ8.54 (s,1H), 7.68–7.81(m, 3H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 6.20 (s, 1H), 5.47 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 5.32–5.54 (m, 2H), 5.24 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.19 (dd, J = 7.2 Hz, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.87 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.13 (dd, J = 13.2 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.84 (ddd, J = 14.2 Hz, 13.4 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.74 (dd, J = 14.4 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.12 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.03 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.27, 172.38, 170.07, 143.11, 133.04, 132.58 (2C), 132.42, 129.26 (2C), 125.88, 109.68, 98.82, 92.40, 82.48, 78.45, 75.51, 73.74, 71.91, 67.28, 63.20, 48.68, 41.54, 36.50, 31.74, 28.69 (3C), 7.80. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C29H29Cl2N3O10 [M + H]+: 650.1303, found 650.1287.

10-O-(1-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5f). Following the described procedure, 29.3 mg (45%) of compound 5f were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.57 (s,1H), 8.02(d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.68–7.76(m, 2H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 6.20 (s, 1H), 5.43–5.48 (m, 2H), 5.33–5.40 (m, 2H), 4.96 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (dd, J = 7.2 Hz, 4.8Hz, 1H), 2.88 (q, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.12 (dd, J = 12.8 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.84 (ddd, J = 14.2 Hz, 13.2 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.74 (dd, J = 14.4 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.12(d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H).13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.27, 172.44, 170.07, 143.02, 135.51, 133.34, 130.16, 129.64, 129.49, 128.65, 125.51, 109.65, 98.85, 92.58, 82.45, 78.44, 75.27, 73.71, 71.91, 67.30, 63.03, 59.71, 48.69, 41.53, 36.49, 31.71, 28.64 (3C), 7.81. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C29H29Cl2N3O10 [M + H]+: 650.1303, found 650.1289.

10-O-(1-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5g). Following the described procedure, 38.3 mg (34%) of compound 5g were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.92 (s,1H), 8.05 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 2H), 7.80 (t, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 6.20 (s, 1H), 5.44 (d, J = 12.0 Hz,1H), 5.36 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 5.32–5.35 (m, 2H), 4.93 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (dd, J = 7.2 Hz, 4.6Hz, 1H), 2.87 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.11 (dd, J = 12.8 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.83 (ddd, J = 14.4 Hz, 13.2 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.73 (dd, J = 14.4 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.12 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.28, 172.43, 170.08, 143.90, 138.05, 135.26 (2C), 128.27, 122.22, 118.98, 118.88, 109.66, 98.91, 92.60, 82.49, 78.44, 75.17, 73.75, 71.93, 67.28, 62.84, 48.71, 41.52, 36.51, 31.71, 28.62 (3C), 7.84. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C29H29Cl2N3O10 [M + H]+: 650.1303, found 650.1287.

10-O-(1-(3-Fluorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5h). Following the described procedure, 32.4 mg (54%) of compound 5h were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3).1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.99 (s, 1H), 7.16–7.54 (m, 4H), 6.01 (s, 1H), 5.67 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 1H), 5.53 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, 1H), 5.05 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 1H), 4.96 (s, 1H), 4.91 (d, J = 11.2 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.40 (dd, J = 7.6 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.07 (q, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.84 (s, 1H), 2.28 (dd, J = 12.8 Hz, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 2.05 (ddd, J = 16.8 Hz, 10.8 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.98 (dd, J = 14.2 Hz, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 1.30 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.13 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.28, 172.46, 170.08, 143.86, 137.64, 131.93, 121.85, 116.14, 115.66, 109.66, 107.83, 107.62, 92.60, 82.47, 78.45, 75.17, 73.75, 71.93, 67.30, 62.92, 48.71, 41.53, 36.51, 31.71, 28.62 (3C), 7.82. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C29H31FN3O10 [M + H]+: 600.1993, found 600.2014.

10-O-(1-(4-Chloro-3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5i). Following the described procedure, 27.9 mg (41%) of compound 5i were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.07 (s,1H), 7.70–8.09 (m, 3H), 6.01 (s, 1H,), 5.65 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 1H), 5.52 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.97 (s, 1H), 4.91 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (dd, J = 7.6 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.07 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 2.98 (s, 1H), 2.28 (dd, J = 12.8 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 2.04 (ddd, J = 14.0 Hz, 13.2 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.95 (dd, J = 14.4 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.30 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.12 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.27, 172.44, 170.07, 143.99, 135.40, 133.39, 130.69, 128.15, 127.83, 125.51, 122.25, 119.60, 109.66, 98.88, 92.56, 82.47, 78.43, 75.19, 73.74, 71.93, 67.28, 62.84, 48.70, 41.53, 36.50, 31.70, 28.62 (3C), 7.82. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C30H29ClF3N3O10 [M + H]+: 684.1566, found 684.1544.

10-O-(1-(4-Trifluoromethoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5j). Following the described procedure, 20.6 mg (31%) of compound 5j were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.83 (s,1H), 8.03 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.65 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 6.20 (s, 1H), 5.43–5.49 (m, 2H), 5.32–5.34 (m, 2H), 4.93 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (dd, J = 7.2 Hz, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 2.11 (dd, J = 13.2 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.84 (ddd, J = 14.2 Hz, 13.4 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.73 (dd, J = 14.4 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.13(d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.28, 172.46, 170.08, 148.02, 143.91, 135.30, 122.63 (2C), 122.30 (2C), 121.97, 121.00, 109.66, 98.87, 92.61, 82.46, 78.45, 75.17, 73.74, 71.93, 67.30, 62.94, 48.71, 41.53, 36.51, 31.70, 28.62 (3C), 7.81. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C30H30F3N3O11 [M + H]+: 666.1905, found 666.1887.

10-O-(1-(3,5-Ditrifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5k). Following the described procedure, 32.3 mg (45%) of compound 5k were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.14 (s, 1H), 8.62 (s, 2H), 8.31 (s, 1H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 6.21 (s, 1H), 5.47 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 5.35 (s, 1H), 5.30–5.33 (m, 2H), 4.96 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (dd, J = 7.2 Hz, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (q, J = 6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.12 (dd, J = 12.8 Hz, 4.0 Hz,1H), 1.71–1.87 (m, 2H), 1.13 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.03 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.28, 172.44, 170.07, 144.01, 137.73, 132.00 (2C), 131.73 (2C), 123.81, 122.64, 121.64, 121.07, 109.68, 98.90, 92.54, 82.49, 78.42, 75.22, 73.77, 71.94, 62.78, 48.71, 41.53, 36.50, 31.71, 28.63 (3C), 7.83. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C31H29F6N3O10 [M + H]+: 718.1830, found 718.1808.

10-O-(1-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5l). Following the described procedure, 35.0 mg (55%) of compound 5l were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.75 (s, 1H), 7.78 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.62 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 6.20 (s, 1H), 5.58 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 1H), 5.44 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 5.33 (s, 2H), 4.93 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (dd, J = 7.2 Hz, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.11 (dd, J = 13.2 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.83 (ddd, J = 14.4 Hz, 13.2 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.73 (dd, J = 14.4 Hz, 3.8 Hz, 1H), 1.33 (s, 9H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.01 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.29, 172.50, 170.08, 150.60, 143.60, 134.13, 126.64 (2C), 121.49, 119.98 (2C), 109.65, 98.84, 92.60, 82.43, 78.46, 75.09, 73.73, 71.93, 67.32, 62.97, 48.71, 41.54, 36.51, 34.50, 31.70, 30.95 (3C), 28.62 (3C), 7.80. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C33H39N3O10 [M + H]+: 638.2708, found 638.2689.

10-O-(1-(3-Bromophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5m). Following the described procedure, 38.3 mg (58%) of compound 5m were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.87 (s, 1H), 8.14 (t, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.94 (dd, J = 8.2 Hz, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 6.20 (s, 1H), 5.43–5.46 (m, 2H), 5.33 (s, 2H), 4.93 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (dd, J = 7.2 Hz, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.11 (dd, J = 13.2 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.83 (ddd, J = 14.4 Hz, 13.2 Hz, 4.0 Hz, 1H), 1.73 (dd, J = 14.4 Hz, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 1.12 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.01 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (125 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.28, 172.46, 170.08, 143.79, 137.55, 131.90, 131.66, 122.77, 122.43, 121.92, 119.23, 109.66, 98.88, 92.60, 82.47, 78.45, 75.13, 73.75, 71.93, 67.29, 62.89, 48.71, 41.53, 36.51, 31.70, 28.62 (3C), 7.83. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C29H31BrN3O10 [M + H]+: 660.1193, found 660.1207.

10-O-(1-(2-Methylphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5n). Following the described procedure, 39.3 mg (66%) of compound 5n were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.46 (s, 1H), 7.52–7.47 (m, 2H), 7.46–7.41 (m, 2H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 6.20(s, 1H), 5.57 (d, J = 4.6 Hz, 1H), 5.45 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 5.35–5.33 (m, 2H), 4.97 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (dd, J = 7.2, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 2.89 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 2.13 (dd, J = 13.7, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 1.91–1.80 (m, 1H), 1.75 (dd, J = 14.4 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.03 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.83, 173.02, 170.63, 143.35, 136.56, 133.54, 131.90, 130.45, 127.53, 126.45, 125.28, 110.16, 99.33, 93.08, 82.94, 79.01, 75.62, 74.23, 72.43, 67.83, 63.57, 49.20, 41.90, 37.01, 32.22, 29.14 (3C), 17.84, 8.32. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C30H34N3O10 [M + H]+: 596.2244, found 596.2249.

10-O-(1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5o). Following the described procedure, 22.1 mg (37%) of compound 5o were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 10.59 (s, 1H), 8.51 (s, 1H), 7.60 (dd, J = 7.9, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.36 (ddd, J = 8.2, 7.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (dd, J = 8.2, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (td, J = 7.8, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 6.46 (s, 1H), 6.20 (s, 1H), 5.64 (d, J = 4.7 Hz, 1H), 5.45 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 5.34–5.32 (m, 2H), 4.93 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (dd, J = 7.2, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 2.92–2.84 (m, 1H), 2.12 (dd, J = 13.3 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.84 (td, J = 13.8 Hz, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 1.74 (dd, J = 14.3 Hz, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 175.74, 171.96, 169.55, 149.06, 141.97, 129.74, 124.60, 124.12, 123.73, 118.97, 116.45, 109.07, 98.23, 91.99, 81.83, 77.91, 74.66, 73.13, 71.35, 66.74, 62.61, 48.10, 40.98, 35.93, 31.15, 28.07 (3C), 7.23. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C29H32N3O11 [M + H]+: 598.2037, found 598.2051.

10-O-(1-(2-Cyanophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5p). Following the described procedure, 25.5 mg (42%) of compound 5p were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.74 (s, 1H), 8.16 (dd, J = 7.8, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (td, J = 7.9, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.90–7.86 (m, 1H), 7.79 (td, J = 7.7, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.49 (s, 1H), 6.20 (s, 1H), 5.48 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 2H), 5.37–5.30 (m, 2H), 4.99 (d, J = 12.3 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.92–2.85 (m, 1H), 2.11 (dd, J = 13.5, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 1.86 (dt, J = 13.7, 7.0 Hz, 1H), 1.74 (dd, J = 14.4, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.81, 172.97, 170.63, 144.21, 138.10, 135.41, 135.30, 130.92, 126.18, 124.91, 116.22, 110.16, 107.43, 99.41, 93.18, 82.97, 79.00, 75.76, 74.22, 72.41, 67.82, 63.48, 49.20, 42.04, 37.01, 32.22, 29.13 (3C), 8.35. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C30H31N4O10 [M + H]+: 607.2040, found 607.2050.

10-O-(1-(3-Methylphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5q). Following the described procedure, 26.8 mg (45%) of compound 5q were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.78 (s, 1H), 7.72 (t, J = 2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.68–7.63 (m, 1H), 7.50 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 6.20 (s, 1H), 5.50 (d, J = 4.5 Hz, 1H), 5.44 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 5.33 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 2H), 4.93 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.22–4.18 (m, 1H), 2.88 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 2.11 (dd, J = 13.4 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.83 (td, J = 13.8 Hz, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 1.74 (dd, J = 14.4, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 175.72, 171.93, 169.53, 143.06, 139.14, 135.83, 129.16, 128.93, 120.98, 120.04, 116.73, 109.08, 98.26, 92.00, 81.87, 77.89, 74.53, 73.16, 71.35, 66.72, 62.36, 48.11, 40.97, 35.93, 31.13, 28.04 (3C), 20.32, 7.25. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C30H34N3O10 [M + H]+: 596.2244, found 596.2255.

10-O-(1-(3-Isopropylphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5r). Following the described procedure, 34.3 mg (55%) of compound 5r were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.81 (s, 1H), 7.75 (t, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.68–7.67 (m, 1H), 7.53 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 1H), 6.50 (s, 1H), 6.20 (s, 1H), 5.54 (d, J = 4.6 Hz, 1H), 5.45 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 5.34 (d, J = 3.4 Hz, 2H), 4.94 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (dd, J = 7.1 Hz, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 3.06–2.99 (m, 1H), 2.89 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 2.12 (dd, J = 13.4 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.83 (td, J = 13.8, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 1.74 (dd, J = 14.4 Hz, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 1.27 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 6H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.83, 173.02, 170.63, 150.14, 144.04, 136.99, 130.39, 127.50, 122.12, 118.67, 118.27, 110.16, 99.35, 93.06, 82.94, 78.99, 75.60, 74.25, 72.44, 67.81, 63.41, 49.19, 42.04, 37.00, 33.87, 32.20, 29.11 (3C), 24.11 (2C), 8.32. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C32H38N3O10 [M + H]+: 624.2557, found 624.2565.

10-O-(1-(3-Ethylcarboxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5s). Following the described procedure, 17.6 mg (27%) of compound 5s were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.94 (s, 1H), 8.40 (s, 1H), 8.18 (dd, J = 8.1, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 8.08 (dd, J = 7.8, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (t, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.49 (s, 1H), 6.21 (s, 1H), 5.48 (d, J = 4.6 Hz, 1H), 5.46 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 5.36–5.31 (m, 2H), 4.95 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.22 (dd, J = 7.1, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.89 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 2.11 (dd, J = 13.4 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.84 (td, J = 13.8 Hz, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 1.74 (dd, J = 14.4 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.36 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.81, 173.00, 170.61, 165.21, 144.41, 137.17, 132.08, 131.16, 129.77, 125.17, 122.46, 120.88, 110.16, 99.37, 93.11, 82.96, 78.98, 75.64, 74.23, 72.43, 67.80, 63.39, 61.85, 49.20, 42.04, 37.00, 32.21, 29.12 (3C), 14.59, 8.34. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C32H36N3O12 [M + H]+: 654.2299, found 654.2309.

10-O-(1-(3-Carboxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5t). Following the described procedure, 15.6 mg (25%) of compound 5t were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 13.45 (s, 1H), 8.94 (s, 1H), 8.38 (s, 1H), 8.16–8.14 (m, 1H), 8.11–7.99 (m, 1H), 7.76 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 6.21 (s, 1H), 5.47–5.44 (m, 2H), 5.35–5.28 (m, 2H), 4.94 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (dd, J = 7.1 Hz, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.89 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.11 (dd, J = 13.4 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.84 (td, J = 13.8 Hz, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 1.74 (dd, J = 14.4 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.81, 173.01, 170.62, 166.75, 144.21, 136.99, 133.01, 130.95, 129.88, 124.72, 122.30, 120.85, 110.07, 99.24, 92.99, 82.94, 78.93, 75.54, 74.21, 72.38, 67.74, 63.34, 49.20, 42.04, 36.74, 32.20, 29.12 (3C), 8.26. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C30H32N3O12 [M + H]+: 626.1986, found 626.1998.

10-O-(1-(4-Methylphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5u). Following the described procedure, 31.5 mg (53%) of compound 5u were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.75 (s, 1H), 7.76 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.42 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 6.46 (s, 1H), 6.20 (s, 1H), 5.53 (d, J = 4.6 Hz, 1H), 5.44 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 5.33 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 2H), 4.92 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (dd, J = 7.2, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 2.39 (s, 3H), 2.11 (dd, J = 13.4 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.83 (td, J = 13.8 Hz, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 1.73 (dd, J = 14.4 Hz, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 175.72, 171.94, 169.52, 142.94, 137.81, 133.34, 129.57 (2C), 120.81, 119.40 (2C), 109.01, 98.21, 91.97, 81.84, 77.84, 74.37, 73.03, 71.26, 66.65, 62.28, 47.99, 40.81, 35.83, 30.92, 28.04 (3C), 19.99, 7.01. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C30H34N3O10 [M + H]+: 596.2244, found 596.2251.

10-O-(1-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5v). Following the described procedure, 20.8 mg (34%) of compound 5v were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.69 (s, 1H), 7.78 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.15 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 2H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 6.20 (s, 1H), 5.57 (d, J = 4.6 Hz, 1H), 5.44 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 5.33 (s, 2H), 4.92 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (dd, J = 7.2, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 2.88 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.11 (dd, J = 13.4 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.83 (td, J = 13.8 Hz, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 1.74 (dd, J = 14.4 Hz, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.83, 173.02, 170.63, 159.92, 144.00, 130.31, 122.40 (2C), 121.94, 115.42 (2C), 110.16, 99.34, 93.08, 82.93, 79.00, 75.43, 74.13, 72.34, 67.75, 63.27, 55.84, 49.09, 41.96, 36.94, 32.01, 28.95 (3C), 8.19. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C30H34N3O11 [M + H]+: 612.2193, found 612.2205.

10-O-(1-(4-Fluorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5w). Following the described procedure, 13.5 mg (22%) of compound 5w were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.69 (s, 1H), 7.93–7.89 (m, 2H), 7.49–7.44 (m, 2H), 6.64 (s, 1H), 6.19 (s, 1H), 5.63 (d, J = 4.5 Hz, 1H), 5.46 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 5.37 (d, J = 4.1 Hz, 1H), 5.31 (s, 1H), 4.97 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (dd, J = 7.1 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 2.91 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.14 (dd, J = 13.5 Hz, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 1.86 (td, J = 13.9 Hz, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 1.75 (dd, J = 14.4 Hz, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 1.15 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.03 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 177.01, 172.98, 170.81, 162.28 (d, JC-F = 246.4 Hz), 144.27, 133.33 (d, JC-F = 2.5 Hz), 123.18 (d, JC-F = 8.9 Hz, 2C), 122.14, 117.30 (d, JC-F = 23.3 Hz, 2C), 110.18, 99.41, 93.08, 82.95, 79.16, 75.63, 74.28, 72.44, 67.85, 63.41, 49.21, 42.02, 36.95, 32.11, 29.03 (3C), 7.94. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C29H31FN3O10 [M + H]+: 600.1993, found 600.2010.

10-O-(1-(4-Bromophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5x). Following the described procedure, 18.5 mg (28%) of compound 5x were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.83 (s, 1H), 7.88–7.85 (m, 2H), 7.85–7.81 (m, 2H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 6.20 (s, 1H), 5.47 (d, J = 4.6 Hz, 1H), 5.45 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 5.33 (d, J = 4.1 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (dd, J = 7.1 Hz, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.11 (dd, J = 13.4 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.83 (td, J = 13.8 Hz, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 1.74 (dd, J = 14.4 Hz, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.80, 172.99, 170.60, 144.39, 136.14, 133.35 (2C), 122.63 (2C), 122.20, 122.09, 110.16, 99.36, 93.10, 82.96, 78.97, 75.65, 74.23, 72.42, 67.79, 63.33, 49.02, 41.91, 36.81, 32.10, 28.98 (3C), 8.26. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C29H31BrN3O10 [M + H]+: 660.1193, found 660.1208.

10-O-(1-(4-Trifluoromethylphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole)ginkgolide B (5y). Following the described procedure, 20.1 mg (31%) of compound 5y were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.95 (s, 1H), 8.15 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 8.02 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 6.21 (s, 1H), 5.47 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 5.45 (d, J = 4.6 Hz, 1H), 5.35–5.32 (m, 2H), 4.95 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (dd, J = 7.1 Hz, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.89 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.11 (dd, J = 13.4 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.84 (td, J = 13.8 Hz, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 1.74 (dd, J = 14.4 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.81, 172.98, 170.61, 144.59, 139.72, 129.34 (q, JC-F = 32.1 Hz), 127.78 (q, JC-F = 3.6 Hz, 2C), 124.27 (q, J = 270.5 Hz), 122.50, 121.21 (2C), 110.16, 99.38, 93.12, 82.97, 78.97, 75.68, 74.24, 72.42, 67.80, 63.39, 49.19, 42.04, 37.01, 32.21, 29.12 (3C), 8.34. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C30H31F3N3O10 [M + H]+: 650.1962, found 650.1967.

10-O-(1-(4-Nitrophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5z). Following the described procedure, 21.9 mg (35%) of compound 5z were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.00 (s, 1H), 8.49–8.47 (m, 2H), 8.23–8.20 (m, 2H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 6.20 (d, J = 6.2 Hz, 1H), 5.46 (t, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 5.40 (d, J = 4.6 Hz, 1H), 5.36–5.32 (m, 2H), 4.95 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (dd, J = 7.1 Hz, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.93–2.84 (m, 1H), 2.11 (dd, J = 13.4 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.84 (td, J = 13.8 Hz, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 1.74 (dd, J = 14.4 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.79, 172.97, 170.60, 147.38, 144.82, 141.16, 126.13 (2C), 122.76, 121.30 (2C), 110.16, 99.39, 93.14, 82.98, 78.96, 75.74, 74.23, 72.41, 67.79, 63.37, 49.19, 42.04, 37.01, 32.22, 29.13 (3C), 8.35. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C29H31N4O12 [M + H]+: 627.1938, found 627.1948.

10-O-(1-(4-Methylcarboxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5aa). Following the described procedure, 18.5 mg (29%) of compound 5aa were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3), 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.94 (s, 1H), 8.20–8.16 (m, 2H), 8.09–8.06 (m, 2H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 6.21 (s, 1H), 5.46 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 5.42 (d, J = 4.6 Hz, 1H), 5.36–5.28 (m, 2H), 4.94 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (dd, J = 7.1 Hz, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 2.88 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.11 (dd, J = 13.4 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.84 (td, J = 13.8 Hz, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 1.74 (dd, J = 14.4 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.80, 172.98, 170.60, 165.79, 144.58, 140.11, 131.53 (2C), 130.08, 122.40, 120.57 (2C), 110.16, 99.38, 93.12, 82.97, 78.97, 75.71, 74.23, 72.42, 67.79, 63.41, 52.64, 49.03, 42.04, 36.70, 32.12, 28.90 (3C), 8.29. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C31H34N3O12 [M + H]+: 640.2142, found 640.2154.

10-O-(1-(4-Carboxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5bb). Following the described procedure, 16.3 mg (26%) of compound 5bb were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.88 (s, 1H), 8.16 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 8.16 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.50 (s, 1H), 6.19 (s, 1H), 5.49–5.44 (m, 2H), 5.35–5.32 (m, 2H), 4.94 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (dd, J = 7.2 Hz, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.11 (dd, J = 13.4 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.83 (td, J = 13.8 Hz, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 1.73 (dd, J = 14.4 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.84, 172.98, 170.50, 166.86, 144.40, 139.78, 131.60 (2C), 131.29, 122.20, 120.28 (2C), 109.95, 99.28, 93.09, 82.95, 79.01, 75.55, 74.25, 72.32, 67.76, 63.29, 49.16, 41.92, 36.87, 32.10, 29.11 (3C), 8.25. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C30H32N3O12 [M + H]+: 626.1986, found 626.1998.

10-O-(1-(3,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5cc). Following the described procedure, 22.5 mg (35%) of compound 5cc were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.79 (s, 1H), 7.05 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 2H), 6.63 (t, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.52 (s, 1H), 6.18 (s, 1H), 5.52 (s, J = 4.2 Hz, 1H), 5.43 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 5.34 (d, J = 4.2 Hz, 1H), 5.32 (s, 1H), 4.92 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (dd, J = 7.2 Hz, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 3.84 (s, 6H), 2.88 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.11 (dd, J = 13.4 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.83 (td, J = 13.8, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 1.73 (dd, J = 14.4 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.87, 173.00, 170.66, 161.70 (2C), 144.08, 138.40, 122.15, 110.17, 100.86, 99.37, 98.98 (2C), 93.05, 82.94, 79.03, 75.60, 74.26, 72.43, 67.81, 63.37, 56.21 (2C), 49.20, 42.03, 36.98, 32.17, 29.09 (3C), 8.31. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C31H36N3O12 [M + H]+: 642.2299, found 642.2308.

10-O-(1-(3-Chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5dd). Following the described procedure, 29.2 mg (46%) of compound 5dd were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.83 (s, 1H), 8.20–8.18 (m, 1H), 8.00–7.88 (m, 1H), 7.75–7.60 (m, 1H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 6.20 (s, 1H), 5.46–5.41 (m, 2H), 5.33 (s, 2H), 4.93 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.23–4.17 (m, 1H), 2.88 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.11 (dd, J = 13.4 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.83 (td, J = 13.8 Hz, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 1.73 (dd, J = 14.4 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H). HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C29H30ClFN3O10 [M + H]+: 634.1604, found 634.1619.

10-O-(1-(3-Pyridinyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5ee). Following the described procedure, 45.7 mg (67%) of compound 5ee were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 9.13 (d, J = 2.5 Hz, 1H), 8.88 (s, 1H), 8.71 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 8.35–8.30 (m, 1H), 7.68 (dd, J = 8.4, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 6.49 (s, 1H), 6.21 (s, 1H), 5.49 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 5.47 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 5.34 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 2H), 4.95 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.21 (dd, J = 7.1 Hz, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 2.88 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 2.12 (dd, J = 13.5 Hz, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 1.85 (td, J = 13.8 Hz, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 1.74 (dd, J = 14.4 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.03 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.80, 172.99, 170.59, 150.41, 144.45, 141.84, 133.59, 128.59, 125.10, 122.47, 110.07, 99.32, 92.92, 82.84, 78.99, 75.45, 73.96, 72.07, 67.61, 63.29, 48.94, 42.04, 36.71, 31.75, 29.12 (3C), 8.16. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C28H31N4O10 [M + H]+: 583.2040, found 583.2056.

10-O-(1-Benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5ff). Following the described procedure, 42.8 mg (72%) of compound 5ff were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.17 (s, 1H), 7.41–7.30 (m, 5H), 6.47 (s, 1H), 6.17 (s, 1H), 5.64 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 1H), 5.61 (s, 2H), 5.35–5.31 (m, 2H), 5.27 (s, 1H), 4.84 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.17 (dd, J = 7.1 Hz, 4.5 Hz, 1H), 2.86 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 2.09 (dd, J = 12.9 Hz, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 1.77 (td, J = 13.8 Hz, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 1.70 (dd, J = 14.4 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.12 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.98 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.83, 172.99, 170.62, 143.50, 136.17, 129.26 (2C), 128.69, 128.48 (2C), 123.01, 109.77, 98.98, 92.78, 82.56, 78.85, 75.51, 74.03, 72.28, 67.54, 63.16, 53.19, 48.92, 41.92, 36.77, 31.99, 28.81 (3C), 8.15. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C30H34N3O10 [M + H]+: 596.2244, found 596.2266.

10-O-(((Anthracen-2-yloxy)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide B (5gg). Following the described procedure, 43.5 mg (70%) of compound 5gg were obtained from 46.2 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide B (3). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.22 (s, 1H), 7.93 (dd, J = 7.8 Hz, 1.3 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (td, J = 7.7 Hz, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (td, J = 7.7 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.38 (dd, J = 7.9 Hz, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.45 (s, 1H), 6.17 (s, 1H), 5.83 (s, 2H), 5.58 (d, J = 4.6 Hz, 1H), 5.36 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 5.31 (d, J = 3.9 Hz, 1H), 5.28 (s, 1H), 4.86 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.61 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.17 (dd, J = 7.2 Hz, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.87 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.50 (s, 2H), 2.09 (dd, J = 13.0 Hz, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 1.99 (s, 2H), 1.83–1.68 (m, 2H), 1.18 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.12 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 0.98 (s, 9H). 13C NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.91, 172.97, 170.70, 143.52, 138.80, 134.36, 133.90, 130.22, 129.89, 124.13, 117.45, 111.79, 110.15, 99.32, 82.87, 79.06, 75.62, 74.19, 72.42, 67.81, 63.54, 60.34, 51.71, 49.15, 42.02, 36.92, 32.12, 29.04(3C), 8.25. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C31H32N4O10 [M + H]+: 621.2198, found 621.2170.

10-O-(1-Phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide A (5′a). Following the described procedure, 36.2 mg (64%) of compound 5′a were obtained from 44.6 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide A (3′). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.51 (s, 1H), 7.48 (s, 2H), 7.43 (d, J = 16.7 Hz, 2H), 6.45–6.32 (m, 1H), 6.15 (s, 1H), 5.36 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H), 5.23 (s, 1H), 4.95 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.89 (d, J = 11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.83 (dd, J = 8.4 Hz, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 3.85–3.71 (m, 2H), 3.62–3.56 (m, 1H), 3.17 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H), 2.95 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.75 (dd, J = 15.1 Hz, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.04 (dd, J = 13.6 Hz, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 2.01–1.91 (m, 2H), 1.91–1.80 (m, 2H), 1.79–1.70 (m, 3H), 1.70–1.63 (m, 1H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.98, 173.22, 171.05, 144.45, 130.41(2C), 122.91, 120.67(2C), 110.14, 100.81, 87.96, 86.50, 85.31, 75.74, 68.63, 66.81, 66.19, 63.35, 49.16, 36.78, 36.45, 33.62, 32.19, 29.17(3C), 23.75, 8.59. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C29H31N3O9 [M + H]+: 566.2133, found 566.2111.

10-O-(1-(2-Methylphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide A (5′n). Following the described procedure, 40.0 mg (69%) of compound 5′n were obtained from 44.6 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide A (3′). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.51 (s, 1H), 7.52–7.48 (m, 2H), 7.44 (dd, J = 2.2, 1.0 Hz, 2H), 6.40 (s, 1H), 6.15 (s, 1H), 5.40–5.33 (m, 2H), 5.23 (s, 1H), 4.95 (d, J = 4.1 Hz, 1H), 4.89 (d, J = 11.9 Hz, 1H), 4.83 (d, J = 1.1 Hz, 1H), 3.82–3.75 (m, 2H), 3.60 (s, 1H), 3.17 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 1H), 2.95 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.75 (dd, J = 15.1 Hz, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 1.97 (s, 1H), 1.78–1.69 (m, 3H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.97, 173.19, 171.05, 143.65, 136.71, 133.55, 131.87, 130.34, 127.50, 126.51, 126.03, 110.13, 100.79, 97.64, 87.94, 86.50, 85.35, 75.74, 67.49, 63.53, 49.07, 41.66, 40.47, 36.78, 32.20, 29.16(3C), 17.87, 8.59. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C30H33N3O9 [M + H] +: 580.2197, found 580.2266.

10-O-(1-(2-Cyanophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide A (5′p)., Following the described procedure, 34.3 mg (58%) of compound 5′p were obtained from 446 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide A (3′). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.82 (s, 1H), 8.16 (dd, J = 7.9, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.98 (td, J = 7.9, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.91 (dd, J = 8.2, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (td, J = 7.7, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 6.41 (s, 1H), 6.16 (s, 1H), 5.41 (d, J = 11.9 Hz, 1H), 5.39–5.35 (m, 2H), 5.26 (s, 1H), 4.97–4.87 (m, 2H), 4.82 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 2.95 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.79–2.72 (m, 1H), 1.40 (s, 3H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.04 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 174.85, 171.03, 168.75, 142.36, 133.25, 133.10, 128.73, 128.69, 124.10, 123.44, 110.75, 108.04, 108.01, 98.77, 95.53, 85.83, 84.40, 83.30, 73.77, 66.57, 64.74, 61.33, 47.05, 39.68, 34.68, 34.37, 31.51(3C), 8.07. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C30H30N4O9 [M + H] +: 591.2093, found 591.2062.

10-O-(1-Benzyl -1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide A (5′ff). Following the described procedure, 39.4 mg (68%) of compound 5′ff were obtained from 44.6 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide A (3′). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.25 (s, 1H), 7.38 (dd, J = 8.0, 6.4 Hz, 2H), 7.34–7.22 (m, 3H), 6.40 (s, 1H), 6.12 (s, 1H), 5.61 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H), 5.24 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 1H), 5.16 (s, 1H), 4.92 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.82 (t, J = 7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.94 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.65 (dd, J = 15.1 Hz, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.50 (p, J = 1.8 Hz, 3H), 2.05–1.99 (m, 1H), 1.99 (s, 1H), 1.90 (d, J = 4.4 Hz, 1H), 1.84 (dd, J = 15.1, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 1.70 (dd, J = 14.1, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 1.17 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 1.12 (dd, J = 7.1, 4.0 Hz, 3H), 0.98 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 177.20, 173.13, 171.32, 136.27, 129.28(2C), 128.74, 128.39, 124.82, 110.16, 110.03, 101.11, 88.10, 86.53, 85.77, 75.61, 68.76, 66.93, 63.50, 63.40, 53.55, 53.35, 49.15, 40.86, 36.82, 32.04, 29.02(3C), 8.71. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C30H33N3O9 [M + H] +: 580.2297, found 580.2267.

10-O-(((Anthracen-2-yloxy)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide A (5′gg). Following the described procedure, 36.9 mg (61%) of compound 5′gg were obtained from 44.6 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide A (3′). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.29 (s, 1H), 7.92 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.82–7.69 (m, 1H), 7.57 (td, J = 7.7, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.44–7.26 (m, 1H), 6.40 (s, 1H), 6.13 (s, 1H), 5.83 (s, 2H), 5.27 (d, J = 11.8 Hz, 1H), 5.18 (s, 1H), 4.90 (d, J = 4.0 Hz, 1H), 4.83 (dd, J = 8.2 Hz, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.78 (d, J = 11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 19H), 2.95 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.66 (dd, J = 15.2 Hz, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 2.51 (p, J = 1.8 Hz, 4H), 1.90–1.82 (m, 2H), 1.72 (dd, J = 14.1 Hz, 4.7 Hz, 2H), 1.40 (s, 3H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 0.99 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.93, 173.14, 170.81, 143.66, 139.26, 134.29, 133.85, 129.91, 129.68, 125.44, 117.45, 111.68, 110.09, 100.82, 87.90, 86.50, 85.33, 75.74, 68.63, 66.81, 63.47, 60.22, 51.47, 49.03, 40.89, 36.40, 32.14, 29.10(3C), 8.56. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C31H32N4O9 [M + H] +: 605.2249, found 605.2219.

10-O-(1-Phenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide C (5″a). Following the described procedure, 31.1 mg (52%) of compound 5″a were obtained from 47.8 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide C (3″). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.83 (s, 1H), 7.88 (dt, J = 7.9, 1.1 Hz, 2H), 7.63 (dd, J = 8.8, 7.2 Hz, 3H), 7.53 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 6.23 (s, 1H), 5.64 (t, J = 5.3 Hz, 2H), 5.46 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 5.32 (s, 1H), 4.99 (d, J = 4.2 Hz, 2H), 4.63 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 4.32 (s, 1H), 4.17 (dd, J = 7.0 Hz, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 2.98–2.78 (m, 1H), 1.99 (s, 1H), 1.57 (d, J = 12.5 Hz, 1H), 1.43–1.35 (m, 2H), 1.32–1.27 (m, 1H), 1.24 (s, 2H), 1.17 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 4H), 1.10 (s, 3H), 1.07 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.79, 172.94, 170.86, 162.28, 144.14, 136.89, 130.50, 122.14, 120.73, 110.04, 99.08, 93.14, 82.93, 75.47, 74.09, 67.05, 64.03, 63.52, 60.84, 49.35, 42.03, 35.12, 32.08, 19.09(3C), 14.32, 8.34. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C29H31N3O11 [M + H] +: 598.2039, found 598.2003.

10-O-(1-(2-Methylphenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide C (5″n). Following the described procedure, 28.7 mg (47%) of compound 5″n were obtained from 47.8 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide C (3″). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.47 (s, 1H), 7.50 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 2H), 7.44 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 2H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 6.23 (s, 1H), 5.68 (d, J = 4.7 Hz, 1H), 5.66 (dd, J = 6.2 Hz, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 5.49–5.43 (m, 1H), 5.32 (s, 1H), 5.02–5.00 (m, 2H), 5.00–4.96 (m, 1H), 4.65–4.61 (m, 1H), 4.17 (dd, J = 7.0 Hz, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 2.86 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.16 (s, 3H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 4H), 1.10 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 6H), 1.08 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.81, 172.95, 170.89, 143.24, 136.51, 133.52, 131.93, 130.49, 127.57, 126.41, 125.27, 110.03, 99.05, 93.12, 82.92, 79.36, 75.41, 74.07, 69.35, 67.06, 64.05, 60.27, 49.38, 42.03, 32.10, 21.23(3C), 17.86, 8.34. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C30H33N3O11 [M + H] +: 612.2195, found 612.2157.

10-O-(1-(2-Cyanophenyl) -1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide C (5″p). Following the described procedure, 24.3 mg (39%) of compound 5″p were obtained from 47.8 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide C (3″). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.78 (s, 1H), 8.17 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (td, J = 7.8 Hz, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (dd, J = 8.2 Hz, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.79 (td, J = 7.7 Hz, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 6.23 (s, 1H), 5.64 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 5.60 (d, J = 4.7 Hz, 1H), 5.49 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 1H), 5.32 (s, 1H), 5.03 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 1H), 5.01 (d, J = 4.2 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 4.17 (dd, J = 7.0 Hz, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 3.97 (ddd, J = 12.5 Hz, 6.1 Hz, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 2.86 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 1.57 (d, J = 12.5 Hz, 1H), 1.13 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.08 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.78, 172.90, 170.87, 143.98, 135.47, 126.10, 124.92, 116.26, 110.05, 107.36, 99.11, 93.18, 82.95, 79.34, 75.46, 74.18, 74.07, 67.04, 64.02, 63.40, 60.25, 49.37, 42.03, 32.10, 27.01, 22.55, 21.24(3C), 8.35. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C30H30N4O11 [M + H] +: 623.1991, found 623.1956.

10-O-(1-Benzyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide C (5″ff). Following the described procedure, 26.9 mg (44%) of compound 5″ff were obtained from 47.8 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide C (3″). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.19 (s, 1H), 7.40–7.37 (m, 2H), 7.35–7.32 (m, 3H), 6.46 (s, 1H), 6.20 (s, 1H), 5.73 (s, 1H), 5.62 (s, 3H), 5.35 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 5.25 (s, 1H), 4.97 (d, J = 4.2 Hz, 1H), 4.87 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 4.61 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.13 (d, J = 5.7 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (d, J = 11.4 Hz, 1H), 2.84 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 1.55 (dd, J = 12.5 Hz, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 1.17 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.12 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 4H), 1.10–1.09 (m, 2H), 1.03 (s, 9H). 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.81, 172.93, 170.87, 143.32, 136.15, 129.29(2C), 128.75, 128.56, 123.60, 110.01, 98.96, 93.02, 82.83, 79.33, 75.34, 74.01, 67.04, 64.00, 63.56, 60.27, 53.51, 49.30, 42.03, 32.04, 29.07, 21.23(3C), 8.27. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C30H33N4O11 [M + H]+: 612.2195, found 612.2156.

10-O-(((Anthracen-2-yloxy)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazole) ginkgolide C (5″gg). Following the described procedure, 32.5 mg (51%) of compound 5″gg were obtained from 47.8 mg (0.1 mmol) of 10-O-propargylated ginkgolide C (3″). 1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.25 (s, 1H), 7.93 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (td, J = 7.7 Hz, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (td, J = 7.7 Hz, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J = 7.8 Hz, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.46 (s, 1H), 6.20 (s, 1H), 5.84 (s, 2H), 5.70 (d, J = 4.8 Hz, 1H), 5.62 (d, J = 6.1 Hz, 1H), 5.37 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 5.26 (s, 1H), 4.98 (d, J = 4.2 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (d, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 4.61 (d, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 4.13 (dd, J = 7.1 Hz, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (dt, J = 12.4 Hz, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 2.84 (q, J = 7.0 Hz, 1H), 2.50 (s, 3H), 1.55 (d, J = 12.5 Hz, 1H), 1.18 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.12 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.04 (s, 9H). 13C NMR (150 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 176.83, 172.94, 170.92, 143.37, 138.90, 134.36, 133.88, 130.11, 129.85, 124.19, 117.47, 111.82, 110.02, 98.99, 82.84, 79.33, 75.38, 74.15, 74.01, 67.05, 64.01, 63.53, 60.27, 51.69, 49.33, 42.03, 32.04, 21.22 (3C), 8.28. HRMS (ESI): m/z calcd for C31H32N4O11 [M + H]+: 637.2148, found 637.2117

3.2. Antiplatelet Aggregation Activity Assay

The in vitro antiplatelet aggregation activity of the newly synthesized 10-substituted 1,2,3-triazole-ginkgolide derivatives was tested by the method of Born [26]. Blood samples (2 mL) from male New Zealand rabbits (2–2.5 kg body weight) were drawn into vacutainer tubes containing 200 μL of 3.2% sodium citrate. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) was prepared by centrifuging the blood at 250× g for 10 min at 4 °C. The PRP was diluted with platelet-poor plasma obtained by further centrifuging at 3000× g for 10 min. The remaining blood was further centrifuged at 1600× g for 5 min to obtain platelet-poor plasma (PPP) as control group. Platelet aggregation was induced by PAF (10 nM) after incubating platelets with different concentrations of samples, and the maximum rate of platelet aggregation (RPA%) within 5 min was measured with a Helena Platelet aggregometer instrument [27]. The inhibition ratio was calculated according to the following formula:

Inhibition ratio (%) = (1−(RPA% of test group) / (RPA% of control group)) × 100%

In primary screening, the activities were expressed directly as inhibition ratio at 50 nM concentration. The activity of the most active ginkgolide-1,2,3-triazole derivatives was further expressed as the IC50 value (the concentration required to inhibit platelet aggregatory response by 50%). The values shown in the tables were calculated by linear regression from a single experimental curve with no less than four data points, each point being the mean of the percentage inhibition at a given concentration obtained from three independent experiments.

3.3. LDH Assay

3.3.1. Preparation of H9c2 Cells

H9c2 cardio myoblast cells were grown in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 100 U/mL penicillin-streptomycin. Cells were cultured at 37 °C with 5% CO2. The cells were subcultured when they reached 70–80% confluence [28]. Then the cells were seeded at 1 × 104 cells per well in 96-well plate and incubated overnight. Then the cells were exposed to ginkgolide-1,2,3-triazole derivatives (1 μM and 10 μM).

3.3.2. Preparation of Washed Platelets

Rat blood was collected in 3.8% sodium citrate vacuum anticoagulant tubes and centrifuged at 100× g for 15 min to obtain platelet-rich plasma (PRP). The PRP was centrifuged at 1000× g for 10 min at 37 °C. Then the platelet pellets were suspended in Tyrode’s solution (pH 7.4). The washed platelets were adjusted to 3.6 × 108 platelets/mL. Washed platelets (3.6 × 108 cells/mL) were pre-incubated with ginkgolide-1,2,3-triazole derivatives (1 μM and 10 μM) or 0.1% DMSO for 20 min at 37 °C, then centrifuged at 1700× g, 10 min and the supernatant collected [29].

3.3.3. Measurement of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)

The assays to measure of LDH release were conducted in 96-well plates according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The LDH levels were measured at 490 nm using a microplate reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Cell cytotoxicity was also detected by the LDH activity assay kit. Cells incubated with 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) served as the control group [28,29].

4. Conclusions

In summary, a series of ginkgolide-1,2,3-triazole conjugates were synthesized through a copper(I)-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of the corresponding 10-O-propargylated ginkgolides with benzyl, phenyl and heterocyclic azides. Five of them (compounds 5a, 5p, 5ff, 5gg and 5′a) displayed promising antiplatelet aggregation activities with IC50 values ranging from 5–21 nM. Compounds 5ff and 5gg, having a benzyl group attached at the triazole nucleus were the best among the series of compounds. The most active compounds may be regarded as safe towards normal cells and platelets at therapeutic concentrations.

Acknowledgments

We gratefully acknowledge the academic and technical assistance from Yu Chang.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, Q.-W.Z.; Methodology, J.C., L.H. and G.C.; Investigation, J.C., L.H. and W.S.; Writing-Review & Editing, J.C. and Q.-W.Z.; Project Administration, Q.-W.Z. and X.Z.; Funding Acquisition, Q.-W.Z.

Funding

This research was funded by Macao Science and Technology Development [FDCT/113/2013/A3] and Research Committee of the University of Macau (MYRG2016-00046-ICMS-QRCM).

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Footnotes

Sample Availability: Samples of the compounds 5a–5gg, 5′a-5′gg, 5″a–5″gg are available from the authors.

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