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. 2019 Mar 31;20(7):1007–1016. doi: 10.1080/15384047.2019.1595276

EGR1-induced upregulation of lncRNA FOXD2-AS1 promotes the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma via epigenetically silencing DKK1 and activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

Ting Lei a, Xiaodong Zhu b,✉, Kai Zhu b, Fuxin Jia a, Siqiao Li a
PMCID: PMC6606006  PMID: 30929558

ABSTRACT

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are regarded as a group of biomarkers in the initiation and development of various cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). LncRNA FOXD2-AS1 has been studied in human colorectal cancer and glioma as an oncogene. However, the function and mechanism of lncRNA FOXD2-AS1 in hepatocellular carcinoma are marked. In this study, we found that high expression of FOXD2-AS1 predicted poor prognosis of HCC patients in the TCGA database. The dysregulation of FOXD2-AS1 was determined in HCC tissues and cell lines by qRT-PCR. Functionally, silenced FOXD2-AS1 efficiently suppressed HCC progression by regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Mechanistically, FOXD2-AS1 was found to be activated by the transcription factor EGR1. Furthermore, FOXD2-AS1 could activate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The mechanism contributed to the interaction between FOXD2-AS1 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was analyzed. It was uncovered that FOXD2-AS1 enhanced the activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by epigenetically silencing the inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway (DKK1). Rescue assays demonstrated that DKK1 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway involved in FOXD2-AS1-mediated HCC progression. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that EGR1-induced upregulation of lncRNA FOXD2-AS1 promotes the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma via epigenetically silencing DKK1 and activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

KEYWORDS: FOXD2-AS1, EGR1, proliferation, migration, hepatocellular carcinoma, Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

Introduction

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has become one of the commonest malignant tumors in the past years. It has gradually become the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths all over the world.1,2 Although the methods for diagnosis and therapy of HCC are continually upgrading, the overall survival rates of HCC patients are still low.3 Additionally, the potential molecular mechanism and biological processes correlated with HCC are still marked. As a result, one of the most challenging thing for the treatment of HCC is to find novel therapeutic targets.4

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a group of molecular regulators which can affect diverse cellular functions.5–7 Based on length, ncRNAs are divided into three groups: lncRNAs (>200 nt), small ncRNAs (<200 nt) and miRNAs (18–22 nt). As a typical kind of ncRNAs, lncRNAs have been demonstrated to participate in various biological and pathological processes in cancers.8–10 A lot of lncRNAs have been reported to be regulators in hepatocellular carcinoma.11–17 All the above reports indicated the importance of lncRNAs in human cancers. As a member of lncRNA family, FOXD2-AS1 has been proved to be an oncogene in human colorectal cancer,18 nasopharyngeal carcinoma,19 and lung cancer.20 Moreover, it has been proved to be a prognostic factor for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.21 Nevertheless, the biological function and mechanism of FOXD2-AS1 in HCC progression are still marked. The aim of this study is to explore the role of FOXD2-AS1 in HCC progression. Based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset, we analyzed the effect of FOXD2-AS1 dysregulation on the overall survival rate of HCC patients. Moreover, the high expression of FOXD2-AS1 was examined and identified in HCC tissues and cell lines. To explore and identify the function of FOXD2-AS1 in HCC progression and development, loss-of-function assays were conducted. As a result, the cell proliferation, migration, and EMT progress were inhibited, while the cell apoptosis was promoted. Therefore, we confirmed the oncogenic effects of FOXD2-AS1 on HCC progression. Mechanistically, FOXD2-AS1 was found to be activated by the transcription activator EGR1. And high expression of FOXD2-AS1 led to the activation of β-catenin signaling pathway. Further mechanism investigation revealed that lncRNA FOXD2-AS1 activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway via epigenetically silencing DKK1. In conclusion, this study elucidated that lncRNA FOXD2-AS1 activated by EGR1 contributed to the progression of HCC via activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Materials and methods

Tissue samples

Eighty-eight pairs of fresh HCC tissues and the adjacent normal tissues were all collected from patients who were diagnosed with HCC at Luoyang Central Hospital, affiliated with Zhengzhou University. All patients had signed the informed consent before they enrolled in this study. This study had acquired the approval from the ethics committee of Zhengzhou University.

Cell culture

All cell lines used in this study were commercially obtained from the Cell Bank of Type Culture Collection (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China). The cell lines were shown as follows: one normal cell (L-02) and four HCC cell lines (HepG2, Hep3B, SMMC-7721, LM3). All cell lines were preserved in a moist incubator with 5% CO2 at 37°C and maintained in DMEM (Gibco, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco).

Plasmid construction and transfection

The specific shRNAs against FOXD2-AS1 or DKK1 and their control shRNAs (sh-NC) were commercially obtained from Genepharm Co. (Shanghai, China). Transfections were conducted and finished by using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen, NY, USA). In order to construct pcDNA3.1-YY1 vector or pcDNA3.1-EGR1 vector, the whole sequence of them was synthesized and sub-cloned into a pcDNA3.1 (+) vector (GenePharma, Shanghai, China). The transfection efficiency was evaluated with qRT-PCR.

qRT-PCR

Total RNA was isolated and collected from HCC cells with TRIzol Reagent (Takara, Tokyo, Japan) in accordance with the users’ instruction. A total of 1 μg RNA was reversely transcribed with HiScript II Q RT SuperMix for qPCR (+gDNA wiper) (Vazyme, Nanjing, China). Next, AceQ qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix (Vazyme, Nanjing, China) was utilized for real-time PCR. The conductions for PCR reaction were shown as follows: 95°C for 15 s, 40 cycles of 95°C for 5 s and 60°C for 30 s. The expression levels of genes were normalized to the internal control GAPDH and were calculated by using the equation: 2−ΔΔCt.

MTT assay

Cell viability was evaluated by using MTT Kit (Roche Applied Science, Basel, Switzerland). HepG2 and LM3 cells which had been transfected with sh-FOXD2-AS1 were grown in 96-well plates at a density of 3000 cells per well. According to the instruction, cell viability was assessed at different time points.

Cell viability assay

To assess cell viability, cells were seeded in a six-well plate at a density of 5 × 105 cells per well. Then, cells were transfected with sh-FOXD2-AS1 or sh-NC. Forty-eight hours later, cells were trypsinized and diluted (1:1) in trypan blue in a 96-well plate. Cell viability was evaluated by trypan exclusion. Twenty fields were calculated per condition with an automated cell counter (TC20, BioRad).

Colony formation assay

Cell proliferation was further determined by performing colony formation assay. The indicated HCC cells were placed on six-well plates (500 cells/well) and preserved in DMEM containing 10% FBS for about two weeks. In this process, the medium was replaced every 4 days. Two weeks later, methanol was used to fix colonies, 0.1% crystal violet (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was used to stain the colonies and made them visible. Finally, the visible colonies were manually calculated.

Flow cytometry analysis

HepG2 and LM3 cells were harvested at two days’ post-transfection. To analyze cell apoptosis, FITC Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) was used for double staining (FITC Annexin V and PI). The apoptotic cells were analyzed with Cell Quest software 0.9.3.1 (Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA).

Immunofluorescence assay

Cells were grown on glass slides and fixed in 4% formaldehyde for about 10 min. 0.3% Triton X-100 was used to permeate cell, while the goat serum was utilized to block slices for 15 min at 37°C. And the slices were incubated at 4°C overnight with anti-E-cadherin (1:80, Bioworld, MN, USA) and anti-N-cadherin (1:80, Bioworld) and with goat TRITC labeled secondary antibody (1:70, Bioworld) at 37°C for about 1 h. DAPI (Genview Inc, Shanghai, China) was used for staining. At length, fluorescence was visualized under a microscope (×400). The quantification was made by using the Image-Pro Plus 7.0 version software (Media Cybernetics, Inc., Rockville, MD, USA) as previously described.22

Cell migration assay

The cell migration ability was assessed by performing the transwell migration assay. At 48-h post-transfection, HCC cells (5 × 104) in serum-free medium were put into the upper chamber of an insert (8 μm pore size; Millipore). Medium with 10% FBS was added into the lower chamber. After incubation for about one day, the cells remain stayed on the upper chamber were removed with cotton wool. Meanwhile, methanol and 0.1% crystal violet was used to stain cells that migrated through the membrane. Next, cells were stained and calculated on an IX71 inverted microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).

Western blot assay

Cells were lysed in RIPA buffer (Beyotime Biotechnolog, Shanghai, China) which contains a protease inhibitor. The BCA protein assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, USA) was utilized to measure the protein concentration. Subsequently, the protein extracts were subjected to 10% SDS-PAGE electrophoresis (40 mg/lane) and were transferred to PVDF membranes (Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). The membranes were then blocked with 5% defatted milk. Next, they were incubated with the primary antibodies for all night at 4°C and with anti-Mouse IgG (ab193651) conjugated to horseradish peroxidase for 2 h at room temperature. All antibodies were commercially obtained from Abcam (Cambridge, Mass, USA). The blots were detected by using the Enhanced chemiluminescence detection reagent (Thermo Fisher Scientific). The levels of protein were normalized to GAPDH.

Luciferase reporter assay

To analyze the binding of EGR1 in the site 2 of FOXD2-AS1 promoter, HepG2 and LM3 cells were co-transfected with the wide type or mutant type of site 2 along with EGR1 and NC. The relative luciferase activity was assessed via the Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega Corporation, Fitchburg, WI, USA) in accordance with the supplier’s protocols.

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay

ChIP assay was performed using the SimpleChIP® Enzymatic Chromatin IP Kit (CST, USA) in line with the recommendation of manufacturers. HepG2 and LM3 cell lines were subjected to 4% formaldehyde at room temperature for 15 min in order to cross-link DNA to protein. The DNA-protein complex was sonicated to generate chromatin fragments of 200–500 base pairs and immunoprecipitated with EGR1-specific antibody (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) at 4°C overnight. Normal rabbit IgG antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, CA, USA) acted as a control. The next day, the immune-complexes were incubated with Dynabeads Protein G (Life Technologies, CA, USA) for 2 h at 4°C and DNA was retrieved using magnets. Recovered DNA was analyzed by qRT-PCR using SYBR Green Mixture.

RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay

Based on the supplier’s introduction, RIP assay was performed to confirm the interaction between EZH2 and FOXD2-AS1 using the EZMagna RIP Kit (Millipore, Bellerica, MA, USA). In brief, HepG2 and LM3 cells were lysed with the RIP lysis buffer. Subsequently, cell lysates were cultured with the RIP buffer containing magnetic beads at 4°C for 4 h. The magnetic beads were coated with anti-IgG or anti-EZH2. Normal rabbit IgG (Proteintech) was used as the negative control. Finally, qRT‐PCR was performed to detect the enrichment of EZH2 and FOXD2-AS1.

Statistical analysis

SPASS 20.0 software (IBM) was utilized for all statistical analyses in this study. Differences between groups were compared and estimated by using Student’s t-test and one-way ANOVA. The overall survival rate of HCC patients was assessed by the Kaplan–Meier method and compared with the log-rank test. Relevance between and FOXD2-AS1 expression and EGR1 expression in HCC tissues was analyzed with Pearson correlation analysis. Data were considered statistically significant when P value less than 0.05.

Results

Upregulation of FOXD2-AS1 predicted poor prognosis for HCC patients

Based on the TCGA data, high expression of FOXD2-AS1 was closely correlated with the poor prognosis of HCC patients (Figure 1A). To identify the potential role of FOXD2-AS1 in HCC progression, we examined the expression of FOXD2-AS1 in 88 pairs of HCC tissues and adjacent non-malignant tissues. According to the result of qRT-PCR, we found that FOXD2-AS1 was higher in HCC tissues than that in normal tissues (Figure 1B). Next, HCC tissues were divided into two groups (FOXD2-AS1 above mean or blow mean) in accordance with the mean value of FOXD2-AS1 expression in 88 HCC tissues. Using the Kaplan Meier method, we analyzed the negative relevance between FOXD2-AS1 expression and overall survival rate of HCC patients (Figure 1C).

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

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Upregulation of FOXD2-AS1 predicted poor prognosis for HCC patients. A. Based on the TCGA data, high expression of FOXD2-AS1 was closely correlated with the poor prognosis of HCC patients. B. The expression of FOXD2-AS1 was examined in 88 pairs of HCC tissues and adjacent non-malignant tissues. C. Kaplan Meier method was used to analyze the relevance between FOXD2-AS1 expression and overall survival rate of HCC patients. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs control group.

Knockdown of FOXD2-AS1 inhibited HCC cell proliferation and induced HCC cell apoptosis

To further analyze the biological role of FOXD2-AS1 in HCC progression, functional assays were carried out. To prepare for functional assays, we tested the expression level of FOXD2-AS1 in one normal cell line and four HCC cell lines. Obviously, it was highly expressed in HCC cells, especially in HepG2 and LM3 (Figure 2A). For loss-of-function assays, FOXD2-AS1 was silenced in HepG2 and LM3 cells by specific shRNA (termed sh-FOXD2-AS1). The transfection efficiency was examined with qRT-PCR (Figure 2B). Subsequently, MTT and trypan blue exclusion were applied to assess the cell viability. It was found that cell viability was efficiently suppressed by the knockdown of FOXD2-AS1 (Figure 2C–D). Colony formation assay was performed to test the cell proliferation. As displayed in Figure 2E, silenced FOXD2-AS1 markedly suppressed cell proliferation. Flow cytometry analysis was then utilized to assess cell apoptosis. As a consequence, cell apoptosis was accelerated by the knockdown of FOXD2-AS1 (Figure 2F). Based on all the above findings, we confirmed that FOXD2-AS1 acted as an oncogene in HCC progression through affecting cell proliferation and cell apoptosis.

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

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Knockdown of FOXD2-AS1 inhibited HCC cell proliferation and induced HCC cell apoptosis. A. The expression level of FOXD2-AS1 in one normal cell line and four HCC cell lines was tested. B. FOXD2-AS1 was silenced in HepG2 and LM3 cells by specific shRNA (termed sh-FOXD2-AS1). The transfection efficiency was examined with the qRT-PCR examination. C-D. MTT and trypan blue exclusion were carried out to determine the cell viability in HCC cells transfected with sh-FOXD2-AS1 or sh-NC. E. Colony formation assay was performed to test the proliferative ability of HepG2 and LM3 cells transfected with sh-FOXD2-AS1 or sh-NC. F. Flow cytometry analysis was then utilized to assess cell apoptosis. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs control group.

Knockdown of FOXD2-AS1 suppressed cell migration and EMT progress

Furthermore, we conducted a transwell assay to detect the cell migration ability. We found that cell migration was significantly inhibited by FOXD2-AS1 knockdown (Figure 3A). Western blot and immunofluorescence were applied to analyze the effect of sh-FOXD2-AS1 on EMT progress. The experimental results suggested that EMT progress was negatively affected by transfecting sh-FOXD2-AS1 (Figure 3B–C).

Figure 3.

Figure 3.

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Knockdown of FOXD2-AS1 suppressed cell migration and EMT progress. A. Transwell assay was conducted to detect the cell migration ability. B-C. Western blot and immunofluorescence were applied to analyze the effect of sh-FOXD2-AS1 on EMT progress. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs control group.

FOXD2-AS1 was activated by the transcription factor EGR1

Furthermore, we conducted mechanism experiments to analyze the molecular mechanism which led to the upregulation of FOXD2-AS1. According to the ChIP-seq result of UCSC (http://genome.ucsc.edu), we found some potential transcription factors of FOXD2-AS1. Among which, EGR1 and YY1 have been reported as the transcription activators of lncRNAs. Next, we overexpressed EGR1 and YY1 in both HepG2 and LM3 cells (Figure 4A). It was found that EGR1 efficiently enhanced the expression level of FOXD2-AS1 (Figure 4B). The binding motif of EGR1 obtained from JASPAR (http://jaspar.genereg.net/) was illustrated (Figure 4C). We chose the top two binding sites between EGR1 and FOXD2-AS1 promoter to do further study. These two binding sequenced were defined as part 1 (P1) and part 2 (P2) of FOXD2-AS1 promoter. ChIP assay revealed the strong affinity of EGR1 in the P2 of FOXD2-AS1 promoter (Figure 4D). Luciferase reporter assay demonstrated the binding of EGR1 in part 2 of FOXD2-AS1 promoter (Figure 4E–F). Furthermore, we found that EGR1 was highly expressed in HCC tissues (Figure 4G), which is consistent with the expression of FOXD2-AS1 (Figure 4H). All these experimental results suggested that EGR1 is the transcription activator of FOXD2-AS1 in HCC.

Figure 4.

Figure 4.

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FOXD2-AS1 was activated by the transcription factor EGR1. A. EGR1 and YY1 were overexpressed in both HepG2 and LM3 cells. B. The expression level of FOXD2-AS1 was measured in response to the overexpression of EGR1 and YY1. C. The binding motif of EGR1 obtained from JASPAR was illustrated. D. ChIP assay revealed the strong affinity of EGR1 in the P2 of FOXD2-AS1 promoter. E-F. Luciferase reporter assay demonstrated the binding of EGR1 in the site 2 of FOXD2-AS1 promoter. G. EGR1 was highly expressed in HCC tissues. H. The expression association between FOXD2-AS1 and EGR1 in HCC tissues was analyzed. **P < 0.01 vs control group. N.S: no significance.

FOXD2-AS1 enhanced the activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway

PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway are involved in lncRNAs-mediated tumor progression. In this study, we hypothesized that FOXD2-AS1 might exert oncogenic function in HCC progression by regulating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway or Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. At first, we examined the protein levels of the core factors of these two signaling pathways. The results showed that silenced FOXD2-AS1 significantly decreased the protein levels of β-catenin, c-myc but increased the level of DKK1 (the inhibitor of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway) (Figure 5A). Therefore, we speculated that FOXD2-AS1 promoted HCC progression by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. To validate our viewpoint, we designed and conducted rescue assays. LiCl is the activator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. We examined the viability of HepG2 cell which was treated with a different dose of LiCl. The result of the MTT assay showed that the cell viability was strongest when HepG2 cell was treated with 10 mmol/L for 24 h (Figure 5B). Therefore, we conducted rescue assays in HepG2 cell treated with 10 mmol/L LiCl. The colony formation and transwell migration assays demonstrated that LiCl rescued the decreased cell proliferation and migration induced by silenced FOXD2-AS1 (Figure 5C, E), whereas the cell apoptosis increased by FOXD2-AS1 knockdown was partly decreased by LiCl (Figure 5D). Moreover, the reversal effect of silenced FOXD2-AS1 on the EMT progress was attenuated by LiCl (Figure 5F). Based on all these data, we confirmed that FOXD2-AS1 promoted HCC progression by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Figure 5.

Figure 5.

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FOXD2-AS1 enhanced the activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. A. The protein levels of the core factors of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway were examined in HepG2 and LM3 cells transfected with sh-FOXD2-AS1. B. The viability of HepG2 cell treated with a different dose of LiCl was evaluated with MTT assay. C. The proliferative ability of cell treated with sh-FOXD2-AS1 and LiCl was examined with colony formation assay. D. The cell apoptosis increased by FOXD2-AS1 knockdown was partly decreased by LiCl. E. The migratory ability of cell treated with sh-FOXD2-AS1 and LiCl was detected with transwell migration assay. F. The reversal effect of silenced FOXD2-AS1 on the EMT progress was attenuated by LiCl. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs control group.

FOXD2-AS1 activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by epigenetically silencing DKK1

According to the above data, FOXD2-AS1 negatively modulated the expression of DKK1. Previous reports suggested that lncRNAs can epigenetically silence their downstream target genes by binding with EZH2. Similarly, FOXD2-AS1 has been certified to bind with EZH2 to epigenetically silence its downstream target gene in gastric cancer.23 Moreover, EZH2 can repress the expression of DKK1.24 Here, we hypothesized that FOXD2-AS1 activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by epigenetically silencing DKK1. The results of the RIP assay showed that FOXD2-AS1 could bind with EZH2 in HCC cells (Figure 6A). Moreover, we found that knockdown of FOXD2-AS1 led to the increased mRNA level of DKK1 (Figure 6B), further indicating the negative regulatory effect of FOXD2-AS1 on DKK1. Then, we found that knockdown of EZH2 (Figure 6C) led to the increased mRNA and protein levels of DKK1 (Figure 6D–E). Finally, ChIP assay revealed that EZH2 could directly bind to the DKK1 promoter and reconcile H3K4me2 demethylation. Nevertheless, FOXD2-AS1 knockdown partially attenuated the above phenomenon (Figure 6F). Therefore, we confirmed that FOXD2-AS1 activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by epigenetically silencing DKK1.

Figure 6.

Figure 6.

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FOXD2-AS1 activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by epigenetically silencing DKK1. A. RIP assay was conducted to demonstrate that FOXD2-AS1 could bind with EZH2 in HCC cells. B. The mRNA level of DKK1 was measured in HCC cells transfected with sh-FOXD2-AS1. C. EZH2 was knocked down in HCC cells by sh-EZH2. D-E. The mRNA and protein level of DKK1 were tested in cells transfected with sh-EZH2. F. ChIP assay revealed that EZH2 could directly bind to the DKK1 promoter and reconcile H3K4me2 demethylation. Nevertheless, FOXD2-AS1 knockdown partially attenuated the above phenomenon. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs control group.

DKK1 involved in FOXD2-AS1-mediated HCC progression

To evaluate the role of DKK1 in FOXD2-AS1-mediated HCC progression, rescue assays were carried out in HepG2 cells. As shown in Figure 7A, knockdown of FOXD2-AS1 suppressed cell viability, while knockdown of DKK1 increased cell viability. More importantly, knockdown of DKK1 rescued the decreased cell viability induced by FOXD2-AS1 knockdown. The colony formation assay indicated the inhibitory effect of sh-FOXD2-AS1 on cell proliferation and the positive effect of sh-DKK1 on cell proliferation (Figure 7B). Moreover, DKK1 knockdown rescued the decreased cell proliferation induced by silenced FOXD2-AS1, whereas cell apoptosis was increased by silenced FOXD2-AS1, while was decreased by DKK1 knockdown. Cell apoptosis increased by FOXD2-AS1 knockdown was partly decreased by silenced DKK1 (Figure 7C). Transwell assay revealed the inhibitory effect of FOXD2-AS1 knockdown on cell migration and the positive effect of DKK1 knockdown on cell migration (Figure 7D). Moreover, DKK1 knockdown rescued the decreased cell migration induced by silenced FOXD2-AS1. Thus, we confirmed that DKK1 involved in FOXD2-AS1-mediated HCC progression.

Figure 7.

Figure 7.

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DKK1 involved in FOXD2-AS1-mediated HCC progression. A. The cell viability was examined in HepG2 cell transfected with sh-NC, sh-FOXD2-AS1, sh-DKK1 or co-transfected with sh-FOXD2-AS1 and sh-DKK1. B. Colony formation assay was carried out to detect the proliferative ability of HepG2 cell transfected with sh-NC, sh-FOXD2-AS1, sh-DKK1 or co-transfected with sh-FOXD2-AS1 and sh-DKK1. C. Apoptosis rate of HepG2 cell transfected with sh-NC, sh-FOXD2-AS1, sh-DKK1 or co-transfected with sh-FOXD2-AS1 and sh-DKK1 was measured with flow cytometry analysis. D. Transwell assay was applied to detect cell migration in HepG2 cell transfected with sh-NC, sh-FOXD2-AS1, sh-DKK1 or co-transfected with sh-FOXD2-AS1 and sh-DKK1. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs control group.

Discussion

Over the past years, lncRNAs have been verified to be potential therapeutic biomarkers for HCC.25–28 This study focused on investigating the biological effects of FOXD2-AS1 on HCC progression. It has been reported that FOXD2-AS1 can act as a prognostic factor for cancer patients.29–31 Based on the data of the TCGA database, we analyzed the prognostic influence of FOXD2-AS1 on the patients with HCC. High expression of FOXD2-AS1 was found to predict unfavorable prognosis, indicating the research value of FOXD2-AS1 in HCC progression. Furthermore, we found that FOXD2-AS1 was expressed stronger in tumor tissues collected from 88 HCC patients. Kaplan–Meier method was used to analyze the prognostic value of FOXD2-AS1 for these 88 HCC patients. All these data proved the importance of FOXD2-AS1 for researching HCC.

Dysregulation of lncRNAs is closely associated with tumor progression and development.32–34 Moreover, ectopic expression of lncRNAs can contribute to proliferation, migration and EMT progress.35–38 To identify the role of FOXD2-AS1 in HCC progression, we designed and conducted functional assays. Since FOXD2-AS1 was overexpressed in HCC tissues and cell lines, we silenced FOXD2-AS1 to examine cell proliferation, migration, and EMT progress. According to the experimental results, we found that knockdown of FOXD2-AS1 negatively regulated cell proliferation, migration, and EMT progress while promoted cell apoptosis, indicating that FOXD2-AS1 served as a tumor facilitator in HCC progression through modulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and EMT progress.

Dysregulation of lncRNAs may be caused by various molecular mechanisms. It has been reported that transcription factors can contribute to the dysregulation of lncRNAs by activating the transcription of lncRNAs.39–42 In this study, we found the potential transcription factors of FOXD2-AS1 from UCSC. Among which, YYA and EGR1 have been certified to activate the transcription of lncRNAs.43–45 Therefore, we chose them for subsequent mechanism experiments. However, the qRT-PCR analysis revealed that only EGR1 overexpression can lead to the upregulation of FOXD2-AS1 in HCC cells. Further mechanism investigation proved that EGR1 enhanced the transcription activity of FOXD2-AS1 by binding to the promoter of FOXD2-AS1.

It has been widely reported that lncRNAs can act as tumor suppressors or tumor promoters through modulating some signaling pathway.46–53 In this study, we tried to analyze whether FOXD2-AS1 exerts functions by regulating a certain signaling pathway. According to western blot analysis, we found that FOXD2-AS1 might activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Rescue assays demonstrated that FOXD2-AS1 promoted HCC progression via activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Furthermore, we continued to detect the mechanism which contributed to the interaction between FOXD2-AS1 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. FOXD2-AS1 has been certified to bind with EZH2 to epigenetically silence its downstream target. Moreover, EZH2 can repress the expression of DKK1. Therefore, we designed and conducted mechanism experiments to demonstrate that whether FOXD2-AS1 activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway by epigenetically silencing DKK1. Based on the results, we confirmed that FOXD2-AS1 epigenetically silencing DKK1 by binding with EZH2. Rescue assays indicated that DKK1 involved in FOXD2-AS1-medicated HCC progression. In conclusion, our research findings revealed that lncRNA FOXD2-AS1 activated by EGR1 contributed to HCC progression by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. The findings of this study may help to find the novel therapeutic target in the treatment of HCC.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank all lab members.

Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest

No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.

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