Abstract
Expression of Bmi-1 in gallbladder carcinoma and its clinicopathology and mechanisms of regulation of human gallbladder carcinoma cell proliferation were investigated. Fifty cases of gallbladder carcinoma specimens and 15 normal gallbladder tissues were subjected to immunohistochemical staining to detect the expression of Bmi-1 gene in gallbladder carcinoma and normal gallbladder tissues. Clinicopathological features were compared and analyzed. Bmi1-si RNA and Bmi1-NC vectors were transfected into GBC-SD gallbladder cancer cell lines. Expression of Bmi-1 in GBC-SD-Bmi1-si RNA, GBC-SD-Bmi1-NC and GBC-SD cells was detected by RT-qPCR. Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay. Flow cytometry was used to detect cell apoptosis. Protein expression was detected by western blot analysis. The positive expression rate of Bmi-1 protein in gallbladder carcinoma tissues was significantly higher than that in normal gallbladder tissues (P<0.05). Expression of Bmi-1 protein in gallbladder carcinoma was correlated with tumor differentiation and stage (P<0.05). Expression level of Bmi-1 in GBC-SD-Bmi1-si RNA was significantly lower than that in GBC-SD-Bmi1-NC and GBC-SD cells. The apoptosis rate of GBC-SD-Bmi1-si RNA cells was significantly higher than that of the two control groups. Compared with the control groups, the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in GBC-SD-Bmi1-si RNA cells decreased, while the expression of proapoptotic protein Bax and caspase 3 increased, and the expression levels of cyclin D1 and CDK2 decreased. Positive expression rate of Bmi-1 protein in gallbladder carcinoma tissues was significantly higher than that in normal gallbladder tissue. Following inhibition of the expression of Bmi-1 in gallbladder cancer cell line GBC-SD, the growth cycle of cancer cells was prolonged and apoptotic rate increased. The results showed that a decreased expression of cyclin D1 and CDK2 may lead to delayed cell proliferation, decreased expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, increased expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax and caspase 3, leading to increased apoptosis.
Keywords: gallbladder carcinoma, Bmi-1, clinicopathology, mechanism study
Introduction
Gallbladder carcinoma is the most common malignant tumor of the biliary system (1). Its incidence ranks seventh among digestive tract tumors (2). Gallbladder cancer cells can spread in the early stage through direct infiltration, lymphatic metastasis and blood transfer. The majority of patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, which is not suitable for surgery, leading to poor postoperative survival (3,4). Therefore, in-depth study of key molecules in the development of gallbladder cancer, exploring the molecular mechanism of gallbladder cancer proliferation, and screening for effective diagnostic and therapeutic targets is critical for the future treatment of gallbladder cancer.
The B-cell specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1 (Bmi-1) is a proto-oncogene in the polycomb group gene family and is a transcriptional repressor. Human Bmi-1 gene is located in the short arm 13 region of chromosome 10 and encodes a protein of 326 amino acids expressed in the cytoplasm and chromatin. Bmi-1 gene plays an important role in cell cycle, cell immortalization and senescence, and self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells. The role of Bmi-1 in tumor formation has become a research hotspot in different types of cancer, such as ovarian (5), esophageal (6) and cervical cancer (7). However, whether Bmi-1 is involved in the development of gallbladder cancer and its role in gallbladder cancer is unclear. Based on a series of molecular and biochemical experiments, the aim of the study was to explore the mechanism of the action of Bmi-1 in the occurrence and development of gallbladder carcinoma, and provide a theoretical basis for understanding the molecular mechanism and clinical treatment of gallbladder cancer.
Patients and methods
Patients and cell culture
Fifty patients with gallbladder cancer (20 males, 30 females, aged 35–78 years, mean: 58 years) who underwent surgical excision were selected from The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University (Qiqihar, China) during the period January 2011 to August 2017. The patients included 19 cases with high differentiation, 13 cases with moderate differentiation, and 18 cases with low differentiation. According to TNM staging of gallbladder carcinoma, there were 18 cases in stage I–II and 32 cases in stage III–IV. None of the patients received radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy prior to surgery. There were 29 cases with gallstone invasion and 17 cases with other organ invasion. Another 15 cases of normal gallbladder tissue were selected as the control group, all from patients with intrahepatic bile duct stones or liver tumors who underwent right hepatectomy (no stones and tumor invasion in the gallbladder), including 6 males and 9 females, aged 32–73 years, with a mean age of 52.5 years.
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University. Patients who participated in this research had complete clinical data. Signed informed consents were obtained from the patients or the guardians.
Pathological specimens were obtained from patients undergoing cholecystectomy during the same period. There was no significant difference in sex and age between the gallbladder cancer group and the normal gallbladder tissue group. The specimens were fixed with 10% formaldehyde, dehydrated and dipped in wax to make 4 µm paraffin sections. Human gallbladder cancer cell line GBC-SD (preserved in the Laboratory of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University) was cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (1559231, Gibco; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA, USA) containing 10% fetal calf serum (MB5175, Dalian Meilun Biological Technology Co., Ltd., Dalian, China) at 37°C and 5% CO2 under constant temperature. When cells grew to 70–80% confluency, they were digested with 0.25% trypsin and passaged.
Bmi1-siRNA and Bmi1-NC (negative control) vectors (vector pSUPER) were constructed by Shanghai Biotech, Shanghai, China and sequence of Bmi1-si RNA and Bmi1-NC are shown in Table I.
Table I.
miRNA oligomeric single-stranded DNA sequences.
| Items | Primer sequence 5′-3′ |
|---|---|
| Bmi1-si RNA shRNA | Forward:GATCCGGTATTCCCTCCACCTCTTCTTTCAAGAGAAGA AGAGGTGGAGGGAATACCTTTTTTGGAAG |
| Reverse:AATTCTTCCAAAAAAGGTATTCCCTCCACCTCTTCTTCT CTTGAAAGAAGAGGTGGAGGGAATACCG | |
| Bmi1-NC shRNA | Forward:GATCCATACAACTCGCATCTGACATTCAAGAGAATACA TGACATCAATCTGGTTTTTTGGAAG |
| Reverse:AATTCTTCCAAAAAAATACAACTCGCATCTGACATCTC TTGAAAGAAGAGGTGGAGGGAATACCG |
Immunohistochemical staining for detection of Bmi-1 expression in gallbladder carcinoma
After dewaxing with xylene for 10 min × 3 and dehydration with gradient alcohol (85% ethanol, 95% ethanol and absolute ethanol), tissue sections were incubated with 3% H2O2 for 8 min, followed by PBS washing (5 min × 3). After non-immune calf serum was blocked for 20 min, the tissue sections were washed with PBS (5 min × 3). Following removal of excess PBS solution, tissue sections were incubated with anti-mouse anti-human Bim-1 (cat. no. MAB33342, R&D Systems, Inc.; 1:500 dilution) overnight in a refrigerator at 4°C. After PBS washing (5 min × 3), the tissue sections were incubated with biotinylated secondary antibody (1:500 dilution, cat. no. 515-065-003, Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories, Inc.) for 20 min at room temperature. After PBS washing (5 min ×3), the tissue sections were incubated with freshly prepared DAB solution and observed under a microscope (Eclipse Ni-E/Ni-U, Nikon). Determination of immunohistochemical results: 5 high-power visual fields were randomly selected for cancer cell counting, and comprehensive scoring was performed based on positive expression cells and positive staining intensity. Scoring rules: total score = A × B, where ‘A’ represents the percentage of positively expressed cells (A <10%, 0 point; 10–25%, 1 point; 26–50%, 2 points; 51–75%, 3 points; A >75%, 4 points), ‘B’ is the staining intensity of positive cells (colorless, 0 point; light yellow, 1 point; yellow, 2 points; brown, 3 points). Total score was: <2 is negative (−), 2–4 is weak positive (+), 5–8 is moderately positive (++) and 9–12 is strongly positive (+++), and >2 points are collectively referred to as positive expression.
qPCR detection of Bmi-1 expression in gallbladder carcinoma
Total RNA was extracted from gallbladder cancer and normal gallbladder tissues using TRIzol RNA extraction kit (WLA088a, Wanleibio Co., Ltd.). After measuring the total RNA concentration, samples with A260/A280 of 1.8–2.0 were selected for subsequent experiments. GAPDH was used as an internal reference. Reverse transcription and PCR amplification were carried out using the RT-PCR kit (RR037A, Takara Bio, Inc.). Primer sequences are shown in Table II (synthesized by Sangon Biotech Co., Ltd.). RT-qPCR products were checked using 1% agarose gel electrophoresis.
Table II.
Primer sequences for RT-PCR and qRT-PCR.
| Gene name | Primer sequence 5′-3′ | Product length (bp) |
|---|---|---|
| Bmi-1 | Forward: GGATCCTCATCCTTCTGCTGATGCTG | 232 |
| Reverse: GAATTCGCATCACAGTCATTGCTGCT | ||
| GAPDH | Forward: CATATGCAAGGTCATCCATGACAACTTTG | 508 |
| Reverse: AAGCTTGTCCACCACCCTGTTGCTGTAG |
Bmi1-si RNA transfection and RT-PCR for detection of infection efficiency
GBC-SD cell suspension (2×105 cells/ml) was prepared and seeded in a 6-well plate. When 50% confluency was reached, Bmi1-si RNA recombinant plasmid (miRNA oligo single-stranded DNA sequence is shown in Table II), Bmi1-NC (mismatched sequence) and Lipofectamine 3000 were mixed and incubated for 30 min and then added to the 6-well plate to transfect GBC-SD cell lines. The plate was incubated in 5% CO2 and at 37°C in an incubator. Cells were divided into the GBC-SD-Bmi1-si RNA, GBC-SD-Bmi1-NC and GBC-SD groups. Transfection efficiency was detected by RT-PCR after 96 h. RT-PCR was performed as follows: frozen tissues were taken out from the liquid nitrogen tank, and cDNA was reverse transcribed according to the instructions of reverse transcription kit (primers shown in Table II, produced by Sangon) following conditions of 65°C for 5 min, 42°C for 60 min and 70°C for 5 min and then placed on ice to cool after termination reaction and preserved. Using GAPDH as an internal reference, the expression of Bmi-1 in each cell line was detected as per the protocol of the RT-qPCR kit (RR037A, Takara Bio, Inc.). Reaction conditions were 40 cycles of 95°C for 10 sec, 55°C for 20 sec, 72°C for 20 sec and 79°C for 20 sec. At the same time, the chain dissolution curve of the amplified product was detected with the conditions of 95°C for 2 min, 60°C for 20 sec, 72°C for 20 sec and 99°C for 15 sec. Data normalizations were performed based on the 2−∆∆Cq method (8).
CCK-8 assay detection of cell proliferation
The transfected cells of each group were trypsinized, and seeded in a 96-well plate (3 replicate wells per cell) at 2×103 cells/well. After 24 h of culture, 10 µl/well of CCK-8 reagent was added (40203ES60, Shanghai Yu Sheng). After incubation for an additional 2 h in the incubator, the corresponding OD values were measured using a microplate reader (measuring wavelength: 450 nm, reference wavelength: 650 nm). Subsequently, measurement was performed every 24 h for 4 days, and the corresponding cell proliferation curve was plotted.
Flow cytometry detection of apoptosis
Transfected cells were cultured in the logarithmic growth phase (after 72 h). Cells (2×106) were treated with trypsin and transferred to a 10 ml centrifuge tube. Pre-cooled PBS buffer without calcium and magnesium was added. After centrifugation at 157 × g for 5 min at 4°C, the cells were washed 3 times and 100 µl of binding buffer was added and incubated with the cells in the dark for 10 min. Annexin V-FITC and 10 µl of PI stain (MA0220, Dalian Meilun Biological Technology Co., Ltd.) were added and incubated in the dark for 25 min. Detection of apoptotic cells was performed by flow cytometry.
Total protein extraction and western blot analysis
After the transfected cells were cultured in a 6-well plate, the cells were washed well with pre-cooled PBS for 1 min × 3. After PBS was discarded, cell lysate was added, mixed, and the mixture was transferred to a 1.5 ml centrifuge tube, followed by centrifugation at 22,600 × g for 5 min at 4°C. After centrifugation, the supernatant was removed from the total protein of the cells. Total protein was stored at −80°C. BCA protein quantification kit was used to quantify the protein extracted from each group of cells. Protein (10 µg) was subjected to 10% SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. Following gel transfer to PVDF membrane, the membranes were blocked in 1X PBS containing 5% skim milk powder for 3 h at room temperature. Subsequently, the corresponding antibodies were diluted (1:1,500) in blocking solution (rabbit anti-human Bax: cat. no. LS-C210507, LSBio; rabbit anti-human caspase 3: cat. no. LS-C746939, LSBio; rabbit anti-human Bcl-2: cat. no. LS-B6548, LSBio; rabbit anti-human cyclin D1: cat. no. LS-B3452, LSBio; rabbit anti-human CDK2: cat. no. ab32147, Abcam; rabbit anti-human β-actin antibody: cat. no. ab8227, Abcam) and the membranes were incubated in first anti-diluent overnight at 4°C. After washing with TBST 8 min × 3, membranes were incubated with secondary antibody (1:2,000 diluted, mouse anti-rabbit IgG, cat. no. LS-C60914, LSBio) for 2 h at room temperature. Then the membrane was washed with TBST for 7 min × 3, ECL (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) was used to develop signals.
Statistical analysis
The data were analyzed by SPSS23.0 professional statistical software. Measurement data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The countable data were compared by χ2 test. Comparisons between groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Scheffe post hoc test. P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Results
Immunohistochemical staining for detection of Bmi-1 expression
Positive expression rate of Bmi-1 protein in 50 cases of gallbladder carcinoma was 84% (42/50), and the positive expression rate in normal gallbladder tissues was 40% (6/15). Data analysis showed that the positive expression rate of Bmi-1 protein in gallbladder carcinoma tissues was significantly higher than that in normal gallbladder tissues (control group, P<0.05, Table III). In addition, Bmi-1 protein is weakly positive or not expressed in normal gallbladder tissues (Fig. 1A), while in gallbladder carcinoma tissues, the color was brownish yellow (or tan) in the nucleus and a small amount was expressed in the cytoplasm (Fig. 1B).
Table III.
Immunohistochemical staining for the detection of Bmi-1 expression.
| Bmi-1 expression level | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinicopathological features | Cases | Negative (%) | Positive (%) | χ2 value | P-value |
| Gallbladder cancer tissue | 50 | 8 (16) | 42 (84) | 14.927 | <0.05 |
| Normal gallbladder tissue | 15 | 9 (60) | 6 (40) | ||
Figure 1.
Weak positive expression of Bmi-1 protein in normal gallbladder tissues (A). Strong positive expression in gallbladder carcinoma tissues (B) (SP ×400).
Analysis of the relationship between the expression of Bmi-1 in gallbladder carcinoma and clinicopathological factors. As shown in Table IV, positive expression of Bmi-1 protein in gallbladder carcinoma was correlated with the degree and stage of tumor differentiation. Positive expression of Bmi-1 in poorly differentiated gallbladder carcinoma was significantly higher than that in high/medium differentiated carcinoma, while positive expression of Bmi-1 in stage III and IV was significantly higher than that in I and II (P<0.05). Positive expression of Bmi-1 protein in gallbladder carcinoma was not associated with sex, age, presence of gallstones and other organ invasion (P>0.05).
Table IV.
Relationship between Bmi-1 protein expression and clinicopathological factors of gallbladder carcinoma.
| Bmi-1 expression level | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinicopathological factors | Cases | Negative (%) | Positive (%) | χ2 value | P-value |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 20 | 6 (30) | 14 (70) | 2.681 | >0.05 |
| Female | 30 | 3 (10) | 27 (90) | ||
| Age | |||||
| <60 years | 28 | 5 (17.9) | 23 (82.1) | 0.931 | >0.05 |
| ≥60 years | 22 | 6 (27.2) | 16 (72.8) | ||
| Differentiation | |||||
| High/medium | 32 | 8 (25) | 24 (75) | 9.182 | <0.05 |
| Low | 18 | 2 (11.1) | 16 (88.9) | ||
| TNM staging | |||||
| I–II | 18 | 5 (27.8) | 13 (72.2) | 6.521 | <0.05 |
| III–IV | 32 | 4 (12.5) | 28 (87.5) | ||
| Gallstones | |||||
| Yes | 29 | 4 (13.8) | 25 (86.2) | 0.107 | >0.05 |
| No | 21 | 4 (19.0) | 17 (81.0) | ||
| Other organ invasion | |||||
| Yes | 17 | 2 (11.8) | 15 (88.2) | 0.427 | >0.05 |
| No | 33 | 6 (18.2) | 27 (81.8) | ||
qPCR detection of Bmi-1 expression in gallbladder carcinoma
Results showed that the mRNA expression level of Bmi-1 in gallbladder carcinoma tissues was significantly higher than that in normal gallbladder tissues (Fig. 2, P<0.05).
Figure 2.
Expression of Bmi-1 in gallbladder carcinoma. (A) Normal gallbladder tissue; (B) gallbladder carcinoma tissue; M, Marker (bp).
RT-PCR detection of Bmi-1 expression level
Compared with human normal gallbladder cancer cell line GBC-SD and negative control GBC-SD-Bmi1-NC cells, the expression level of Bmi-1 in GBC-SD-Bmi1-si RNA transfected with Bmi1-siRNA was significantly lower (Fig. 3, P<0.05). This result demonstrates that Bmi1-si RNA can induce the degradation of Bmi-1 mRNA in gallbladder cancer cell lines.
Figure 3.
Expression of Bmi-1 in each cell line. *P<0.05, compared with GBC-SD-Bmi1-si RNA.
CCK-8 assay detection of cell proliferation
As shown in Fig. 4, at 72 and 96 h, the absorbance of GBC-SD-Bmi1-siRNA cells was significantly lower than that of control human normal gallbladder cancer cells GBC-SD and the negative control GBC-SD-Bmi1-NC cells. Therefore, the results indicate that the cell line GBC-SD-Bmi1-si RNA constructed by the RNA interference technique grows slowly, that is, its growth is inhibited, and the growth cycle is prolonged.
Figure 4.
Proliferative capacity of each cell line.
Flow cytometry detection of apoptosis
As shown in Fig. 5, compared with GBC-SD and negative control GBC-SD-Bmi1-NC cells, the apoptosis rate of GBC-SD-Bmi1-si RNA cells was significantly higher than those of the other two groups (P<0.05, B4 quadrant as statistical object), i.e., the inhibited expression of Bmi-1 gene led to promoted apoptosis of gallbladder cancer cell line GBC-SD. This result is consistent with the CCK-8 experimental results.
Figure 5.
Bmi1-siRNA induces apoptosis in (A) GBC-SD-Bmi1-si RNA, (B) GBC-SD-Bmi1-NC, and (C) GBC-SD cells. B1 quadrant, necrotic cells; B2 quadrant, late apoptotic cells or necrotic cells; B3 quadrant, living cells; B4 quadrant, early apoptotic cells. B4 quadrant is the statistical object. The apoptosis rate in panel A is 26.23%, in panel B is 4.73% and in panel C is 2.68%. The apoptosis rate of GBC-SD-Bmil-si RNA is significantly higher than the other two groups.
Effect of Bim1-siRNA transfection on the expression of related proteins
As shown in Fig. 6, the expression level of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in GBC-SD-Bmi1-siRNA cells was decreased compared with GBC-SD and negative control GBC-SD-Bmi1-NC cells. Expression level of Bax was increased, and the expression level of the apoptotic kinase caspase 3 was increased, which was consistent with the increase in the apoptotic rate of GBC-SD-Bmi1-si RNA cells. In addition, the expression levels of the cyclins, cyclin D1 and CDK2, in GBC-SD-Bmi1-si RNA cells were decreased compared with the two control groups, which was consistent with the prolonged GBC-SD-Bmi1-NC cell proliferation cycle.
Figure 6.
Expression of cyclin and apoptotic proteins in cells after Bim1-si RNA transfection.
Discussion
Gallbladder cancer is the most common malignant tumor in the biliary system worldwide, and its geographical distribution is uneven, it is relatively rare in most countries, more common in countries such as India, Japan and Chile (9–12).
In China, the incidence of gallbladder cancer has also increased in recent years (13). Although recent data show that treatment efficacy of early gallbladder cancer is greatly improved (4), the prognosis of advanced patients is still not optimistic (14). Thus, worldwide scholars are committed to the in-depth research of the incidence and progression of gallbladder cancer in many aspects in order to achieve better prevention and treatment. Long-term in-depth research has found and identified a large number of related genes involved in gallbladder cancer. This study aimed to investigate the expression of Bmi-1 in gallbladder carcinoma and its clinicopathology and mechanisms of regulating human gallbladder carcinoma cell proliferation.
In this study, immunohistochemical staining showed that the positive expression rate of Bmi-1 protein in gallbladder carcinoma tissues was significantly higher than that in normal gallbladder tissues, and data analysis showed that the expression of Bmi-1 protein in gallbladder carcinoma tissues was associated with tumor differentiation degree and stage. There was no association with sex, age, presence of gallstones and other organ invasions. After transfecting Bmi1-si RNA and Bmi1-NC vector into gallbladder cancer cell line GBC-SD, RT-qPCR showed that Bmi-1 expression level in GBC-SD-Bmi1-s RNA was significantly lower than that in GBC-SD-Bmi1-NC and GBC-SD cells, which proved that Bmi1-si RNA played an inhibitory role. Absorbance of GBC-SD-Bmi1-si RNA cells in CCK-8 assay was significantly lower than that in the two control groups. That is, after inhibiting the expression of Bmi-1, the growth cycle of gallbladder cancer cells is prolonged, thereby leading to decreased proliferation. Qin et al (15) and Becker et al (16) found that the cell cycle was arrested after downregulating Bmi-1 expression in a mouse lung cancer model, which was consistent with the results of this study. Flow cytometry showed that the apoptosis rate of GBC-SD-Bmi1-si RNA cells was significantly higher than that of the two control groups. The results were consistent with the CCK-8 experiment, in which the apoptosis rate of the cells was higher than that of the control group. It was again demonstrated that inhibition of Bmi-1 expression in gallbladder cancer cells can promote apoptosis of gallbladder cancer cell line GBC-SD. This was consistent with the results reported by Xiao and Deng (17) that after the expression of Bmi-1 gene was downregulated by gene knockout technology, the proliferation and invasion ability of gastric cancer cells were weakened, which again proved that Bmi-1 can be a potential target for targeted treatment of gallbladder cancer. In addition, the cell cycle arrest of GBC-SD-Bmi1-si RNA cells affects the proliferation of gallbladder cancer cells, suggesting that Bmi-1 may regulate cell cycle and affect cell proliferation by acting on cell cycle factors. It can also act on proapoptotic and anti-apoptotic proteins to affect the apoptosis process of gallbladder cancer cells. Therefore, we extracted the total protein of GBC-SD-Bmi1-si RNA cells and detected the expression of a series of cell cycle factors, pro-apoptotic proteins and anti-apoptotic proteins. Results showed that compared with the two control groups, the expression level of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was decreased in GBC-SD-Bmi1-si RNA cells, and the expression level of proapoptotic protein Bax and caspase 3 was increased, and expression level of cyclin D1 and CDK2 was decreased. This result indicates that downregulation of Bmi-1 expression may affect the expression levels of cyclin D1 and CDK2 in gallbladder cancer cells, leading to a delay in cell proliferation cycle, and also a decrease in the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in gallbladder cancer cells. Increased expression of the proapoptotic protein Bax and the apoptotic kinase caspase 3 led to an increase in apoptosis.
Studies have shown that imbalance between cell proliferation and apoptotic state plays an important role in the occurrence and development of most malignant tumors. Cell proliferation imbalance and cell cycle disorder may affect the occurrence and development of tumors. This study demonstrates that targeted inhibition of Bmi-1 expression can affect the proliferation and apoptosis of gallbladder cancer cells. The molecular mechanism is related to the decreased expression of cyclin D1 and CDK2, decreased expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and increased expression of proapoptotic protein Bax and caspase 3, which confirms that Bmi-1 is a potential target for clinical treatment of gallbladder cancer. However, more clinical studies on its mechanism are still needed.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Funding
The study was funded by the Qiqihar City Science and Technology Project.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
KJ conceived the study, wrote the manuscript and was responsible for immunohistochemical staining for detection of Bmi-1 expression in gallbladder carcinoma. HZ, WJ and CZ were responsible for western blot analysis and PCR. HZ and DS helped with flow cytometry and CCK-8 assay. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Qiqihar Medical University (Qiqihar, China). Patients who participated in this research had complete clinical data. Signed informed consents were obtained from the patients or the guardians.
Patient consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.