p6α neomorphs activate ERK and JNK signaling pathways to promote cell growth, survival, invasion and inhibit apoptosis. Binding of neomorphs to Cdc42 and Rac1 leads to phosphorylation of Braf, MKK1/2 and ERK1/2 in the cytoplasm. Cdc42 and Rac1 also facilitate the translocation of p85α neomorphs from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where the neomorphs act as scaffolds for a MLK3/MKK7/JNK1/JNK2 complex that activates nuclear JNK signaling. The neomorphs also activate AKT but the mechanism is unknown. RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase. GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor.