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. 2019 Jul 4;6:114. doi: 10.1038/s41597-019-0123-5

A DNA barcode reference library of French Polynesian shore fishes

Erwan Delrieu-Trottin 1,2,3,4,✉, Jeffrey T Williams 5,✉, Diane Pitassy 5, Amy Driskell 6, Nicolas Hubert 1, Jérémie Viviani 3,7,8, Thomas H Cribb 9, Benoit Espiau 3,4, René Galzin 3,4, Michel Kulbicki 10, Thierry Lison de Loma 3,4, Christopher Meyer 11, Johann Mourier 3,4,12, Gérard Mou-Tham 10, Valeriano Parravicini 3,4, Patrick Plantard 3,4, Pierre Sasal 3,4, Gilles Siu 3,4, Nathalie Tolou 3,4, Michel Veuille 4,13, Lee Weigt 6, Serge Planes 3,4,✉
PMCID: PMC6609690  PMID: 31273217

Abstract

The emergence of DNA barcoding and metabarcoding opened new ways to study biological diversity, however, the completion of DNA barcode libraries is fundamental for such approaches to succeed. This dataset is a DNA barcode reference library (fragment of Cytochrome Oxydase I gene) for 2,190 specimens representing at least 540 species of shore fishes collected over 10 years at 154 sites across the four volcanic archipelagos of French Polynesia; the Austral, Gambier, Marquesas and Society Islands, a 5,000,000 km2 area. At present, 65% of the known shore fish species of these archipelagoes possess a DNA barcode associated with preserved, photographed, tissue sampled and cataloged specimens, and extensive collection locality data. This dataset represents one of the most comprehensive DNA barcoding efforts for a vertebrate fauna to date. Considering the challenges associated with the conservation of coral reef fishes and the difficulties of accurately identifying species using morphological characters, this publicly available library is expected to be helpful for both authorities and academics in various fields.

Subject terms: Genetic databases, DNA sequencing, Biodiversity, Taxonomy

Design Type(s) population data analysis objective • biodiversity assessment objective
Measurement Type(s) fish
Technology Type(s) taxonomic diversity assessment by targeted gene survey
Factor Type(s) Species • geographic location
Sample Characteristic(s) Actinopterygii • French Polynesia • ocean biome
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Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data (ISA-Tab format)

Background & Summary

DNA barcoding aims to identify individuals to the species level by using a short and standardized portion of a gene as a species tag1. This standardized procedure has revolutionized how biodiversity can be surveyed as the identification of a species then becomes independent of the level of taxonomic expertise of the collector2, the life stage of the species3,4 or the state of conservation of the specimen5,6. Due to its large spectrum of potential applications, DNA barcoding has been employed in a large array of scientific fields such as taxonomy7, biogeography, biodiversity inventories8 and ecology9; but see Hubert and Hanner for a review10. In the genomic era, this approach has been successfully applied to the simultaneous identification of multiple samples (i.e. the metabarcoding approach), extending its applications to surveys of whole ecological communities11, but also monitoring species diet12,13, identifying the presence of specific species in a region14, or studying changes in the community through time by sampling environmental DNA15,16.

By design, DNA barcoding has proved to be fast and accurate, but its accuracy is highly dependent on the completeness of DNA barcode reference libraries. These libraries turn surveys of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) into species surveys through the assignment of species names to OTUs17,18, hence giving meaning to data for ecologists, evolutionary biologists and stakeholders. Taxonomists increasingly provide DNA barcodes of new species they are describing; but thousands of species of shore fishes still lack this diagnostic molecular marker.

In the South Pacific, an early initiative led by the CRIOBE Laboratory was successfully carried out for French Polynesian coral reef fishes at the scale of one island, Moorea (Society Island)19. The fish fauna of Moorea’s waters is one of the best known of the region given the historical operation of research laboratories and long term surveys20,21. The Moorea project revealed a high level of cryptic diversity in Moorea’s fishes19 and motivated the CRIOBE Laboratory to extend this biodiversity survey of shore fishes to the remaining islands of French Polynesia. French Polynesia (FP) is a 5,000,000 km2 region located between 7° and 27° South Latitude that constitutes a priority area for conducting a barcoding survey. This region is species rich due to its position at the junction of several biogeographic areas with varying levels of endemism. For example, the Marquesas Islands (northeastern FP) rank as the third highest region of endemism for coral reef fishes in the Indo-Pacific (13.7%22). The Austral Islands (southwestern FP) and Gambier Islands (southeastern FP) host numerous southern subtropical endemic species23–25. Finally, the Society Islands (western FP) possess the highest species richness (877 species) and the highest number of widespread species in French Polynesia26.

Here, we present the result of a large-scale effort to DNA barcode the shore fishes in French Polynesia. Conducted between 2008 and 2014, a total of 154 sites were inventoried across these four archipelagoes. Islands of varying ages and topographies were visited ranging from low-lying atolls to high islands surrounded by a barrier reef, or solely fringing reefs. Furthermore, inventories were conducted across different habitats at each island (i.e. sand bank, coral reefs, rubble, rocky, etc.). In total, 2,190 specimens were identified, preserved, photographed, tissue sampled, DNA barcoded and cataloged with extensive metadata to build a library representing at least 540 species, 232 genera and 61 families of fishes (Fig. 1). Merged with previous sampling efforts at Moorea, a total of 3,131 specimens now possess a DNA barcode representing at least 645 nominal species for a coverage of approximately 65% of the known shore fish species diversity of these four archipelagoes. These biodiversity surveys have already resulted in the publication of updated species checklists22,26 and in the description of 17 new species27–34. This comprehensive library for French Polynesia shore fishes will certainly benefit a wide community of users with different interests, ranging from basic to applied science, and including fisheries management, functional ecology, taxonomy and conservation. Furthermore, many newly detected taxa for science are revealed here, along with complete collection data and DNA barcodes, which should facilitate their formal description as new species. While shedding new light on the species diversity of the Pacific region, this publicly available library is expected to fuel the development of DNA barcode libraries in the Pacific Ocean and to provide more accurate results for the growing number of studies using DNA metabarcoding in the Indo-West Pacific.

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

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Overview of data generation. From collection of specimen to the validation of data generation.

Methods

Sampling strategy

We explored a diversity of habitats across the four corners of French Polynesia with shallow and deep SCUBA dives (down to 50–55 m) for a total of 154 sampled sites (Fig. 2, Table 1). A total of 2,190 specimens, representing at least 540 species, 232 genera and 61 families (Fig. 3a) have been collected across four archipelagos representing the four corners of French Polynesia (FP), through six scientific expeditions: Marquesas Islands (1) in 2008 at Mohotani and (2) in 2011 at every island of the archipelago aboard the M.V. Braveheart (Clark Bank, Motu One, Hatutaa, Eiao, Motu Iti, Nuku-Hiva, Ua-Huka, Ua-Pou, Fatu-Huku, Hiva-Oa, Tahuata, Fatu-Hiva; 52 sites), (3) in 2010 at Gambier Islands aboard the M.V. Claymore (Mangareva, Taravai, Akamaru, and all along the barrier reef; 53 sites), (4) at Austral Islands in 2013 aboard the Golden Shadow (Raivavae, Tubuai, Rurutu, Rimatara, Maria Islands; 25 sites), (5) at westernmost atolls of the Society Islands in 2014 aboard the M.V. Braveheart (Manuae and Maupiha’a; 20 sites). A sixth scientific expedition took place on Moorea’s deep reefs in 2008 (Society Islands) as a small scale scientific expedition that included the exploration and sampling of some of the deep reefs of Moorea (53 to 56 m depth; 4 sites) (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

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Sampling localities across French Polynesia. The number of sampling sites and the number of specimens collected are displayed for each archipelago. Several sampling localities may be represented by a single dot due to the geographic scale of French Polynesia. Map data: Google, DigitalGlobe.

Table 1.

Overview of the dataset.

BOLD project Geographical location No. of specimen collected No. of species collected Sampling effort (No. of sampling days/No. of sites)
AUSTR Austral Islands 560 263 12/25
GAMBA Gambier Islands 705 290 18/53
MARQ Marquesas Islands 386 182 18/41
MOH Marquesas Islands 190 107 5/11
MOOP Society Islands 42 27 4/4
SCIL Society Islands 309 213 8/20
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Number of specimens and species collected for each scientific expedition. Sampling effort expressed in number of sampling days and number of sites.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

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Species diversity and distribution of genetic distance across the DNA barcode library. (a) Species diversity by family for the four archipelagoes sampled; (b) Distribution of maximum intraspecific distances (K2P, percent); (c) Distribution of nearest neighbor distances (K2P, percent); (d) Relationship between maximum intraspecific and nearest neighbor distances. Points above the diagonal line indicate species with a barcode gap.

Specimen collection

Specimens were captured using rotenone (powdered root of the Derris plant) and spear guns while SCUBA diving. These complementary sampling methods35 allowed us to sample both the cryptic and small fish fauna as well as the larger specimens of species not susceptible to rotenone collecting. Four individuals per species were collected on average. Fishes were sorted and identified onboard to the species level using identification keys and taxonomic references23,36 and representative specimens of all species collected were photographed in a fish photo tank to capture fresh color patterns, labeled and tissue sampled for genetic analyses (fin clip or muscle biopsies preserved in 96% ethanol). The photographed/sampled voucher specimens were preserved in 10% formalin (3.7% formaldehyde solution) and later transferred into 75% ethanol for permanent archival storage. Preserved voucher specimens and tissues were deposited and cataloged into the fish collection at the Museum Support Center, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Suitland, Maryland, USA. Nomenclature follows Randall23 and we followed recent taxonomic changes using the California Academy of Sciences Online Eschmeyer’s Catalog of Fishes37.

DNA barcode sequencing

We extracted whole genomic DNA using QIAxtractor (QIAGEN, Crawley) and Autogen AutoGenPrep 965 according to manufacturer’s protocols. A 655 bp fragment of the cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) was amplified using Fish COI primers FISHCOILBC (TCAACYAATCAYAAAGATATYGGCAC) and FISHCOIHBC (ACTTCYGGGTGRCCRAARAATCA) and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing protocols as in Weigt et al.38. PCR products were Sanger sequenced bidirectionally and run on an ABI3730XL in the Laboratories of Analytical Biology (National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution). Sequences were edited using Sequencher 5.4 (Gene Codes) and aligned with Clustal W as implemented in Barcode Of Life Datasystem (BOLD, http://www.boldsystems.org). Alignments were unambiguous with no indels or frameshift mutations. A total of 2,190 DNA barcodes have been generated.

Specimen identification

All morphological identifications were revised as needed after the specimens were deposited in the archival specimen collection to confirm initial identifications made in the field. Specimens of specific groups like Antennaridae, Bythitidae, Chlopsidae or Muraenidae were revised by additional taxonomist specialists (David Smith, John McCosker, Leslie W. Knapp, Werner Schwarzhans). After the morphological identification, we used the Taxon-ID Tree tool and Barcode Index Numbers (BIN) discordance tools as implemented in the Sequence Analysis module of BOLD to check every identification using the DNA barcodes generated. The Taxon-ID tool consists of the construction of a neighbor-joining (NJ) tree using K2P (Kimura 2 Parameter) distances by BOLD to provide a graphic representation of the species divergence39. The BIN discordance tool uses the Refined Single Linkage algorithm (RESL40) to provide a total number of OTUs.

Data Records

This library is composed of three main components: (1) voucher specimens archived in the national fish collection at the Smithsonian Institution (Washington, DC), which were photographed in the field, (2) complete collection data associated with each voucher specimen, and (3) DNA barcodes (Fig. 1).

All photographs, voucher collection numbers, DNA barcodes and collection data are publicly available in BOLD41 in the Container INDOF “Fish of French Polynesia” or by scientific expedition (“AUSTR”, “GAMBA”, “MARQ”, “MOH”, “MOOP” and “SCILL”) and in Figshare42. DNA barcodes have also been made available in GenBank, and have accessions KC56766143 to KC56766344, KC68499045, KC68499146, KU90570947 to KU90572748, KY57069849, KY57070350 to KY57070551, KY57070852, KY68354953, MH70784654 to MH70788155, MK56677456 to MK56715357, MK65696958 to MK65871359 and this database is accessible through the CRIOBE portal (http://fishbardb.criobe.pf).

The library fulfills the BARCODE data standard60,61 which requires: 1) Species name, 2) Voucher data, 3) Collection data, 4) Identifier of the specimen, 5) COI sequence of at least 500 bp, 6) PCR primers used to generate the amplicon, 7) Trace files. In BOLD, each record in a project represents a voucher specimen with its photographs, voucher collection numbers, associated sequences and extensive collection data related to (1) the Voucher: Sample ID, Field ID, Museum ID, Institution Storing; (2) the Taxonomy: Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Subfamily, Genus, species, Identifier, Identifier E-mail, Taxonomy Notes; (3) Specimen Details: Sex, Reproduction, Life Stage, FAO Zone, Notes such as sizes of the specimens, Voucher Status, and (4) Collection Data: Collectors, Collection Date, Continent, Country/Ocean*, State/Province, Region, Sector, Exact Site, GPS Coordinates, Elevation, Depth, Depth Precision, GPS Source, and Collection Notes42.

Technical Validation

To test the robustness of our library, we first computed the distribution of the interspecific and intraspecific variability for all the described species (Fig. 3b–d). We found that there is little to no overlap in the distribution of divergence within and between species for the vast majority of the species identified morphologically (mean intra-specific divergence 0.66, min: 0.00, max: 21.56; mean inter-specific divergence 12.28, min: 0.00, max: 24.01). The RESL algorithm identified more BINs (617) than nominal species identified morphologically (540). The morphological reexamination of specimens in light of these results suggest that 65 taxa could be new species for science awaiting a formal description (Online-only Table 1) as they are morphologically distinguishable from other species and possess unique BIN numbers. Taxonomic paraphyly (i.e. potentially cryptic species) has been found for 18 additional species (Table 2) as they are divided in 37 different BINs, while no morphological character has been found so far to distinguish them. Finally, mixed genealogies between sister-species were observed for 17 species (Table 3), mostly between some of the Marquesan endemics and their closest relatives that are not currently observed in the Marquesas Islands. Considering the maternal inheritance of the mitochondrial genes and the very shallow genealogies involved (maximum K2P genetic distances lower than 2%), both incomplete lineage sorting and past introgressive hybridization might be responsible of the mixing of species genealogies in those 17 cases. In summary, 94% of the BINs match species identified using morphological characters, meaning that it was possible to successfully identify a species using DNA barcodes in 94% of the cases.

Online-only Table 1.

Potential new species detected in the dataset.

Sample ID Family Genus Species No. of specimens
AUST-419 Antennariidae Antennatus sp1 1
AUST-570, GAM-355 Antennariidae Antennatus sp2 2
MARQ-022, MOH-087 Antennariidae Antennatus sp3 2
SCIL-293 Antennariidae Antennatus sp4 1
MARQ-105, MARQ-106, MARQ-107 Apogonidae Fowleria sp 3
MARQ-380, MARQ-381, MOH-068 Apogonidae Gymnapogon sp 3
AUST-142, AUST-143 Apogonidae Pseudamiops sp 2
AUST-470, AUST-471 Apogonidae Siphamia sp 2
MARQ-177, MARQ-208, MOH-040 Blenniidae Blenniella sp 3
AUST-242, GAM-791, GAM-792, MARQ-139, MARQ-140 Blenniidae Cirripectes sp 5
GAM-278, GAM-279, SCIL-017, SCIL-021, SCIL-058, SCIL-288, SCIL-322 Blenniidae Enchelyurus sp 7
AUST-407, AUST-408, AUST-409 Blenniidae Entomacrodus sp 3
MARQ-184, MARQ-187, MARQ-378, MARQ-379 Blenniidae Rhabdoblennius sp 4
MOOP-028 Chlopsidae Kaupichthys sp 1
AUST-600 Congridae Ariosoma sp1 1
MARQ-318 Congridae Ariosoma sp2 1
MARQ-314, MARQ-315, MARQ-316 Congridae Gnathophis sp 3
MARQ-397, MOH-062 Creediidae Chalixodytes sp 1
AUST-427, AUST-538, AUST-539 Creediidae Crystallodytes sp 3
AUST-413 Gobiesocidae NA sp 1
AUST-159, AUST-305 Gobiesocidae Pherallodus sp1 2
AUST-532, AUST-533, AUST-534 Gobiesocidae Propherallodus sp 3
AUST-082 Gobiidae Bryaninops sp 1
GAM-374, GAM-375 Gobiidae Cabillus sp 2
MARQ-430, MOH-129, MOH-211 Gobiidae Callogobius sp 3
AUST-303, GAM-379 Gobiidae Eviota sp1 1
GAM-697 Gobiidae Eviota sp2 1
SCIL-038 Gobiidae Eviota sp3 1
AUST-346, AUST-347 Gobiidae Gobiodon sp 2
MARQ-097, MARQ-098 Gobiidae Gobiodon sp 2
SCIL-240 Gobiidae Gobiodon sp 1
AUST-566, AUST-567, AUST-568, GAM-364 Gobiidae Paragobiodon sp 4
MARQ-363, MARQ-364, MARQ-365 Gobiidae Pleurosicya sp1 3
MOOP-007 Gobiidae Pleurosicya sp2 1
SCIL-237 Gobiidae Priolepis sp 1
AUST-032 Gobiidae Silhouettea sp 1
MOOP-047 Gobiidae Sueviota sp 1
AUST-446 Gobiidae Trimma sp1 1
MARQ-435, MARQ-436 Gobiidae Trimma sp2 2
GAM-32 Gobiidae Trimmatom sp1 1
GAM-33 Gobiidae Trimmatom sp2 1
MOOP-002 Gobiidae Trimmatom sp3 1
AUST-423, AUST-424, AUST-425, AUST-544 Isonidae Iso sp1 4
GAM-521, GAM-522 Isonidae Iso sp2 2
MOH-079 Lethrinidae Gymnocranius sp 1
AUST-383, GAM-176, GAM-177, GAM-178, MOH-200, SCIL-299 Moringuidae Moringua sp1 6
SCIL-300 Moringuidae Moringua sp2 1
MARQ-505 Muraenidae Gymnothorax sp1 1
SCIL-335 Muraenidae Gymnothorax sp2 1
AUST-573, GAM-709 Ophidiidae Brotula sp 2
AUST-297, AUST-298, AUST-299, AUST-300, GAM-761 Pempheridae Pempheris sp1 5
MARQ-063, MARQ-165, MARQ-166, MARQ-167, MARQ-276, MARQ-382, MOH-178, MOH-179 Pempheridae Pempheris sp2 8
AUST-308, AUST-309, AUST-310, AUST-311 Pomacentridae Stegastes sp 4
MOOP-018, MOOP-019, MOOP-034, MOOP-035 Pseudochromidae Lubbockichthys sp 4
GAM-599, GAM-600 Scorpaenidae Scorpaenodes sp1 2
MOH-137, MOH-151 Scorpaenidae Scorpaenodes sp2 2
GAM-56, GAM-569, GAM-574, GAM-58 Scorpaenidae Sebastapistes sp1 4
MARQ-328, SCIL-114 Scorpaenidae Sebastapistes sp2 1
MARQ-046, MOH-027 Syngnathidae Doryrhamphus sp 1
MARQ-321 Synodontidae Synodus sp 1
AUST-011, AUST-048 Tripterygiidae Enneapterygius sp1 1
AUST-360, AUST-057, AUST-058, AUST-059 Tripterygiidae Enneapterygius sp2 4
GAM-68, GAM-69, GAM-123, GAM-124, GAM-125 Tripterygiidae Enneapterygius sp3 3
GAM-002 Tripterygiidae Enneapterygius sp4 1
SCIL-112, SCIL-133, SCIL-156 Tripterygiidae Enneapterygius sp5 3
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Specimens which were identified only to the genus level and which represent potentially new species waiting to be described. Number of specimens included in each Barcode Index Number (BIN).

Table 2.

Potential cryptic species.

BINs Taxa No. of specimens
BOLD:AAF8427 Apogon crassiceps 2
BOLD:ABW7007 Apogon crassiceps 4
BOLD:ACE7901 Apogon crassiceps 1
BOLD:ACX1964 Apogon doryssa 1
BOLD:ABW8494 Apogon doryssa 2
BOLD:AAF5636 Aporops bilinearis 1
BOLD:AAF5637 Aporops bilinearis 4
BOLD:AAD2580 Centropyge flavissima 2
BOLD:AAD9019 Centropyge flavissima 6
BOLD:ACD1956 Fusigobius duospilus 5
BOLD:AAD1050 Fusigobius duospilus 1
BOLD:AAA6306 Gnatholepis cauerensis 9
BOLD:AAC6155 Gnatholepis cauerensis 5
BOLD:ACC5235 Gymnothorax melatremus 3
BOLD:AAC8364 Gymnothorax melatremus 5
BOLD:AAF0704 Leiuranus semicinctus 3
BOLD:AAL6561 Leiuranus semicinctus 2
BOLD:ACD1820 Myrophis microchir 1
BOLD:AAE0976 Myrophis microchir 2
BOLD:AAB3862 Parupeneus multifasciatus 6
BOLD:ACD1989 Parupeneus multifasciatus 3
BOLD:ACD1988 Priolepis triops 3
BOLD:AAX7961 Priolepis triops 1
BOLD:AAB4082 Pristiapogon kallopterus 1
BOLD:ABZ7996 Pristiapogon kallopterus 7
BOLD:ACC5180 Pseudocheilinus octotaenia 10
BOLD:AAD3038 Pseudocheilinus octotaenia 9
BOLD:AAB4821 Pterocaesio tile 4
BOLD:ACK9118 Pterocaesio tile 1
BOLD:ACP9778 Scolecenchelys gymnota 1
BOLD:AAJ8783 Scolecenchelys gymnota 2
BOLD:AAC7090 Stegastes fasciolatus 11
BOLD:ABZ0285 Stegastes fasciolatus 2
BOLD:ACC5053 Uropterygius kamar 1
BOLD:ACC5109 Uropterygius kamar 1
BOLD:ACD1642 Uropterygius macrocephalus 1
BOLD:AAU1965 Uropterygius macrocephalus 2
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Species with number of specimens collected displaying taxonomic paraphyly most likely representing undescribed cryptic species. Sample ID includes sampling location (AUST: Austral Islands, GAMB: Gambier Islands, MARQ and MOH: Marquesas Islands, SCIL and MOOP: Society Islands).

Table 3.

Species displaying either incomplete lineage sorting or shallow inter-species divergence.

Family Species Mean Intra-Sp Max Intra-Sp Nearest Neighbour Nearest Species Distance to NN
Acanthuridae Acanthurus reversus 0.08 0.15 AUSTR453-13 Acanthurus olivaceus 0
Holocentridae Myripristis earlei 0.28 0.62 SCILL065-15 Myripristis berndti 0
Monacanthidae Pervagor marginalis 0.36 0.62 SCILL083-15 Pervagor aspricaudus 0
Tetraodontidae Canthigaster criobe 0 0 MOH030-16 Canthigaster janthinoptera 0
Mullidae Mulloidichthys mimicus 0.52 0.52 AUSTR089-13 Mulloidichthys vanicolensis 0.17
Pomacentridae Chromis abrupta 0 0 SCILL209-15 Chromis margaritifer 0.31
Labridae Coris marquesensis 0 0 SCILL040-15 Coris gaimard 0.46
Apogonidae Ostorhinchus relativus N/A 0 SCILL142-15 Ostorhinchus angustatus 0.93
Tetraodontidae Canthigaster rapaensis 0.21 0.31 MARQ456-12 Canthigaster marquesensis 1.1
Pomacentridae Abudefduf conformis 0.15 0.15 GAMBA844-12 Abudefduf sexfasciatus 1.24
Monacanthidae Cantherhines nukuhiva 0.15 0.31 GAMBA711-12 Cantherhines sandwichiensis 1.4
Pomacentridae Plectroglyphidodon sagmarius 0.08 0.15 AUSTR222-13 Plectroglyphidodon imparipennis 1.56
Holocentridae Sargocentron caudimaculatum 0.68 1.1 SCILL104-15 Sargocentron tiere 1.57
Acanthuridae Zebrasoma rostratum 0 0 AUSTR376-13 Zebrasoma scopas 1.72
Apogonidae Apogon marquesensis 0.23 0.31 GAMBA657-12 Apogon susanae 1.88
Chaetodontidae Chaetodon flavirostris 0.08 0.15 SCILL269-15 Chaetodon lunula 1.88
Chaetodontidae Chaetodon lunula 0.1 0.15 GAMBA555-12 Chaetodon flavirostris 1.88
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Mean and Maximum intra-Species distances (Mean Intra-Sp and Max Intra-Sp), and Kimura 2 Parameter distances from the Nearest Neighbour (NN).

Usage Notes

This Barcode release dataset is freely available to use in barcoding or metabarcoding surveys for specimen identification. Several approaches can be considered:

  1. directly downloading the sequences in fasta format, and working offline by merging this dataset with an ongoing barcoding project;

  2. working online, through the BOLD website (registration is free), and merging the Container INDOF “Fish of French Polynesia” or parts of the scientific expeditions (Table 1) with an ongoing BOLD project;

  3. through online identification tools, as data are indexed in both BOLD and Genbank databases. This library will be considered when any queries of molecular identification will be made through the identification engine of BOLD (http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/IDS-OpenIdEngine) or the standard nucleotide Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST, https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). In the same manner, this dataset should also be indexed in the MIDORI database62,63. Composed of both endemic and widespread species, this library is expected to benefit a large community from academics to authorities who use molecular data to monitor and survey biodiversity.

ISA-Tab metadata file

Download metadata file (3.8KB, zip)

Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the French National Agency for Marine Protected Area in France (‘Pakaihi I Te Moana’ expedition), the ANR IMODEL and Contrat de Projet Etat-Territoire in French Polynesia and the French Ministry for Environment, Sustainable Development and Transport (MEDDTL) (‘CORALSPOT’ expeditions), the Living Oceans Foundation (‘Australs’ expedition) and the LabEx CORAIL and the GOPS, (‘Scilly’ expedition) and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (Mo’orea Biocode Project). Additional funding was provided by the IFRECOR in French Polynesia and the TOTAL Foundation. We are grateful to T. Frogier, P. Mery and the Centre Plongée Marquises (Xavier (Pipapo) and Marie Curvat), for their field assistance in the Gambier, the Marquesas, the Australs and Scilly Islands along with the crew of the Claymore II, Braveheart and the Golden Shadow. We thank the Ministère de l’Environnement de Polynésie, the Délégation à la Recherche Polynésie, the Mairie of Nuku-Hiva, and the people of the Marquesas Islands for their kind and generous support of the project as we traveled throughout the islands. We thank Jerry Finan, Erika Wilbur, Shirleen Smith, Kris Murphy, David Smith and Sandra Raredon of the Division of Fishes (National Museum of Natural History) for assistance in preparations for the trip and processing specimens and Jeffrey Hunt and Kenneth Macdonald III and Meaghan Parker Forney of the Laboratories of Analytical Biology (Smithsonian Institution) for assistance in molecular analysis of samples. Finally, we thank the staff of the CRIOBE and particularly Yannick Chancerelle for logistical support in French Polynesia. Specimens were collected under the permit “Permanent agreement, Délégation à la Recherche, French Polynesia”. This publication has ISEM Number 2019-105 SUD.

Online-only Table

Author Contributions

E.D.T. drafted the first manuscript, J.T.W., D.P., A.D. and N.H. provided extensive edits and comments. E.D.T., J.T.W., T.C., R.G., M.K., T.L.M., J.M., G.M.-T., V.P., P.P., P.S., G.S., N.T., M.V. and S.P. collected fish specimens. E.D.T., J.T.W., D.P., A.D., N.H., J.V., B.E., C.M., L.W. and S.P. produced DNA barcodes and cleaned the database. R.G. and S.P. financed the scientific expeditions. C.M. and S.P. financed the sequencing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Footnotes

Publisher’s note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Contributor Information

Erwan Delrieu-Trottin, Email: erwan.delrieu.trottin@gmail.com.

Jeffrey T. Williams, Email: williamsjt@si.edu

Serge Planes, Email: planes@univ-perp.fr.

ISA-Tab metadata

is available for this paper at 10.1038/s41597-019-0123-5.

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Data Citations

  1. Delrieu-Trottin E, 2019. A DNA barcode reference library of the French Polynesian shore fishes. figshare. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
  2. Williams JT, Delrieu-Trottin E, Planes S. 2013. GenBank. KC567661
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  4. Williams JT, Delrieu-Trottin E, Planes S. 2013. GenBank. KC684990
  5. Randall J, Victor B. 2013. GenBank. KC684991
  6. Williams JT, Viviani J. 2016. GenBank. KU905709
  7. Williams JT, Viviani J. 2016. GenBank. KU905727
  8. Carpenter KE, Williams JT, Santos MD. 2017. GenBank. KY570698
  9. Carpenter KE, Williams JT, Santos MD. 2017. GenBank. KY570703
  10. Carpenter KE, Williams JT, Santos MD. 2017. GenBank. KY570705
  11. Carpenter KE, Williams JT, Santos MD. 2017. GenBank. KY570708
  12. Carpenter KE, Williams JT, Santos MD. 2017. GenBank. KY683549
  13. Delrieu-Trottin E, 2018. GenBank. MH707846
  14. Delrieu-Trottin E, 2018. GenBank. MH707881
  15. Delrieu-Trottin E, 2019. GenBank. MK566774
  16. Delrieu-Trottin E, 2019. GenBank. MK567153
  17. Delrieu-Trottin E, 2019. GenBank. MK656969
  18. Delrieu-Trottin E, 2019. GenBank. MK658713

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