Abstract
Objective
Unintended pregnancy is one of the most public health issues in the world, and it is the major sexual and reproductive health problem which carries a higher risk of morbidity and mortality for women, often due to unsafe abortion. Even though family planning services are effective and available than ever before, unintended pregnancy and unsafe abortion are the major public health problems in the study area. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the magnitude and associated factors of unintended pregnancy among pregnant women attending antenatal care follow up in Maichew town, northern Ethiopia. An institution based cross-sectional study was conducted on 329 pregnant women selected with a systematic sampling technique from April 5 to May 4, 2017.
Result
The magnitude of unintended pregnancy among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Maichew was found to be 29.7% (95% CI 24.30, 35.50). On the other hand, single in marital status (AOR = 38.6, 95% CI 10.07, 148.01), living alone (AOR = 9.9, 95% CI 1.80, 53.40) and having three or four children (AOR = 3.5, 95% CI 1.10, 11.04) were factors associated with an unintended pregnancy. Creating awareness about unintended pregnancy associated factors and implication of unintended pregnancy is highly recommended.
Keywords: Unintended pregnancy, Pregnant women, Maichew, Ethiopia
Introduction
Unintended pregnancies are pregnancies that are unwanted which occurs with no desire to have a child, mistimed which occurs before the desired time or unplanned at a time of conception [1]. Worldwide, an estimated 33 million unintended pregnancies are a result of contraceptive failure or incorrect use [2]. In developing countries, the majority of unintended pregnancy occurs due to using traditional family planning methods or not using any type of modern contraceptives [3], and it’s the main reason for induced abortion [4]. In Ethiopia, 24.7 and 42% of unintended pregnancy caused by contraceptive failure and not using contraceptive methods, respectively [5].
Globally, each day about 100 million sexual intercourse takes place, of these 1 million conceptions occur [6]. Among 208.2 million pregnancies of the world, 41% are unintended [7]. In addition, 213 million pregnancies occur each year, 89% of this occurs in developing countries, and 40% of these are unintended pregnancies [8].
Unintended pregnancy is the major sexual and reproductive health problems that impose to substantial health, economical and psychosocial costs to individual and society as well as significant emotional distress to women, families, and society [3, 9, 10]. Besides, contributing to late antenatal care (ANC) visit, increase exposure to the substance, less care for their child, and experiencing physical and psychological violence [11]. The impact of unintended pregnancy is higher during the adolescent period that levy to dropping out of school, unstable and lack of proper management of family relationships [12]. In addition, children born to teenage mothers are much more likely to experience a range of negative outcomes in later life, such as developmental disabilities, behavioral issues and poor academic performance [13].
About half of unintended pregnancies in developing countries result in unsafe abortion which accounts for 13% of maternal deaths [14]. Poor educational status, lack of access to health services and health education, poor economic status, single in marital status, peer pressure, sexual violence, and family planning failure were exposed to unintended pregnancy [9, 15, 16].
Unintended pregnancy is one of the most evident for the violation of women’s sexual and reproductive rights in developing countries. Despite the availability of highly effective methods of contraception, different studies in Ethiopia revealed that there is a high level of unintended pregnancy [17–20]. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the magnitude and associated factors of unintended pregnancy among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Maichew town, northern Ethiopia.
Main text
Methods
Study design and period
An institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 5 to May 4, 2017.
Study area
The study was conducted in Maichew town, Tigray region, northern Ethiopia. Maichew town is found 665 km far from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. According to the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA, 2007), the total population of 23,395 lives in Maichew town, of which 12,395 are females. The town has one general hospital, two health centers, and five private clinics.
Study population
All pregnant women who had ANC follow up during data collection were included in the study. However, pregnant women who were seriously ill during data collection were excluded.
Sample size determination and sampling procedure
The required sample size was determined using a single population proportion formula by considering the proportion of unintended pregnancy in Welkaite, 26.4% [17], a 95% confidence interval (CI) and 5% of margin of error. By adding 10% for the non-response rate, the final sample was 329 women. The data were collected from all governmental health institutions in Maichew town. Based on the previous 2 months of the Maichew Town Health Administrative report, 325, 189 and 125 pregnant women had ANC follow up in Lemlem Karl hospital, Maichew health center and Semere Melese health center, respectively. Then, 167 women from Lemlem Karl hospital, 68 women from Maichew health center, and 97 women from Semere Melese health center were selected using systematic sampling and proportional allocation technique.
Data collection tools and techniques
A structured interviewer-administered face to face interview was used to collect data. The questionnaire was consisted of sociodemographic and economic characteristics, sexual behaviors, and behavioral characteristics of participants which was initially prepared in English and translated into local languages (Amharic and Tigrigna) and back-translated to the English language by three language experts to check the consistency. A total of three BSc. Midwifery data collectors involved in the study. Data collectors received 3 days of training prior to data collection. A pretest was done on five percent of the sample on the Garjale health center (outside the study area). Finally, the collected data were checked for its consistency and completeness in each day before compiling.
Data processing and analysis
The collected data were checked and entered into EpiData version 3.10 and exported into SPSS version 20 statistical software for analysis. Descriptive statistics were carried out and the result was presented in text and table. Bivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with an unintended pregnancy. Crude odds ratio (COR) and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated to identify factors associated with unintended pregnancy. Variables with a p-value less than 0.2 in the bivariable logistic regression analysis were retained into a multivariable logistic regression analysis to control the potential confounders. In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, variables with p-value < 0.05 at 95% confidence interval were considered as statistically significant.
Result
Socio-demographic and economic characteristics
A total of 313 pregnant women participated in the study making the response rate 95.14%. The median age of the respondents was 26 years with an inter-quartile range (IQR) of 8 years. The majority (78.3%) of women were in the age range of 18–34 years. Nearly two-thirds (68.1%) of women lived in an urban area. Moreover, 33.1, 11.8 and 8% of women had no formal education, lived alone and had five or more children, respectively (Table 1).
Table 1.
Socio-demographic and economic characteristics of pregnant women attending antenatal care in Maichew town, northern Ethiopia, 2017 (n = 313)
| Variables | Frequency | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Residence | ||
| Urban | 213 | 68.0 |
| Rural | 100 | 32.0 |
| Marital status | ||
| Married | 245 | 78.3 |
| Single | 68 | 21.7 |
| Age (years) | ||
| < 18 | 14 | 4.5 |
| 18–34 | 260 | 83.1 |
| > 35 | 39 | 12.5 |
| Mother’s education | ||
| No formal schooling | 97 | 31.0 |
| Primary school | 46 | 14.7 |
| Secondary school | 93 | 29.7 |
| College or university | 77 | 24.6 |
| Mather’s occupation | ||
| Student | 56 | 17.9 |
| Daily laborer or unemployed | 37 | 11.8 |
| Farmer | 34 | 10.9 |
| Civil servant | 57 | 18.2 |
| Merchant | 27 | 8.6 |
| Housewife | 102 | 32.6 |
| Husband’s education | ||
| No formal education | 102 | 32.6 |
| Primary school | 50 | 16.0 |
| Secondary school | 66 | 21.1 |
| College or university | 95 | 30.4 |
| Husband’s occupation | ||
| Student | 34 | 10.9 |
| Daily laborer or unemployed | 28 | 8.5 |
| Farmer | 96 | 30.7 |
| Civil servant | 65 | 20.8 |
| Merchant | 90 | 28.8 |
| Lived with | ||
| Husband | 214 | 68.4 |
| Parents | 62 | 19.8 |
| Alone | 37 | 11.8 |
| Economic status | ||
| Poor | 159 | 51.0 |
| Medium | 107 | 34.0 |
| Rich | 47 | 15.0 |
| No children | ||
| 0–2 | 212 | 68.0 |
| 3–4 | 76 | 24.0 |
| ≥ 5 | 25 | 8.0 |
| HIV status | ||
| Negative | 298 | 95.2 |
| Positive | 10 | 3.2 |
| Unknown | 5 | 1.6 |
Sexual and behavioral characteristics
About, 18.8% of women had multiple sexual partners. A substantial proportion of women (78%) discussed with their partner on pregnancy-related issues. The most (93.3%) and 53% of women heard about and reported that school was a major source of information on contraceptive methods, respectively. Nearly one-third (65.8%) of the participants had good knowledge of contraceptive methods (Table 2).
Table 2.
Sexual and behavioral characteristics of study participants in Maichew town, northern Ethiopia, 2017 (n = 313)
| Category | Frequency | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Number of sexual partners | ||
| One | 254 | 81.2 |
| Two and more | 59 | 18.8 |
| Communicate with partner on pregnancy | ||
| Yes | 244 | 78.0 |
| No | 69 | 22.0 |
| Heard about family planning | ||
| Yes | 292 | 93.3 |
| No | 21 | 6.7 |
| Source of information on family planning (n = 292) | ||
| Family | 50 | 17.1 |
| Friend | 121 | 41.4 |
| School | 155 | 53.1 |
| Religious institution | 13 | 4.5 |
| Media | 98 | 33.6 |
| Health institution | 117 | 40.1 |
| Awareness of contraceptive methods | ||
| Pills | 255 | 87.3 |
| Condom | 171 | 58.6 |
| Injectable | 262 | 89.7 |
| IUCD | 183 | 62.7 |
| Implant | 92 | 31.5 |
| Female sterilization | 39 | 13.4 |
| Male sterilization | 33 | 11.3 |
| Ever used family planning | ||
| Yes | 238 | 76.0 |
| No | 75 | 24.0 |
| Used family planninga | ||
| Pill | 117 | 49.2 |
| Condom | 36 | 15.1 |
| Injectable | 165 | 69.3 |
| IUCD | 2 | 0.8 |
| Implant | 41 | 17.2 |
| Knowledge of family planning | ||
| Good | 206 | 65.8 |
| Poor | 107 | 34.2 |
aMultiple response
Prevalence of unintended pregnancy 93012
The overall prevalence of unintended pregnancy was 29.7% (95% CI 24.30, 35.50).
Factors associated with unintended pregnancy
Both bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were done to see the effects of the selected characteristics on unintended pregnancy. As it is presented in Table 3, knowledge of family planning, economic status, participant’s age, living arrangements, number of children, mother’s occupation, husband’s occupation, and marital status were factors associated with an unintended pregnancy in the bivariable analysis.
Table 3.
Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses of unintended pregnancy among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Maichew town, northern Ethiopia, 2017
| Category | Unintended pregnancy | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | |||
| Knowledge of contraceptive methods | ||||
| Poor | 46 | 61 | 2.6 (1.68, 4.50) | 1.3 (0.25, 6.70) |
| Good | 47 | 159 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Economic status | ||||
| Poor | 66 | 93 | 4.8 (1.94, 12.0) | 3.5 (0.60, 18.90) |
| Medium | 21 | 86 | 1.7 (0.62, 4.44) | 2.3 (0.40, 10.60) |
| Rich | 6 | 41 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Age of participant (years) | ||||
| < 18 | 11 | 3 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 18–34 | 64 | 196 | 0.09 (0.24, 0.32) | 1.0 (0.09, 11.70) |
| > 35 | 21 | 18 | 0.23 (0.06, 0.90) | 5.6 (0.30, 83.50) |
| Lived with | ||||
| Husband | 29 | 185 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Parents | 33 | 29 | 7.3 (3.80, 13.60) | 2.3 (0.70, 6.90) |
| Alone | 31 | 6 | 32.8 (12.60, 85.80) | 9.9 (1.80–53.40)* |
| Number of children | ||||
| 0–2 | 62 | 150 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 3–4 | 20 | 56 | 0.9 (0.47, 1.55) | 3.5 (1.10, 11.04)* |
| > 5 | 11 | 14 | 1.9 (0.81, 4.41) | 2.6 (0.50, 13.10) |
| Mother’s occupation | ||||
| Student | 21 | 81 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| House wife | 34 | 22 | 6.0 (2.9, 12.24) | 0.5 (0.08, 3.80) |
| Daily labor or unemployed | 17 | 15 | 3.7 (1.63, 8.16) | 1.7 (0.22, 13.40) |
| Peasant | 8 | 26 | 1.2 (0.47, 2.99) | 1.05 (0.11, 10.10) |
| Civil servant | 6 | 51 | 0.45 (0.17, 1.2) | 0.2 (0.02, 2.28) |
| Merchant | 6 | 21 | 1.1 (0.39, 3.07) | 1.05 (0.10, 8.10) |
| Husband’s occupation | ||||
| Peasant | 33 | 63 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Student | 12 | 22 | 2.4 (1.22, 4.8) | 1.3 (0.35, 4.80) |
| Daily laborer or unemployed | 7 | 21 | 8.5 (3.49, 20.5) | 1.1 (0.20, 6.20) |
| Civil servant | 15 | 50 | 1.5 (0.50, 4.20) | 1.3 (0.23, 6.60) |
| Merchant | 16 | 74 | 1.3 (0.60, 3.10) | 4.4 (0.10, 17.50) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 33 | 212 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Single | 60 | 8 | 48.1 (21–109.8) | 38.6 (10.07, 148.01)* |
*Significantly associated factors at p-value less than 0.05
Moreover, the result of multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that marital status, number of children and living arrangement were significantly associated with unintended pregnancy. In this study, the high odds of unintended pregnancy were observed among women who lived alone (AOR = 9.9, 95% CI 1.80, 53.40) and had three or four children (AOR = 3.5, 95% CI 1.10, 11.04). Moreover, the odds of unintended pregnancy were 38.6 times (AOR = 38.6, 95% CI 10.07, 148.01) as high among women who were single compared to married (Table 3).
Discussion
This study was conducted to assess the prevalence and associated factors of unintended pregnancy among women attending antenatal care in Maichew town, northern Ethiopia.
The prevalence of unintended pregnancy among women attending ANC in Maichew town was found to be 29.7% (95% CI 24.3%, 35.5%). The finding is in line with other studies done in Hosanna (34%) [21], Walkait (26%) [22] and Mekelle town (28.6%) [23]. But compared to other studies, this finding is lower than those of studies done in Addis Ababa (37%) [3], Kenya (41%) [24], and Wolaita zone (36.6%) [25]. The possible reason for the difference might be due to the socio-demographic difference of participants, particularly the aforementioned studies were conducted in capital cities whereas the current study was conducted in district town having poor awareness of family planning, and sexual and reproductive health rights. Moreover, the prevalence of this study is higher than those of other findings in Arbaminch town (19.4%) [26], South Africa (21.6%) [27] and India (22.2%) [21]. This might be due to the difference in the educational status of the participants having more awareness of family planning methods. The difference in the availability and accessibility of family planning methods may contribute to the difference.
Pregnant women who were single and living alone were independently associated with an unintended pregnancy. Single women were more likely to develop untended pregnancy than a married one. This study is supported by studies done in Gelemso [9], Wolaita zone [25], Mulago hospital [28], Ghana [29] and Kenya [24]. This might be due to women who are single or living alone are prone to unsafe sexual acts because of parents or families are important to monitor and support the behavior, and sexual and reproductive health of women. Moreover, it might be due to social influence or bad taboos that prevent women to use family planning methods.
In this study, women who had three or more children were more likely to develop unintended pregnancy as compared to their counterpart. The same finding was observed in Felegehiwote, Bahir Dar [30], Gelemso [31], Hosanna town [21], rural Ghana [29] and Zambia [32] studies. This might be due to women having a large family size (children) spend time to take care of their children which may result in missing appointments and even delay to seek maternal health services.
Conclusion
The prevalence of unintended pregnancy was higher in the study area which confirmed the major public health problem. Marital status, the number of children and living arrangement were significantly associated with an unintended pregnancy. Hence, creating awareness on sexual and reproductive health rights, increasing the accessibility of maternal health services for women are recommended to reduce unintended pregnancy.
Limitation of the study
The major limitation of this study was the use of small study participants. It’s recommended to use a large sample size for future studies.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank participants for their willingness to participate and provided us the valuable data. We are very grateful to Woldia University and Maichew zonal health offices for their supports.
Abbreviations
- ANC
antenatal care
- AOR
adjusted odds ratio
- CSA
Central Statistics Agency
- CI
confidence interval
- COR
crude odds ratio
- EDHS
Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey
- IQR
inter quartile range
- SPSS
Statistical Package for Social Sciences
Authors’ contributions
EAK, BGG and HIO developed the concept of the research, acquired the research proposal, facilitated data collection and data entry. EAK and LBZ were prepared the first daft of this manuscript. EAK, BGG, HIO, LBZ, ADD, HAD, MWA and GGA participated in statistical analyses and critically reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
No specific fund was secured for this study
Availability of data and materials
Data supporting this finding can be found in the manuscript. All the data sets supporting the paper are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Ethical clearance was obtained from Woldia University, Faculty of Health Sciences. A supportive letter was also obtained from Zonal Health Offices. Detail explanation about the objective and benefit of the study was explained to the participants to ensure their full cooperation. Written consent was obtained from the partner or legal guardians for those women aged less than 18 years. Besides assent was secured from participants aged below 18 years. Those who were aged 18 years and above, provided by written consent on their own. Confidentiality was maintained by keeping anonymously of any personal identifiers.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Footnotes
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
Data supporting this finding can be found in the manuscript. All the data sets supporting the paper are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.