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Simplified scheme of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Insulin or insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF) binds and activates receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK; i.e., insulin receptor). In turn they activate an intracellular signal transduction cascade consisting of several enzymes: Insulin receptor substrate-1/2 (IRS-1/2), phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) and Akt/PKB.
