Table 3.
Longitudinal effects on anthropometric and biochemical characteristics in participants from interventional study.
| Baseline | Follow-up | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 20 | ||
| Age (year) | 10.9 (2.6) | 13.11 (2.6) | 0.01 |
| Sex (girl:boy) | 11:9 | ||
| Sexual development (prepuberty:puberty) | 9:11 | 4:16 | 0.09 |
| Weight (kg) | 60.2 (18.2) | 55.8 (12.3) | 0.37 |
| Height (cm) | 147.8 (15.6) | 156.9 (13.1) | 0.05 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.8 (3.4) | 22.3 (2.2) | <0.001 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 27.2 (10.0) | 19.6 (6.3) | 0.01 |
| Non-fat mass (kg) | 29.5 (8.5) | 32.9 (9.3) | 0.27 |
| Percent Fat mass | 45.3 (4.5) | 32.7 (7.1) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 89.4 (12.5) | 81.7 (9.0) | 0.03 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 81.4 (9.0) | 82.25 (7.9) | 0.77 |
| Insulin (mUI/L) | 9.0 (5.2) | 9.5 (6.7) | 0.74 |
| HOMA index | 1.8 (1.0) | 2.0 (1.4) | 0.71 |
| IGF-1 (ng/mL) | 367.4 (197.2) | 362.2 (179.3) | 0.94 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 68.9 (55.8) | 69.3 (32.0) | 0.98 |
| Free fatty acids (mg/dL) | 13.5 (6.4) | 14.9 (7.0) | 0.52 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 166.8 (25.4) | 168.3 (30.4) | 0.86 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 102.6 (21.5) | 101.6 (26.9) | 0.90 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 44.3 (8.7) | 48.6 (12.5) | 0.21 |
| T-cholesterol/HDL | 3.9 (1.2) | 3.6 (1.0) | 0.44 |
| LDL/HDL | 2.4 (0.9) | 2.2 (0.9) | 0.47 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 18.2 (20.9) | 14.3 (17.4) | 0.55 |
| TSH (mUI/L) | 2.7 (1.4) | 2.5 (1.1) | 0.63 |
| fT4 (ng/dL) | 1.1 (0.1) | 1.2 (0.1) | 0.11 |
| fT3 (pg/mL) | 4.1 (0.3) | 4.1 (0.4) | 0.86 |
| Estradiol (pg/mL) | 37.6 (56.3) | 48.4 (79.4) | 0.64 |
| Testosterone (ng/mL) | 0.6 (1.1) | 0.6 (0.8) | 0.93 |
| FSH (UI/L) | 3.3 (2.7) | 3.1 (2.5) | 0.80 |
| Vitamin-D (ng/mL) | 26.4 (16.5) | 23.1 (14.7) | 0.52 |
| ANGPTL4 (ng/mL) | 59.7 (4.0) | 67.7 (4.1) | 0.16 |
Values are presented as mean (SD). Differences in sex and sexual development distribution were analyzed by X2 test. Differences between groups were analyzed by paired T-test. Bold values mean significant statistical differences. BMI, body mass index; FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone; HOMA index, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone; fT3, free triiodothyronine; fT4, free thyroxine.