Table 3.
Variable | Group | n | Baseline | n | 6-Month | p-value (vs baseline) | n | 24-Month | p-value (vs baseline) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peak Glucose (mmol/l) | T2DM | 39 | 9.96 (9.14–10.78) | 38 | 9.32 (8.89–9.75) | 0.09 | 35 | 9.79 (9.32–10.25) | 0.69 |
Control | 21 | 6.88 (6.57–7.18) | 22 | 7.98 (7.56–8.4) | <0.001 | 17 | 9.05 (8.62–9.48) | <0.001 | |
p-value (Diabetes vs. Control) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.022 | ||||||
Glucose AUC (mmol-4 hr/l) | T2DM | 39 | 2130 (1942–2319) | 38 | 1523 (1445–1602) | <0.001 | 35 | 1472 (1385–1559) | <0.001 |
Control | 21 | 1448 (1382–1514) | 22 | 1278 (1234–1321) | <0.001 | 17 | 1347 (1298–1395) | 0.022 | |
p-value (Diabetes vs. Control) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.014 | ||||||
Peak Insulin (pmol/l) | T2DM | 39 | 491.9 (405.1–578.7) | 38 | 807.5 (617–997.9) | <0.001 | 35 | 771.4 (641.5–901.4) | <0.001 |
Control | 21 | 778.3 (596.8–959.7) | 22 | 1137.4 (863.7–1411.2) | 0.003 | 17 | 1221 (1022.1–1419.8) | <0.001 | |
p-value (Diabetes vs. Control) | 0.006 | 0.05 | <0.001 | ||||||
Insulin AUC (pmol-4hr/l) | T2DM | 39 | 66376 (57212–75539) | 38 | 51305 (41779–60832) | <0.001 | 35 | 44929 (38306–51552) | <0.001 |
Control | 21 | 89867(66916–112818) | 22 | 57628(46770–68487) | 0.001 | 17 | 57365(46776–67954) | 0.006 | |
p-value (Diabetes vs. Control) | 0.06 | 0.39 | 0.05 | ||||||
Fasting GIP (pmol/l) | T2DM | 40 | 16.5 (13.3–19.7) | 38 | 13.5 (12–15.1) | 0.029 | 35 | 14.6 (12.9–16.3) | 0.17 |
Control | 21 | 15.1 (12.3–18) | 22 | 12.5 (10.8–14.2) | 0.1 | 17 | 14.7 (12.9–16.5) | 0.78 | |
p-value (T2DM vs Ctrl) | 0.52 | 0.38 | 0.94 | ||||||
Peak GIP (pmol/l) | T2DM | 40 | 140.4 (124–156.9) | 38 | 150.9 (131.1–170.7) | 0.29 | 35 | 159.4 (133.7–185.1) | 0.14 |
Control | 21 | 129.2 103.8–154.6) | 22 | 156.6 (130.3–182.8) | 0.036 | 17 | 135.1 (112.4–157.9) | 0.62 | |
p-value (Diabetes vs. Control) | 0.46 | 0.73 | 0.16 | ||||||
GIP AUC (pmol-4hr/l) | T2DM | 40 | 16167 (14522–17813) | 38 | 11727 (10355–13099) | <0.001 | 35 | 12435 (10544–14325) | <0.001 |
Control | 21 | 15879 (13280–18478) | 22 | 13126 (11146–15107) | 0.004 | 17 | 12048 (10042–14055) | 0.001 | |
p-value (Diabetes vs. Control) | 0.85 | 0.25 | 0.78 | ||||||
Fasting GLP-1 (pmol/l) | T2DM | 40 | 4.3 (3.5–5.2) | 37 | 3.5 (2.9–4) | 0.04 | 35 | 3.3 (2.8–3.9) | 0.011 |
Control | 20 | 4.4 (3.3–5.4) | 21 | 2.7 (2.1–3.3) | <0.001 | 17 | 3.5 (2.7–4.3) | 0.05 | |
p-value (Diabetes vs. Control) | 0.94 | 0.08 | 0.75 | ||||||
Peak GLP-1 (pmol/l) | T2DM | 40 | 9.7 (7.4–11.9) | 38 | 68.5 (59.2–77.7) | <0.001 | 35 | 66.9 (58.3–75.5) | <0.001 |
Control | 21 | 12.2 (3.1–21.3) | 22 | 66.2 (49.7–82.6) | <0.001 | 17 | 69.2 (56.5–82) | <0.001 | |
p-value (Diabetes vs. Control) | 0.59 | 0.81 | 0.76 | ||||||
GLP-1 AUC (pmol/l) | T2DM | 40 | 1445 (1243–1647) | 38 | 4441 (3971–4912) | <0.001 | 35 | 4067 (3629–4505) | <0.001 |
Control | 21 | 1399 (1068–1730) | 22 | 4194 (3435–4953) | <0.001 | 17 | 3910 (3282–4538) | <0.001 | |
p-value (Diabetes vs. Control) | 0.82 | 0.58 | 0.69 | ||||||
Fasting Glucagon (ng/l) | T2DM | 40 | 78.5 (71.6–85.4) | 38 | 66.1 (59.9–72.4) | <0.001 | 35 | 66.8 (61.5–72.1) | <0.001 |
Control | 21 | 85 (72–97.9) | 22 | 70 (60.8–79.2) | <0.001 | 17 | 68.6 (59–78.2) | <0.001 | |
p-value (Diabetes vs. Control) | 0.38 | 0.49 | 0.75 | ||||||
Peak Glucagon (ng/l) | T2DM | 40 | 102.2 (91.9–112.5) | 38 | 113.3 (106.5–120) | 0.045 | 35 | 112.3 (105.4–119.2) | 0.05 |
Control | 21 | 99.2 (84.7–113.8) | 22 | 105.9 (94.9–116.8) | 0.17 | 17 | 109.9 (97.5–122.3) | 0.05 | |
p-value (T2DM vs Ctrl) | 0.74 | 0.25 | 0.74 | ||||||
Glucagon AUC (ng-4 hr/l) | T2DM | 40 | 20490 (18782–22198) | 38 | 21880 (20834–22925) | 0.06 | 35 | 21526 (20124–22928) | 0.19 |
Control | 21 | 21356 (18312–24401) | 22 | 22023 (19867–24179) | 0.44 | 17 | 23083 (20385–25780) | 0.14 | |
p-value (Diabetes vs. Control) | 0.62 | 0.91 | 0.31 |
Mean (95% CI). Estimates are based on Wald t-test from generalized linear model.