Abstract
Background
Gait measures such as gait speed, stride length, step width, and stance duration change with advanced age and are associated with adverse health outcomes among older adults. The stride-to-stride variabilities of gait measures are also related to falls and cognitive decline in older adults; however, reference values of these gait parameters in older Japanese adults do not exist. This study aimed to determine the reference values of gait parameters as measured by a plantar pressure platform in community-dwelling older Japanese adults.
Methods
Community-dwelling adults (N=1,212) who were independent in basic activities of daily living and aged 70–96 years (491 men, 721 women) completed the gait performance measurement in a geriatric health assessment. We assessed 10 gait performance measures with a plantar pressure platform system (P-WALK, BTS Bioengineering) and calculated means and coefficient of variations (CVs) of the gait measures as well as quintiles for those gait parameters per age group among men and women.
Results
Mean (SDs) of gait speed, stride length, step width, and stance durations were 1.26 (0.24) meters per second (m/s), 121.9 (19.8) cm, 24.0 (3.2) cm, and 552.4 (60.4) milliseconds (ms), respectively, in men, and 1.27 (0.21) m/s, 115.7 (16.3) cm, 17.9 (2.8) cm, and 517.6 (59.8) ms, respectively, in women. Mean of CVs (SD) of stride length, step width, and single-stance duration were 2.76 (1.35), 12.06 (3.98), and 5.74 (2.66), respectively, in men and 2.69 (1.24), 15.65 (4.53), and 5.77 (2.40), respectively, in women. Gait parameters (except CVs of step width) declined significantly with age regardless of gender (P< 0.01 for trends).
Conclusion
This study determined age group dependent gait parameter reference values, presented as means with quintile ranges, in community-dwelling older Japanese adults. These reference values may be useful metrics for gait assessment in the elderly.
Keywords: gait parameter, variation coefficient, community-dwelling, older adult, reference value
Introduction
Gait speed is an important measure that can predict adverse health outcomes such as disability,1 death,2 and functional dependence3 in older individuals. Gait speed is determined by step length and step frequency, and especially gait speed and step length decrease with advanced age.4,5 Other gait parameters, such as step width, foot angle, stance duration, and double-stance duration, are also suggested to change with age.6,7 Cadence, stride length, and double-stance duration are also correlated with gait speed.8
Gait parameters are associated with falls among older individuals. A systematic review suggested that step length, gait speed, stride length, and stance-time variability were more sensitive than other gait parameters for differentiating fallers from non-fallers among older individuals.9 Gait variability is defined as a variation of stride-to-stride gait parameters, which is usually assessed by SD or coefficient of variation (CV) of the gait parameters in each step.10,11 Many studies have reported that gait parameter variabilities are associated with fall risks and mobility disability.11–13
Moreover, several studies have reported that gait speed and step length predict cognitive decline.14–16 A recent study investigated the association between gait parameter and cognitive status with falls since falls are prevalent in individuals with cognitive decline.17 Gait parameters are also utilized to assess frailty18 and to evaluate effectiveness of physical improvement by exercise.19 Reference values for gait parameters could be utilized by researchers to determine cut-off values when examining the impact of gait parameters on adverse health outcomes as described above. Additionally, these values may provide valuable assistance to clinicians to establish normal value ranges and for assessment of clinical intervention effects.
Several studies proposed reference values of gait parameter, such as gait speed and step length,20–22 spatio-temporal parameters,23 and planter pressure,;24,25 however, no studies have reported data concerning older Japanese adults. Moreover, only a few studies showed the reference value of the variability of such gait parameters.23 This study thus aimed to clarify the gait parameters that decline with advanced age and to determine the reference values of those gait parameters in community-dwelling older Japanese adults.
Methods
Participants
Data were collected as part of a community-wide survey in Itabashi ward, Tokyo, Japan.26 Surveys were mailed to 7,614 adults aged 70 years or older who were listed in the basic resident register of which 5,430 participants responded (response rate of 71.3%). Respondents were provided the opportunity for a preventive health check-up at a survey location. Of the initial survey respondents a total of 1,248 participants underwent a geriatric assessment (response rate of 23.0%). Ultimately, 1,212 participants aged 70–96 years (491 men, 721 women; both mean age =77.1 years), who completed the gait performance measurement without a cane and were independent in any five basic activities of daily living (ADLs; which included bathing, dressing, walking, eating, and continence) were included in the analyses.
Age, body height, body weight, history of chronic disease (which included hypertension, stroke, heart disease, diabetes, or osteoarthritis), hip/knee pain, depression, and Parkinson’s disease were assessed to determine participant characteristics. History of disease and pain were confirmed in face-to-face interviews by physicians or nurses. In addition, cognitive function of participants was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), which was administrated by well-trained personnel.
This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and all participants provided written, informed consent prior to their participation in the study. The ethics committee of the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology approved this study.
Gait performance measurement
Gait performance was measured by P-WALK (Bioengineering, Milano, Italy) modular platforms system for plantar pressure measurement. Ten sensor plates were placed on a straight 5-m intermediate area of a walkway.26,27 Gait performance was recorded when participants walked at a normal pace in the sensor area of the walkway, with 3-m each at the beginning and the ending of the walkway. Participants walked on the walkway barefoot. Data were sampled at 50 Hz and processed by P-WALK software. Several previous studies have demonstrated the reliability of obtaining gait parameter measurements using a pressure platform device.28–30
Gait performance was measured twice, and the following 10 gait parameters were measured by the software: i) gait speed, ii) stride length, iii) step length, iv) step width, v) average foot pressure, vi) maximum foot pressure, vii) stance duration, viii) double-stance duration, ix) single-stance duration, and x) stride time (Figure 1). Foot angle and step surface were also measured in the P-WALK software. However, since those parameters are affected by individual gait characteristics, rather than age decline, they were excluded from the analysis. Gait speed was measured over the entire walk, while the other parameters were measured at each step. Plantar pressure were also normalized by body weight. Finally, we used the average of all steps between the left and right legs. We also calculated coefficient of variations (CVs) from each step for all parameters (except for gait speed). Although all the data of the complete steps were used for calculating the gait parameters, we excluded a step deemed to be intentionally adjusted when stepping on the first sensor mat from the calculation.
Figure 1.
Example of gait performance measurement (P-WALK software). Step length and stride length were calculated using the distance between the heel contact and next heel contact. Average foot pressure and maximum foot pressure were determined as the average and maximum values of plantar pressure distribution during whole walk, respectively. Time parameters, including stance duration, double-stance duration, single stance duration, and stride time, were calculated by detection of foot contact based on ground reaction forces.
Statistical analyses
We used descriptive statistics to analyze participants. Differences in the variables between men and women were analyzed with unpaired t-tests and chi-square tests. The mean and SDs of all gait parameters were tabulated per 5-year age groups (70–74, 75–79, 80–84, and ≥85 years) for each gender. To evaluate linear trends in the means of gait parameters between age groups, we used weighted one-way analyses of variance by age groups. We also calculated quintiles (20th, 40th, 60th, and 80th percentiles) of each gait parameter by gender and each 5-year age group.31
IBM SPSS statistics 25 (IBM Japan, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was used for all analyses. Statistical significance was set at 5%.
Results
Descriptive statistics of age, chronic disease status, body height, body weight, body mass index, and gait parameters were shown in Table 1. The mean gait speed (SD) was 1.26 (0.24) meters per second (m/s) for men and 1.27 (0.21) m/s for women. There was a significant difference in the age distribution between genders. The percentage of those aged 70–74 years was significantly greater in men than in women, whereas the percentage of those aged 75–80 years was significantly greater in women than in men (Table 1). The prevalence of stroke, heart disease, and diabetes was significantly greater in men than in women. The prevalence of osteoarthritis and reporting knee pain was significantly greater in women than in men.
Table 1.
Participants’ characteristics
| Variable | Mean ±SD or n (%) | P* | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Men (n=491) | Women (n=721) | ||
| Age (years) | 77.1 ± 5.0 | 77.1 ± 4.6 | 0.865 |
| Age group, n (%) | 0.034 | ||
| 70–74 | 188 (38.3) | 238 (33.0) | |
| 75–80 | 152 (31.0) | 275 (38.1) | |
| 80–84 | 107 (21.8) | 160 (22.2) | |
| ≥85 | 44 (9.0) | 48 (6.7) | |
| Chronic disease, n (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 263 (53.7) | 363 (50.3) | 0.447 |
| Stroke | 51 (10.5) | 49 (6.8) | 0.031 |
| Heart disease | 124 (25.4) | 130 (18.1) | 0.007 |
| Diabetes | 102 (20.8) | 71 (9.9) | < 0.001 |
| Osteoarthritis | 52 (10.6) | 191 (26.6) | < 0.001 |
| Hip pain | 180 (36.7) | 302 (42.1) | 0.063 |
| Knee pain | 113 (23.0) | 247 (34.3) | < 0.001 |
| Depression | 9 (1.8) | 35 (4.9) | 0.895 |
| Parkinson’s Disease | 3 (0.6) | 4 (0.6) | < 0.001 |
| Height, cm | 163.4 ± 5.8 | 150.1 ± 5.6 | < 0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 62.6 ± 8.8 | 51.3 ± 8.9 | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.4 ± 2.9 | 22.7 ± 3.4 | < 0.001 |
| MMSE score, n (%) | 0.147 | ||
| <24 | 45 (9.3) | 50 (7.0) | |
| ≥24 | 441 (90.7) | 668 (93.0) | |
| Gait measures | |||
| Gait speed, m/s | 1.26 ± 0.24 | 1.27 ± 0.21 | 0.470 |
| Stride length, cm | 121.9 ± 19.8 | 115.7 ± 16.3 | < 0.001 |
| Step length, cm | 60.8 ± 9.9 | 57.7 ± 8.1 | < 0.001 |
| Step width, cm | 24.0 ± 3.2 | 17.9 ± 2.8 | < 0.001 |
| Average foot pressure, kPa | 101.6 ± 10.9 | 96.6 ± 11.0 | < 0.001 |
| Maximum foot pressure, kPa | 306.6 ± 41.9 | 310.3 ± 41.1 | 0.127 |
| Average foot pressure, kPa/kg | 1.65 ± 0.28 | 1.93 ± 0.34 | < 0.001 |
| Maximum foot pressure, kPa/kg | 5.00 ± 1.01 | 6.21 ± 1.26 | < 0.001 |
| Stance duration, ms | 552.4 ± 60.4 | 517.6 ± 59.8 | < 0.001 |
| Double-stance duration, ms | 65.7 ± 24.8 | 59.8 ± 24.4 | < 0.001 |
| Single-stance duration, ms | 423.2 ± 33.7 | 401.3 ± 30.7 | < 0.001 |
| Stride time, ms | 975.3 ± 85.0 | 918.7 ± 80.3 | < 0.001 |
| Coefficient of variations of gait measures | |||
| Stride length | 2.76 ± 1.35 | 2.69 ± 1.24 | 0.393 |
| Step length | 4.72 ± 2.06 | 4.45 ± 2.45 | 0.047 |
| Step width | 12.06 ± 3.98 | 15.65 ± 4.53 | < 0.001 |
| Average foot pressure | 11.81 ± 4.35 | 12.53 ± 3.87 | 0.003 |
| Maximum foot pressure | 18.77 ± 5.47 | 19.12 ± 5.01 | 0.244 |
| Stance duration | 5.15 ± 2.21 | 5.18 ± 2.01 | 0.837 |
| Double-stance duration | 31.30 ± 11.08 | 34.19 ± 11.11 | < 0.001 |
| Single-stance duration | 5.74 ± 2.66 | 5.77 ± 2.40 | 0.882 |
| Stride time | 3.03 ± 1.29 | 3.25 ± 1.24 | 0.002 |
Note: *Continuous variables: unpaired t-test, categorical variables: chi-square test.
Abbreviations: ms, milliseconds; m/s, meters per second.
Stride and step length, step width, and average foot pressure were significantly larger in men than in women (Table 1). Temporal parameters included in stride time were significantly longer in men than in women. CVs of step width, average foot pressure, normalized average and maximum foot pressure, double-stance duration, and stride time were significantly greater in women than in men, whereas that of step length was significantly longer in men than in women.
Among men, the gait parameters (except for maximum foot pressure, normalized average foot pressure, single-stance duration, CVs of step width, stance duration, and stride time) showed significant declining trends with advanced age (Table 2). In women, step width, maximum foot pressure, normalized average foot pressure, single-stance duration, CVs of step width, and average foot pressure did not show significant declining trends per age (Table 3).
Table 2.
Mean and SDs for gait parameters per age group among men
| Variable | Mean ± SD | P for trend* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Age group | |||||
| 70–74 | 75–80 | 80–84 | ≥85 | |||
| (N=491) | (n=188) | (n=152) | (n=107) | (n=44) | ||
| Height, cm | 163.4 ± 5.8 | 163.9 ± 5.6 | 164.2 ± 5.9 | 162.4 ± 5.6 | 160.8 ± 5.9 | < 0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 62.6 ± 8.8 | 63.3 ± 8.7 | 64.0 ± 8.6 | 60.9 ± 8.5 | 59.1 ± 9.7 | 0.001 |
| Gait measures | ||||||
| Gait speed, m/s | 1.26 ± 0.24 | 1.32 ± 0.21 | 1.26 ± 0.25 | 1.23 ± 0.22 | 1.08 ± 0.23 | < 0.001 |
| Stride length, cm | 121.9 ± 19.8 | 127.0 ± 17.7 | 121.5 ± 20.0 | 118.9 ± 20.2 | 108.4 ± 19.5 | < 0.001 |
| Step length, cm | 60.8 ± 9.9 | 63.4 ± 8.8 | 60.6 ± 10.0 | 59.3 ± 10.1 | 54.2 ± 9.7 | < 0.001 |
| Step width, cm | 24.0 ± 3.2 | 23.6 ± 3.0 | 23.8 ± 3.3 | 24.4 ± 3.1 | 25.3 ± 3.6 | < 0.001 |
| Average foot pressure, kPa | 101.6 ± 10.9 | 102.7 ± 10.8 | 102.9 ± 10.3 | 100.6 ± 11.2 | 94.8 ± 9.7 | < 0.001 |
| Maximum foot pressure, kPa | 306.6 ± 41.9 | 306.9 ± 40.9 | 308.2 ± 41.3 | 306.6 ± 44.1 | 299.8 ± 43.6 | 0.477 |
| Average foot pressure, kPa/kg | 1.65 0.28 | 1.65 0.27 | 1.63 0.27 | 1.68 0.30 | 1.65 0.33 | 0.558 |
| Maximum foot pressure, kPa/kg | 5.00 1.01 | 4.94 0.94 | 4.90 0.92 | 5.14 1.09 | 5.23 1.31 | 0.029 |
| Stance duration, ms | 552.4 ± 60.4 | 545.2 ± 59.1 | 551.3 ± 61.5 | 552.2 ± 54.7 | 587.8 ± 65.3 | 0.001 |
| Double-stance duration, ms | 65.7 ± 24.8 | 60.6 ± 23.2 | 66.1 ± 23.1 | 66.9 ± 23.6 | 83.5 ± 31.5 | < 0.001 |
| Single-stance duration, ms | 423.2 ± 33.7 | 425.4 ± 32.2 | 421.5 ± 32.8 | 421.4 ± 34.9 | 424.1 ± 40.2 | 0.471 |
| Stride time, ms | 975.3 ± 85.0 | 970.1 ± 83.7 | 972.6 ± 87.2 | 973.6 ± 78.3 | 1011.8 ± 92.3 | 0.031 |
| Coefficient of variations of gait measures | ||||||
| Stride length | 2.76 ± 1.35 | 2.57 ± 1.19 | 2.76 ± 1.31 | 2.89 ± 1.61 | 3.20 ± 1.35 | 0.002 |
| Step length | 4.72 ± 2.06 | 4.45 ± 2.05 | 4.80 ± 2.13 | 4.69 ± 1.93 | 5.68 ± 1.93 | 0.004 |
| Step width | 12.06 ± 3.98 | 12.33 ± 3.85 | 11.99 ± 4.42 | 11.76 ± 3.65 | 11.82 ± 3.77 | 0.230 |
| Average foot pressure | 11.81 ± 4.35 | 11.19 ± 3.14 | 11.87 ± 5.16 | 12.34 ± 4.06 | 13.01 ± 5.89 | 0.003 |
| Maximum foot pressure | 18.77 ± 5.47 | 18.03 ± 4.81 | 19.01 ± 5.32 | 19.07 ± 5.89 | 20.36 ± 7.12 | 0.009 |
| Stance duration | 5.15 ± 2.21 | 4.91 ± 2.08 | 5.31 ± 2.44 | 5.18 ± 1.73 | 5.59 ± 2.81 | 0.067 |
| Double-stance duration | 31.30 ± 11.08 | 32.30 ± 11.03 | 31.54 ± 11.67 | 30.69 ± 10.16 | 27.63 ± 10.84 | 0.017 |
| Single-stance duration | 5.74 ± 2.66 | 5.39 ± 2.52 | 5.79 ± 2.74 | 5.90 ± 2.57 | 6.73 ± 2.99 | 0.003 |
| Stride time | 3.03 ± 1.29 | 2.90 ± 1.41 | 3.10 ± 1.28 | 3.10 ± 1.12 | 3.12 ± 1.22 | 0.155 |
Note: *Weighted one-way analyses of variance by age groups.
Abbreviations: ms, milliseconds; m/s, meters per second.
Table 3.
Mean and SDs for gait parameters per age group among women
| Variable | Mean ± SD | P for trend* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | Age group | |||||
| 70–74 | 75–80 | 80–84 | ≥85 | |||
| (N=721) | (n=238) | (n=275) | (n=160) | (n=48) | ||
| Height, cm | 150.1 ± 5.6 | 151.2 ± 5.2 | 150.5 ± 5.6 | 149.2 ± 5.2 | 145.6 ± 6.1 | < 0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 51.3 ± 8.9 | 51.8 ± 10.0 | 51.7 ± 8.5 | 50.6 ± 7.5 | 47.7 ± 8.7 | 0.008 |
| Gait measures | ||||||
| Gait speed, m/s | 1.27 ± 0.21 | 1.33 ± 0.20 | 1.30 ± 0.20 | 1.21 ± 0.21 | 1.06 ± 0.22 | < 0.001 |
| Stride length, cm | 115.7 ± 16.3 | 120.0 ± 14.3 | 117.5 ± 15.0 | 110.8 ± 15.9 | 100.1 ± 20.4 | < 0.001 |
| Step length, cm | 57.7 ± 8.1 | 59.9 ± 7.2 | 58.6 ± 7.5 | 55.3 ± 7.9 | 49.9 ± 10.2 | < 0.001 |
| Step width, cm | 17.9 ± 2.8 | 17.7 ± 2.6 | 17.7 ± 2.8 | 18.2 ± 2.9 | 18.2 ± 3.6 | 0.082 |
| Average foot pressure, kPa | 96.6 ± 11.0 | 98.6 ± 11.4 | 96.4 ± 10.1 | 95.5 ± 11.2 | 92.5 ± 12.1 | < 0.001 |
| Maximum foot pressure, kPa | 310.3 ± 41.1 | 308.3 ± 41.3 | 310.7 ± 41.5 | 313.0 ± 39.4 | 308.5 ± 43.4 | 0.463 |
| Average foot pressure, kPa/kg | 1.93 0.34 | 1.95 0.34 | 1.90 0.33 | 1.92 0.34 | 1.98 0.37 | 0.951 |
| Maximum foot pressure, kPa/kg | 6.21 1.26 | 6.10 1.18 | 6.16 1.31 | 6.31 1.18 | 6.67 1.52 | < 0.001 |
| Stance duration, ms | 517.6 ± 59.8 | 509.8 ± 54.9 | 514.0 ± 57.1 | 524.6 ± 59.9 | 553.5 ± 81.1 | < 0.001 |
| Double-stance duration, ms | 59.8 ± 24.4 | 55.0 ± 19.7 | 58.4 ± 24.4 | 64.1 ± 22.4 | 77.0 ± 38.8 | < 0.001 |
| Single-stance duration, ms | 401.3 ± 30.7 | 403.3 ± 30.6 | 400.3 ± 28.4 | 400.3 ± 31.1 | 400.7 ± 41.4 | 0.355 |
| Stride time, ms | 918.7 ± 80.3 | 913.3 ± 78.3 | 913.7 ± 74.7 | 924.8 ± 82.6 | 954.1 ± 102.5 | 0.004 |
| Coefficient of variations of gait measures | ||||||
| Stride length | 2.69 ± 1.24 | 2.54 ± 1.19 | 2.57 ± 1.18 | 2.95 ± 1.20 | 3.26 ± 1.65 | < 0.001 |
| Step length | 4.45 ± 2.45 | 4.06 ± 1.84 | 4.33 ± 2.30 | 4.83 ± 1.96 | 5.88 ± 5.23 | < 0.001 |
| Step width | 15.65 ± 4.53 | 15.43 ± 4.28 | 15.72 ± 4.44 | 15.83 ± 4.94 | 15.84 ± 4.96 | 0.367 |
| Average foot pressure | 12.53 ± 3.87 | 12.30 ± 3.62 | 12.63 ± 4.24 | 12.62 ± 3.62 | 12.84 ± 3.77 | 0.296 |
| Maximum foot pressure | 19.12 ± 5.01 | 18.43 ± 4.83 | 19.37 ± 4.87 | 19.41 ± 5.00 | 20.20 ± 6.32 | 0.010 |
| Stance duration | 5.18 ± 2.01 | 5.03 ± 1.63 | 4.96 ± 1.68 | 5.72 ± 2.84 | 5.36 ± 1.87 | 0.004 |
| Double-stance duration | 34.19 ± 11.11 | 35.37 ± 11.27 | 34.73 ± 11.20 | 32.73 ± 10.51 | 30.20 ± 10.60 | 0.001 |
| Single-stance duration | 5.77 ± 2.40 | 5.67 ± 2.25 | 5.55 ± 1.92 | 6.06 ± 2.37 | 6.47 ± 4.63 | 0.017 |
| Stride time | 3.25 ± 1.24 | 3.17 ± 1.21 | 3.19 ± 1.05 | 3.39 ± 1.43 | 3.59 ± 1.53 | 0.012 |
Note: *Weighted one-way analyses of variance by age groups.
Abbreviations: ms, milliseconds; m/s, meters per second.
Lastly, quintiles of the gait parameters, which were recognized with declining trends of advanced age among both genders, are shown in Tables 4 and 5.
Table 4.
Quintiles of gait parameters per age group among men
| Gait parameter | Percentile | Age group (years) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 70–74 | 75–80 | 80–84 | ≥85 | ||
| Gait measures | ||||||
| Gait speed, m/s | 80th | 1.47 | 1.51 | 1.47 | 1.41 | 1.23 |
| 60th | 1.33 | 1.39 | 1.34 | 1.30 | 1.14 | |
| 40th | 1.22 | 1.28 | 1.19 | 1.19 | 1.05 | |
| 20th | 1.05 | 1.16 | 1.00 | 1.02 | 0.87 | |
| Stride length, cm | 80th | 139.2 | 141.1 | 140.7 | 134.4 | 122.2 |
| 60th | 129.4 | 134.4 | 128.7 | 124.5 | 113.7 | |
| 40th | 119.2 | 125.6 | 116.9 | 115.6 | 101.5 | |
| 20th | 101.2 | 113.3 | 98.5 | 100.0 | 95.6 | |
| Step length, cm | 80th | 69.4 | 70.5 | 70.3 | 67.0 | 61.1 |
| 60th | 64.6 | 67.0 | 64.1 | 62.1 | 56.8 | |
| 40th | 59.5 | 62.6 | 58.0 | 57.6 | 50.9 | |
| 20th | 50.6 | 56.6 | 49.3 | 50.0 | 48.1 | |
| Step width, cm | 80th | 26.4 | 25.8 | 26.3 | 27.1 | 27.9 |
| 60th | 24.7 | 24.1 | 24.4 | 24.9 | 26.4 | |
| 40th | 23.0 | 22.6 | 22.7 | 23.4 | 24.7 | |
| 20th | 21.3 | 21.0 | 21.1 | 21.7 | 22.4 | |
| Average foot pressure, kPa/kg | 80th | 1.89 | 1.87 | 1.85 | 1.91 | 1.92 |
| 60th | 1.70 | 1.72 | 1.67 | 1.72 | 1.70 | |
| 40th | 1.55 | 1.57 | 1.54 | 1.58 | 1.51 | |
| 20th | 1.41 | 1.41 | 1.41 | 1.41 | 1.36 | |
| Maximum foot pressure, kPa/kg | 80th | 5.82 | 5.76 | 5.71 | 5.88 | 6.50 |
| 60th | 5.18 | 5.09 | 5.11 | 5.42 | 5.17 | |
| 40th | 4.63 | 4.64 | 4.55 | 4.71 | 4.52 | |
| 20th | 4.05 | 3.97 | 3.99 | 4.23 | 4.29 | |
| Stance duration, ms | 80th | 596.9 | 594.5 | 594.0 | 595.6 | 660.0 |
| 60th | 566.6 | 554.8 | 568.6 | 570.2 | 588.9 | |
| 40th | 535.6 | 524.1 | 539.1 | 535.6 | 566.2 | |
| 20th | 504.0 | 501.3 | 506.9 | 502.4 | 541.8 | |
| Double-stance duration, ms | 80th | 83.9 | 76.0 | 85.2 | 84.3 | 105.5 |
| 60th | 68.0 | 63.3 | 68.6 | 70.0 | 87.9 | |
| 40th | 57.9 | 54.3 | 58.3 | 58.8 | 73.3 | |
| 20th | 45.0 | 41.4 | 46.3 | 44.7 | 54.7 | |
| Single-stance duration, ms | 80th | 448.3 | 446.5 | 448.6 | 452.0 | 455.7 |
| 60th | 431.2 | 433.3 | 430.8 | 429.3 | 437.9 | |
| 40th | 415.0 | 417.0 | 415.0 | 414.4 | 411.7 | |
| 20th | 395.7 | 400.5 | 396.5 | 395.0 | 388.0 | |
| Stride time, ms | 80th | 1041.2 | 1033.5 | 1045.0 | 1040.0 | 1093.3 |
| 60th | 993.9 | 991.0 | 993.8 | 990.0 | 1017.1 | |
| 40th | 948.6 | 944.0 | 955.0 | 946.7 | 983.6 | |
| 20th | 910.0 | 904.0 | 910.0 | 912.0 | 924.8 | |
| Coefficient of variations of gait measures | ||||||
| Stride length | 80th | 3.68 | 3.55 | 3.59 | 3.79 | 4.10 |
| 60th | 2.81 | 2.55 | 2.92 | 2.84 | 3.42 | |
| 40th | 2.23 | 2.09 | 2.23 | 2.34 | 2.81 | |
| 20th | 1.63 | 1.55 | 1.67 | 1.58 | 2.04 | |
| Step length | 80th | 6.15 | 5.73 | 6.41 | 6.08 | 7.11 |
| 60th | 4.82 | 4.68 | 4.85 | 4.65 | 5.73 | |
| 40th | 3.89 | 3.60 | 3.88 | 4.01 | 4.77 | |
| 20th | 2.99 | 2.77 | 3.16 | 3.04 | 4.24 | |
| Step width | 80th | 14.91 | 15.63 | 14.65 | 14.24 | 14.70 |
| 60th | 12.59 | 13.00 | 12.10 | 12.22 | 12.48 | |
| 40th | 10.77 | 11.12 | 10.41 | 10.77 | 10.13 | |
| 20th | 8.73 | 8.96 | 8.46 | 9.02 | 8.50 | |
| Average foot pressure | 80th | 14.13 | 13.32 | 14.11 | 15.12 | 14.98 |
| 60th | 11.83 | 11.56 | 11.46 | 12.46 | 13.11 | |
| 40th | 10.30 | 10.28 | 10.11 | 10.72 | 10.76 | |
| 20th | 8.73 | 8.63 | 8.32 | 9.15 | 9.44 | |
| Maximum foot pressure | 80th | 22.84 | 21.67 | 23.42 | 23.94 | 24.36 |
| 60th | 19.25 | 18.30 | 19.60 | 19.49 | 20.43 | |
| 40th | 16.80 | 16.20 | 17.35 | 16.77 | 18.82 | |
| 20th | 14.19 | 13.92 | 14.45 | 14.61 | 15.84 | |
| Stance duration | 80th | 6.00 | 5.66 | 6.09 | 6.40 | 6.78 |
| 60th | 4.99 | 4.76 | 5.03 | 5.29 | 5.35 | |
| 40th | 4.33 | 4.26 | 4.34 | 4.45 | 4.62 | |
| 20th | 3.79 | 3.73 | 3.84 | 3.73 | 4.03 | |
| Double-stance duration | 80th | 39.86 | 40.52 | 40.90 | 38.20 | 35.96 |
| 60th | 32.87 | 34.87 | 32.92 | 31.58 | 28.96 | |
| 40th | 27.47 | 28.62 | 27.22 | 26.84 | 26.09 | |
| 20th | 21.97 | 22.84 | 21.16 | 22.29 | 18.86 | |
| Single-stance duration | 80th | 7.12 | 6.77 | 6.92 | 7.35 | 9.95 |
| 60th | 5.79 | 5.48 | 5.95 | 5.78 | 7.07 | |
| 40th | 4.87 | 4.68 | 4.84 | 4.87 | 5.35 | |
| 20th | 3.91 | 3.58 | 3.77 | 4.23 | 4.46 | |
| Stride time | 80th | 3.81 | 3.55 | 3.81 | 4.11 | 4.05 |
| 60th | 3.12 | 2.90 | 3.31 | 3.12 | 3.30 | |
| 40th | 2.59 | 2.42 | 2.69 | 2.63 | 2.84 | |
| 20th | 2.11 | 2.02 | 2.16 | 2.24 | 2.12 | |
Abbreviations: ms, milliseconds; m/s, meters per second.
Table 5.
Quintiles of gait parameters per age group among women
| Gait parameter | Percentile | Age group (years) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 70–74 | 75–80 | 80–84 | ≥85 | ||
| Gait measures | ||||||
| Gait speed, m/s | 80th | 1.45 | 1.49 | 1.46 | 1.38 | 1.27 |
| 60th | 1.34 | 1.37 | 1.36 | 1.26 | 1.11 | |
| 40th | 1.23 | 1.27 | 1.26 | 1.14 | 1.03 | |
| 20th | 1.10 | 1.17 | 1.16 | 1.05 | 0.93 | |
| Stride length, cm | 80th | 129.5 | 132.9 | 130.5 | 126.0 | 118.2 |
| 60th | 121.0 | 122.6 | 122.8 | 115.3 | 105.0 | |
| 40th | 113.2 | 116.3 | 115.1 | 108.2 | 97.5 | |
| 20th | 102.2 | 109.5 | 104.1 | 96.7 | 87.3 | |
| Step length, cm | 80th | 64.6 | 66.3 | 65.2 | 62.8 | 59.0 |
| 60th | 60.4 | 61.2 | 61.3 | 57.4 | 52.7 | |
| 40th | 56.4 | 58.1 | 57.3 | 54.0 | 48.5 | |
| 20th | 51.2 | 54.6 | 52.0 | 48.4 | 43.5 | |
| Step width, cm | 80th | 20.1 | 19.9 | 19.6 | 20.8 | 20.8 |
| 60th | 18.3 | 18.3 | 18.2 | 18.7 | 18.4 | |
| 40th | 16.9 | 17.1 | 16.9 | 16.9 | 17.3 | |
| 20th | 15.6 | 15.6 | 15.5 | 15.6 | 15.4 | |
| Average foot pressure, kPa/kg | 80th | 2.19 | 2.18 | 2.19 | 2.19 | 2.28 |
| 60th | 1.99 | 2.02 | 1.95 | 1.98 | 2.01 | |
| 40th | 1.82 | 1.84 | 1.80 | 1.79 | 1.87 | |
| 20th | 1.65 | 1.66 | 1.61 | 1.65 | 1.74 | |
| Maximum foot pressure, kPa/kg | 80th | 7.19 | 7.01 | 7.11 | 7.37 | 7.88 |
| 60th | 6.42 | 6.22 | 6.34 | 6.63 | 6.81 | |
| 40th | 5.77 | 5.69 | 5.73 | 5.93 | 6.16 | |
| 20th | 5.17 | 5.13 | 5.11 | 5.25 | 5.34 | |
| Stance duration, ms | 80th | 555.0 | 548.0 | 545.0 | 570.7 | 592.1 |
| 60th | 525.5 | 517.7 | 518.2 | 538.3 | 552.0 | |
| 40th | 498.6 | 495.4 | 497.0 | 499.9 | 527.7 | |
| 20th | 474.4 | 466.7 | 476.0 | 476.0 | 496.3 | |
| Double-stance duration, ms | 80th | 73.4 | 68.2 | 72.5 | 81.6 | 85.6 |
| 60th | 61.8 | 57.1 | 60.4 | 68.2 | 72.5 | |
| 40th | 51.4 | 47.4 | 49.6 | 57.6 | 62.2 | |
| 20th | 40.0 | 38.0 | 40.0 | 44.1 | 55.0 | |
| Single-stance duration, ms | 80th | 426.3 | 427.1 | 424.0 | 425.8 | 438.8 |
| 60th | 408.0 | 408.0 | 407.0 | 408.3 | 412.0 | |
| 40th | 394.1 | 395.0 | 393.3 | 394.5 | 397.1 | |
| 20th | 376.4 | 381.4 | 377.7 | 370.4 | 370.0 | |
| Stride time, ms | 80th | 974.0 | 967.5 | 957.9 | 988.0 | 1026.5 |
| 60th | 932.7 | 924.2 | 923.8 | 950.0 | 960.0 | |
| 40th | 895.3 | 892.0 | 895.6 | 895.0 | 924.3 | |
| 20th | 860.0 | 855.7 | 862.2 | 854.1 | 876.0 | |
| Coefficient of variations of gait measures | ||||||
| Stride length | 80th | 3.59 | 3.31 | 3.43 | 3.94 | 4.57 |
| 60th | 2.75 | 2.55 | 2.64 | 3.08 | 3.19 | |
| 40th | 2.21 | 2.06 | 2.12 | 2.50 | 2.61 | |
| 20th | 1.67 | 1.62 | 1.59 | 1.93 | 2.14 | |
| Step length | 80th | 5.60 | 5.13 | 5.36 | 6.16 | 6.36 |
| 60th | 4.44 | 4.09 | 4.21 | 4.91 | 5.36 | |
| 40th | 3.55 | 3.27 | 3.44 | 4.01 | 4.47 | |
| 20th | 2.89 | 2.67 | 2.83 | 3.27 | 3.32 | |
| Step width | 80th | 19.61 | 18.90 | 19.37 | 20.37 | 20.82 |
| 60th | 16.47 | 16.04 | 16.72 | 16.59 | 17.02 | |
| 40th | 13.74 | 13.69 | 14.05 | 13.60 | 13.74 | |
| 20th | 11.71 | 11.69 | 11.94 | 11.58 | 12.53 | |
| Average foot pressure | 80th | 15.05 | 14.74 | 15.56 | 15.03 | 15.62 |
| 60th | 12.66 | 12.45 | 12.59 | 13.11 | 12.80 | |
| 40th | 11.19 | 11.27 | 11.18 | 11.15 | 11.43 | |
| 20th | 9.63 | 9.64 | 9.52 | 9.66 | 10.10 | |
| Maximum foot pressure | 80th | 23.21 | 22.07 | 23.64 | 23.33 | 23.84 |
| 60th | 19.97 | 19.32 | 20.49 | 20.14 | 19.32 | |
| 40th | 17.49 | 16.65 | 17.91 | 17.99 | 17.58 | |
| 20th | 14.88 | 14.14 | 15.12 | 15.14 | 15.65 | |
| Stance duration | 80th | 6.13 | 6.04 | 5.88 | 6.71 | 6.86 |
| 60th | 5.17 | 5.08 | 5.05 | 5.48 | 5.37 | |
| 40th | 4.53 | 4.44 | 4.52 | 4.89 | 4.53 | |
| 20th | 3.87 | 3.70 | 3.86 | 4.17 | 4.07 | |
| Double-stance duration | 80th | 42.56 | 43.53 | 43.24 | 40.28 | 40.54 |
| 60th | 35.95 | 37.14 | 36.27 | 34.72 | 29.53 | |
| 40th | 30.67 | 31.85 | 31.42 | 29.60 | 27.04 | |
| 20th | 24.86 | 26.09 | 25.73 | 23.39 | 21.93 | |
| Single-stance duration | 80th | 7.00 | 6.70 | 6.93 | 7.41 | 7.96 |
| 60th | 5.78 | 5.59 | 5.73 | 6.39 | 6.06 | |
| 40th | 4.98 | 4.87 | 4.86 | 5.30 | 5.19 | |
| 20th | 4.13 | 4.14 | 3.86 | 4.37 | 4.41 | |
| Stride time | 80th | 4.10 | 3.86 | 4.14 | 4.18 | 4.59 |
| 60th | 3.44 | 3.32 | 3.44 | 3.57 | 3.85 | |
| 40th | 2.80 | 2.78 | 2.77 | 2.96 | 2.79 | |
| 20th | 2.34 | 2.26 | 2.37 | 2.34 | 2.34 | |
Abbreviations: ms, milliseconds; m/s, meters per second.
Discussion
In this study, we obtained reference value data divided across quintiles for ten gait parameters and their associated CVs (except for gait speed) for a large sample set of community-dwelling older Japanese adults. There is ample need for such reference values since there are few studies that have either published reference values for gait parameters or examined stride-to-stride variability present across gait parameters. Although we did not examine the association between each gait parameter and any specific adverse health outcome, many epidemiological studies have demonstrated that gait parameters can predict adverse events in the elderly, including frailty,18 ADL disability,3 and cognitive decline.16 Therefore, the reference values obtained from this study could be used to compare the prevalence of adverse events across values to determine cut-off ranges for adverse event risk screening. Since gait is associated in the elderly with not only adverse health outcomes but also mortality in patients, such as in those with chronic heart disease,32 the gait parameter reference values obtained in this study may also be utilized for patient evaluation and classification. These reference values can be utilized to assess the effectiveness of interventions; determine the relationship between each gait level and the onset of future adverse health outcomes such as frailty, ADL disability, and dementia; and screen for these unfavorable outcomes. The reference values presented in this study would be useful for health assessment of not only Japanese but also Asian older adults.
We first examined the representativeness of the sample—whether the reference values shown in this study can be widely applied to predicting health outcomes and intervention assessments among community-dwelling older adults. The participants in this study were recruited from all residents across a community population, and approximately 16% of the total population participated in this study. Reasons for not participating in the study may have included inability to respond due to cognitive decline, or mobility issues that preventing arrival to the survey site. However, regardless of the reasons for lack of participation, the samples that comprised this study better represent community-dwelling older adults compared with studies where samples were recruited from an applicant pool or through significant extraction. Compared to the pooled data from cohort studies of community-dwelling older Japanese adults,21,31 where participants were recruited from all residents or through random sampling, this study was able to include more participants with age over 85 years old. However, the current participants were recruited from only one urban area. Since it has been suggested that the gait speed is affected by regional differences,33 comparison with other population recruited from other regions remains necessary.
Although some previous studies reported gender differences in gait speed,20–23,31 we did not mirror these results. Moreover, the mean values of gait speed in the younger age groups were faster for men than for women, which was consistent with previous studies. Contrary, in those aged older than 80 years, gait speed was slower in men than in women. Some walking ability will be required for independent daily living; therefore, gender differences may decrease in the older age groups. These findings may have become apparent in this study since the proportion of those older than 80 years was larger compared to previous studies. Thus, the data presented in this study included participants in the independent community population over the age of 80 years old.
Next, we examined which parameter reflected the age change. Gait speed, stride length, and step length declined with age in both men and women, which was again consistent with some previous studies.20,22,23 It has been reported that step width increases with age;6 however, significant age-related change in step width was not recognized among women in the current study. Increased step width in aged groups would be increased gait stability by widening the base of support. The adaptation for stability may have influenced the result for step width.
Average foot pressure decreased for both men and women according to age; however, maximum foot pressure did not change with age in both genders. We posit that decreased average foot pressure was affected by a decrease in ground reaction force during the stance phase, which may be due to body weight loss rather than aging. Conflicting results were shown since normalized maximum foot pressure increased with age; however, peak force did not differ between the older and younger participants, which was shown in a previous study.24 Concerning the lack of age-related change in normalized average foot pressure, it may be not functional decline, but an adaptation to increase gait stability as similar to increased step width. Although single-stance duration was not significantly changed with advanced age in both men and women, this tendency was similar to that of a previous study.23
The CVs of gait parameters that were unaffected by age were CVs of step width, average foot pressure in women, stance duration in men, and stride time in men. About CV of step width, we considered that an adaptation to gait stability, as described above, was affected. CV of average foot pressure increased with advanced age in men; however, age change was negligible in women, and the trend was non-significant. CVs of stance duration and stride time were not significantly changed according to age among men, and any change tendencies were not consistent. For the other parameters, the CVs tended to increase with advanced age, indicating that the control of gait fluctuates with aging. These results were consistent with a previous study.23
There were several limitations to this study. Selection bias is possible since participants came to the survey site by themselves. A previous study3 that examined associations between walking speed and the onset of functional dependence in a community population found that the risk of functional dependence in the first quartile was increased two to six times compared to the fourth quartile level. Thus, below when examining values below the twentieth percentile in the present reference value dataset, the risk of adverse events may be increased, however future studies are necessary to examine the association between each gait parameters reference value and adverse event risk.In addition, participants walked on the sensor mat barefoot. In barefoot walking, step length is larger, stance duration is shorter, and cadence is higher than in walking while wearing standard shoes.34
Conclusions
This study determined reference values of the gait parameters measured by a plantar pressure platform in community-dwelling older Japanese adults. These reference values would be useful for gait assessment in the elderly.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the local authorities of the Itabashi Ward and the individuals who participated in this study. This study was supported by grants from the Tokyo Metropolitan Government; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology; the Research Committee of Comprehensive Research on Aging and Health; the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare of Japan (grant number: H27-Choju-Ippan-005); Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED [grant number: JP16dk0110018]); and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI (grant numbers: 16K11908, JP17K13239).
Disclosure
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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