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Underwater superpolymphobicity of different substrates after femtosecond laser treatment. (a–d) Laser confocal microscopy images of the laser-structured sample surfaces. (e–h) Water droplets on the untreated flat sample surfaces in air. (i–l) Liquid PDMS droplets on the laser-structured sample surfaces in water. Substrates: (a,e,i) glass, (b,f,j) stainless steel, (c,g,k) Al, and (d,h,l) Cu.
