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. 2019 Jan 25;4(1):1995–2000. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03229

Selective Adsorption of Water, Methanol, and Ethanol by Naphthalene Diimide-Based Coordination Polymers with Constructed Open Cu2+ Metal Sites and Separation of Ethanol/Acetonitrile

Guo-Bi Li †, Bai-Qiao Song ‡, Shi-Qiang Wang ‡, Ling-Min Pei §, Sheng-Gui Liu †, Jiang-Li Song †, Qing-Yuan Yang ∥,*
PMCID: PMC6647964  PMID: 31459450

Abstract

graphic file with name ao-2018-03229u_0007.jpg

The selective separation of ethanol/acetonitrile by porous materials has rarely been observed owing to their similar physicochemical properties. In this work, we report a new coordination network, [Cu2(4-pmntd)2(opd)2](4-pmntd = N,N′-bis(4-pyridymethy)naphthalene diimide, opd = disodium 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate), which exhibits selective separation of ethanol over acetonitrile. The weak coordination bonds formed by unsaturated Cu2+ sites and hydroxyl groups are the key to such performance.

Introduction

Acetonitrile (CH3CN) is an important organic solvent in the chemical industry, for example, acetonitrile is usually used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and photographic films.1 Acetonitrile was also found to play an important role in the field of liquid chromatography because of its low viscosity and low chemical reactivity.2,3 Catalytic dehydrogenation from ammonia and ethanol is generally used in acetonitrile production.4 This method usually introduces some contaminants, such as unreacted ethanol. Thus, it is important to capture and separate ethanol from acetonitrile to use acetonitrile as the chemical feedback.5−8 In industry, acetonitrile was purified by membrane distillation. This process is energy-intensive and inefficient because of the formation of azeotropes at a specific concentration because of the similar boiling points (acetonitrile, 81.1 °C; ethanol, 78.4 °C). Therefore, it is urgent to develop a new method for efficiently separating small molecules with similar physicochemical properties.

Recent studies have shown that porous material adsorption and separation has the advantage of high energy efficiency and low regeneration cost.9−12 As a new generation of porous materials, coordination networks [also known as coordination polymers,13,14 metal–organic frameworks,15,16 or metal–organic materials (MOMs)17,18], have attracted much attention because of their unique porosity and chemical diversity.19−25 In the past decades, a great number of MOMs have been already investigated for gas storage26−28 and separations (e.g., CO2/N2,29 CO2/CH4,30 CO2/CO,31 CO2/C2H2,32,33 and C2H2/C2H434,35). However, to the best of our knowledge, current MOMs did not exhibit promising liquid mixture separation, such as acetonitrile/ethanol. Thus, how to achieve efficient separation of liquid mixture (such as acetonitrile/ethanol) by MOMs is still a challenge. The naphthalene diimides containing naphthalene π-unit and imide region in forming weak supramolecular interactions are an organic electron deficient system with excellent thermal, light, and air stability.36−41 The LUMO level of pyridine ring naphthalene diimides is −4.24 eV and the maximum absorption wavelength is 361 nm.38 The naphthalene diimide-based coordination polymers could have abundant electronic properties that are beneficial for selective adsorption. In this study, we introduce a new coordination network constructed by a naphthalene diimide ligand, [Cu2(4-pmntd)2(CH3OH)4(opd)2], which displays selective adsorption water, methanol, ethanol, and separation ability of acetonitrile/ethanol.

Results and Discussion

Crystal Structures and Characterizations

Solvothermal reaction of diimide-based ligand42−444-pmntd and carboxyl ligand opd with Cu(NO3)2·6H2O in the mixture solvents of CHCl3/CH3OH/H2O at 70 °C afforded green crystals of {[Cu2(4-pmntd)2(CH3OH)4(opd)2]}n (1·MeOH). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) revealed that compound 1·MeOH crystallized in orthorhombic space group Ccca. In 1·MeOH, each Cu2+ was coordinated by two nitrogen atoms from two 4-pmntd ligands and two oxygen atoms from two opd ligands (Figure 1). It was noted that the Cu2+ was also bonded by two apical oxygen atoms from methanol molecules and the Cu–O bond length is 2.629 Å, indicating that there was weak interaction between Cu2+ and methanol molecules. Consequently, the Cu2+ cations of 1·MeOH adopt an octahedral coordination geometry and serve as 4-connected nodes. The topology of this compound is a noninterpenetrated uninodal 2D network, which was revealed by the TOPOS45 software (Figure 2). The point symbol of the framework is (42.63.8) with a 4L1 (TotUMod) topological type in the reticular chemistry structure resource.46 The independent 2D networks are staggered relatively to each other to form rectangular-shaped tubular channels occupied by guest molecules. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the as-synthesized 1·MeOH loses guest molecules below 110 °C and retains stability until to 220 °C (Figure S3).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Coordination environments of the Cu(II) ion in compound 1·MeOH.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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(a) Structure of 1·MeOH along the c axis with the solvent molecules and hydrogen atoms omitted for clarity. (b) 4L1(42.63.8) topological net.

Compound 1·MeOH underwent single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) transformation after the coordinated methanol molecules were removed by heating at 110 °C to form the desolvated phase, [Cu(4-pmntd) (opd)]n·(1·dry). Although the crystal system and space group remain unchanged, the copper center in 1·dry became tetra-coordinated with a quadrilateral coordination environment. Such coordination change is accompanied by apparent color change from green (1·MeOH) to violet (1·dry). Therefore, the unsaturated metal sites were formed in 1·dry and could have potential applications for selective gas/vapor separation because of the metal–guest interactions. Interestingly, a single crystal of 1·dry can revert to 1·MeOH when soaked in methanol at room temperature and the color can return to green, indicating that the structural transformation is reversible. Further, 1·dry was shown to exhibit SCSC structural change after the immersion of the single crystal into water or ethanol to form 1·H2O and 1·EtOH. SCXRD revealed that the coordination geometry of Cu2+ in 1·H2O and 1·EtOH is octahedral with coordinated solvent molecules (Figure 3).

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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Single crystal structure of 1·Dry, 1·MeOH, 1·H2O, and 1·EtOH.

Vapor Adsorption Studies

To investigate vapor sorption properties, samples of the as-synthesized 1·MeOH were first activated to afford 1·dry and the vapor sorption performance of 1·dry was investigated at 298 K. For water (H2O) adsorption, a rapid increase in the amount of adsorbed vapor under low pressure (0 < P/P0 < 0.02) was observed, indicating initial adsorption with two molecules of water per unit pore. Further, at the pressure range of 0.03 < P/P0 < 0.3, an increase of adsorption corresponding to one molecule of water per unit pore. The third stepwise sorption was occurred at 0.3 < P/P0 < 0.4, revealing the adsorption of two water molecules per unit pore. H2O adsorption reached the saturation uptake (ca. 125 cm3 g–1) when the pressure over P/P0 > 0.4. According to the interesting stepped isotherm, we assumed that two water molecules were first adsorbed on the unsaturated Cu2+ sites, followed by three water molecules entering the pores of the network. The above assumption is consistent with the results of single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, which indicates that 1·dry could adsorb two water molecules at the unsaturated Cu2+ metal site and three water molecules in the pores. Such different binding sites result in the stepped isotherm (Figure 4a). In addition, we also studied the methanol (CH3OH) sorption of 1·dry. Similar to water sorption, 1·dry exhibited an initial adsorption at 0 < P/P0 < 0.2, which corresponding to about two methanol molecules per unit pore, and then one methanol molecule was adsorbed into the pores at 0.2 < P/P0 < 0.8 (Figure 4a).

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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(a) Water and methanol adsorption isotherms of 1·dry at 298 K. (b) Ethanol and acetonitrile absorption isotherms of 1·dry at 298 K.

Being different with water, ethanol adsorption of 1·dry displays the one-step isotherm with uptake around 50 cm3 g–1 at 100 kPa (Figure 4b). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction of 1·EtOH revealed that two ethanol molecules were coordinated with unsaturated Cu2+. Remarkably, the acetonitrile (CH3CN) uptake of 1·dry at 298 K was found to be negligible (ca. 10 cm3 g–1 at 100 kPa). The naphthalene diimide-based coordination polymers are hydrogen-bonded frameworks for the imide carbonyl groups being the acceptor of hydrogen-bonded. 1·dry selective adsorption of water, methanol, and ethanol for them contain the hydroxyl groups as hydrogen-bonded donors and interact with unsaturated Cu2+ sites. The big molecular size and no hydroxyl group of acetonitrile can neither interact with unsaturated Cu2+ sites nor enter the pores (Figure 5). The mixed solvents, ethanol and acetonitrile, are commonly used such as in phase chromatography of biomolecules and the ethanol/acetonitrile separation and recycling, which are of great significance. The high ethanol uptake and low acetonitrile uptake of 1·dry at 100 kPa are beneficial for the ethanol/acetonitrile separation at ambient temperature.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

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Schematic representation of the selective interaction between hydroxylic guests and unsaturated Cu2+ metal sites.

Ethanol/Acetonitrile Separation

Given the differences in the adsorption behaviors of the 1·dry for ethanol and acetonitrile, we utilized 1·dry as a stationary phase to discover the separation performance of ethanol/acetonitrile binary mixtures. A column (10 × 10 × 100 mm) was packed with 1·dry (ca. 10 g) and then let 1 mL ethanol and 1 mL acetonitrile binary mixtures pass through the column. Evolved solvent components were monitored by NMR (integrating the peak area). In the experiment, C2H5OH and CH3CN were initially coadsorbed before CH3CN was replaced by C2H5OH. An acetonitrile outlet purity was increased from 50 to 70% (Figure 6). We assume that the specific interaction between unsaturated metal sites and hydroxylic guest (ethanol) plays a vital role for such real ethanol/acetonitrile separation performance. Furthermore, the TGA studies indicate that the coordinated ethanol molecules in the pores of 1·EtOH could be removed by heating up to 110 °C and readsorbed by dispersing the material to ethanol vapor at room temperature. These procedures can be repeated for five cycles, validating the reversibility of the process (Figure S4).

Figure 6.

Figure 6

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1H NMR (DMSO-d6) spectroscopy of ethanol/acetonitrile binary mixtures before and after passing through the packed sample (1·dry).

Conclusions

In summary, this work demonstrates a strategy that constructed open metal sites in coordination networks and could improve the selective sorption between hydroxylic guests and nonhydroxylic guests. This new naphthalene diimide-based coordination polymer is the first example that exhibits selective separation of ethanol/acetonitrile at ambient temperature.

Experimental Section

Physical Measurements

Elemental analyses (C, H, and N) were carried out with a PerkinElmer 240C elemental analyzer. FT-IR spectra were obtained from KBr pellets in the range of 4000–400 cm–1 on a VECTOR 22 spectrometer. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) was performed on a Bruker D8 ADVANCE diffractometer (Cu Kα, 1.5418 Å) at 40 kV and 40 mA. Thermal analyses were performed on a TGA V5.1A Dupont 2100 instrument from room temperature to 800 °C with a heating rate of 10 °C min–1 in the air, and the data are consistent with the structures. The vapor adsorption isotherms (at 298 K) were measured by using the BELSORP-max automatic volumetric sorption apparatus.

General Procedures

Chemicals were purchased from commercial sources and used without further purification.

Synthesis

{[Cu(4-pmntd)(CH3OH)2(opd)]·CHCl3}n(1·MeOH)

A mixture of 4-pmntd (6 mg, 0.0125 mmol), Cu(NO3)2·6H2O (8 mg, 0.025 mmol), and Na2(opd) (21 mg, 0.1 mmol) in H2O/CH3OH/CHCl3 (1 mL/3 mL/10 mL) was stirred and then sealed in a 20 mL Teflon-lined autoclave. The autoclave was heated to 70 °C and held at that temperature for 7 days, followed by further cooling to room temperature. Green crystals of 1 were collected in 32% yield based on the ligand. Anal. Calcd for C37H21Cl3CuN4O10: C, 52.19; H, 2.49; N, 6.58%. Found: C, 51.85; H, 2.16; N, 6.69%. IR (KBr, cm–1): 3428 vs, 1709 m, 1668 vs, 1615 m, 1580 s, 1453 w, 1429 w, 1383 s, 1336 s, 1249 m, 1179 w, 754 m, 565 w.

X-ray Crystallography

The diffraction data were collected on an Oxford Gemini S Ultra diffractometer equipped with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.54178 Å) for complex 1·MeOH and 1·EtOH, or on the same diffractometer equipped with Mo Kα radiation (λ = 0.71073 Å) for complexes 1·dry and 1·H2O by using φ and ω scans. Multiscan adsorption corrections were applied for all complexes. The structures were solved by the direct methods (SHELXS) and refined by the full matrix least-squares method against Fo2 using the SHELXTL software.47−49 The coordinates of the nonhydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically. Most of hydrogen atoms were introduced in calculated positions and refined with a fixed geometry with respect to their carrier atoms, and the guest methanol hydrogen atoms have not been added. Details of the crystal parameters, data collections, and refinement for all compounds are summarized in Table 1. Further details are provided in the Supporting Information. CCDC numbers 966848 (1·MeOH), 966849 (1·dry), 966850 (1·H2O), and 1861423 (1·EtOH)

Table 1. Crystallographic Data and Structure Refinement for 1.

complex 1·MeOH 1·dry 1·H2O 1·EtOH
formula C37H21Cl3CuN4O10 C34H20CuN4O11 C34H18CuN4O14 C38H20CuN4O14
Fw 851.47 724.08 770.06 820.12
T (K) 150(2) 373(2) 293(2) 150(2)
wavelength (Å) 1.54178 0.71073 0.71073 1.54178
crystal system orthorhombic orthorhombic orthorhombic orthorhombic
space group Ccca Ccca Ccca Ccca
a (Å) 17.1736(6) 17.354(2) 17.033(2) 17.2256(10)
b (Å) 28.5197(11) 28.747(5) 28.521(6) 28.4486(16)
c (Å) 15.4911(5) 15.0069(19) 15.290(2) 15.7432(19)
α (deg) 90 90 90 90
β (deg) 90 90 90 90
γ (deg) 90 90 90 90
V (Å3) 7587.3(5) 7486.4(18) 7428(2) 7714.9(11)
Z 8 8 8 8
ρcal.(g cm–3) 1.491 1.285 1.377 1.412
μ (mm–1) 3.296 0.643 0.659 1.436
F (000) 3448 2952 3128 3336
reflections collected/unique 7807/2819 10305/3622 18800/3582 7019/2869
GOF 1.051 1.004 1.938 1.024
R1, ωR2 [I > 2σ(I)] 0.0832, 0.2568 0.0841, 0.2178 0.1284, 0.3211 0.1009, 0.2883
R1, ωR2 [all data] 0.0936, 0.2659 0.1937, 0.2775 0.1795, 0.3441 0.1353, 0.3315
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Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 21403191), Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (no. 2017A030307036), Special funds for public welfare research and capacity building in Guangdong Province (nos. 2015A010105031 and 2016A010103042) and Lingnan Normal University Science Research Foundation (no. LP1859). Q.-Y.Y. acknowledges the “Young Talent Support Plan” of Xi’an Jiaotong University (HG6J004).

Supporting Information Available

The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03229.

  • Two 4-pmntd structural figures, PXRD patterns, TGA, FT-IR, adsorption isotherms, tables for X-ray structural data, selected bond lengths and bond angles (PDF)

  • X-ray crystallographic data for (1·MeOH) (CIF)

  • X-ray crystallographic data for (1·dry) (CIF)

  • X-ray crystallographic data for (1·H2O) (CIF)

  • X-ray crystallographic data for (1·EtOH) (CIF)

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Supplementary Material

ao8b03229_si_001.pdf (271.9KB, pdf)
ao8b03229_si_002.cif (12.9KB, cif)
ao8b03229_si_003.cif (246.3KB, cif)
ao8b03229_si_004.cif (16.1KB, cif)
ao8b03229_si_005.cif (17.4KB, cif)

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

ao8b03229_si_001.pdf (271.9KB, pdf)
ao8b03229_si_002.cif (12.9KB, cif)
ao8b03229_si_003.cif (246.3KB, cif)
ao8b03229_si_004.cif (16.1KB, cif)
ao8b03229_si_005.cif (17.4KB, cif)

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