Skip to main content
NCBI home page
ACS Omega logoLink to ACS Omega
. 2019 Feb 22;4(2):3965–3972. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03341

Fortuitous Ion–Molecule Reaction Enables Enumeration of Metal–Hydrogen Bonds Present in Gaseous Ions

Zhaoyu Zheng 1, Julius Pavlov 1, Athula B Attygalle 1,*
PMCID: PMC6648366  PMID: 31459605

Abstract

graphic file with name ao-2018-033417_0010.jpg

Upon mass selection and ion activation under mass spectrometric conditions, gaseous formate adducts of many metal formates undergo decarboxylation and form product ions that bear metal–hydrogen bonds. Fortuitously, we noted that negative-ion spectra of several such formate adducts showed many peaks that could not be rationalized by the conventional fragmentation pathways attributed to the precursor ion. Subsequent experimentation proved that these enigmatic peaks are due to an ion–molecule reaction that takes place between traces of adventitious water vapor in the collision gas and the in situ formed product anions bearing metal–hydrogen bonds, generated by the fragmentation of the formate adducts. Results show that metal–hydrogen bonds of the group 2 elements are particularly susceptible to this reaction. For example, in the product-ion spectrum of [Sr(η2-O2CH)3]−, the peak at m/z 91 for SrH3– was accompanied by three peaks at higher m/z ratios. These peaks, at m/z 107, 123, and 139, represented SrH2(OH)1–, SrH1(OH)2–, and Sr(OH)3–, respectively. These satellite peaks, which were separated by 16 m/z units, were attributed to adducts formed due to the high affinity of gas-phase anions bearing metal–hydrogen bonds to water. Although undesired, these peaks are diagnostically useful to determine the number of metal–hydrogen bonds present in a precursor ion. Even though the peaks were less pronounced, analogous reactions were noted from the adducts of the group 1 elements as well. Moreover, Gibbs free energy values computed for the interaction of [H-Mg(η2-O2CH)2]− with water to form [HO-Mg(η2-OCOH)2]− and H2 indicated that this is an exergonic reaction.

Introduction

Unwarranted ion–molecule reactions that occur under tandem mass-spectrometric conditions are often a nuisance because they complicate spectral interpretations.1 Occasionally, such reactions take place in the ion source under electrospray ionization (ESI) conditions.2−5 Ion–molecule reactions are more common in mass spectrometric investigations conducted in tandem-in-time devices, such as ion traps, because the ions are stored in a confined space for a relatively longer period of time prior to ion activation.6−9 Although less common, ion-neutral adduct peaks have also been observed in the spectra recorded on tandem-in-space instruments when reactants such as water,10−13 methanol, ethanol, nitrogen,14,15 oxygen,16 and carbon dioxide17 are either present as impurities, or added intentionally as reagents to the collision gas.18,19

Once comprehended, these ion–molecule reactions can become a powerful tool for structural elucidations.20−23 For example, such reactions have been employed to differentiate among different types of isomers.24 However, the presence of unexpected adduct peaks makes the interpretation of mass spectrometry (MS)/MS data, or quantitation by targeted scan modes, more complicated. There is a strong inclination to rely on artificial intelligence computer programs for positive compound identification.25,26 However, unwarranted ion–molecule reactions could easily lead to false-positive dubious results.

Among ion–molecule reactions, the addition of water is the most commonly encountered transformation. Water adds not only to positively charged reaction centers but also to anions.27−29 Recently, we published a paper on periodic trends in the fragmentation patterns of formate adducts of metal formate anions generated from groups 1 to 2 and groups 13 to 15 metals of the periodic table.30 Upon collision-induced dissociation (CID), the formate adducts of metal formates undergo decarboxylation to form ionic products that bear metal–hydrogen bonds. The spectra reported previously showed several peaks that could not be attributed to ions originating from direct dissociation of mass-selected precursor ions. Herein, we present details of an extensive study to demonstrate that the enigmatic peaks originate from an ion–molecule reaction between product ions that bear M–H bonds and traces of water present in the collision gas.

Results and Discussion

Under negative-ion-generating electrospray ionization conditions, ion pairs of metal formates generate gaseous adducts with formate anions. Such formate adducts, upon mass selection and ion activation under mass spectrometric conditions, typically dissociate by losing either a molecule of the metal formate to form the formate anion or by ejecting a molecule of CO2 (decarboxylation) to form an anion bearing a metal–hydrogen bond.30 Acetate adducts of alkaline-earth metal acetates [Metal(O2CCH3)3]− are known to fragment analogously, and form the organometallate anions [CH3Metal(O2CCH3)2]− by ejecting CO2.31

For the adducts of alkali formates (group 1 elements), the ejection of a neutral metal formate molecule to generate the formate ion is the more favorable mechanism. In contrast, the decarboxylation process is the preferred fragmentation pathway for the adducts of groups 2, 13, 14, and 15 metal formates.30 However, in addition to the peaks expected for the products of the two predicted pathways, the MS2 spectra recorded from the formate adducts of metal formates showed several additional peaks. At first blush, these peaks appeared to be enigmatic. For example, an ESI product-ion mass spectrum recorded from m/z 97 as the precursor ion generated from an aqueous solution of lithium formate showed peaks at m/z 45 and 53, representing the formate anion and the decarboxylated precursor ion ([H-Li-O2CH]–), respectively (Figure 1). Albeit small, a peak was also noted at m/z 69 (Supporting Information Figure S1). The nominal m/z value of this ion was 28 Da smaller than that of the precursor ion (m/z 97) and 16 Da higher than that of the m/z 53 ion formed from decarboxylation. Arguably, the m/z 69 ion could be attributed to a loss of either a carbon monoxide molecule from the precursor ion (m/z 97) or the formation of a mono-oxygen adduct from the m/z 53 ion.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Open in a new tab

Product-ion spectrum of the mass-selected m/z 97 ion for [Li(η2-O2CH)2]− generated by electrospraying an aqueous solution of lithium formate. The spectrum was recorded on a Synapt G2 instrument at a transfer collision energy setting of 5.5 eV and a resolving power of 10 000 at m/z 97.

A similar, but a more pronounced set of enigmatic peaks were observed in the spectra recorded from group 2 metal formates (Figure 2). To start with, the formate adducts of magnesium and calcium formates can undergo two consecutive CO2 losses (decarboxylation steps): m/z 159 [Mg(O2CH)3]− → m/z 115 [H-Mg(O2CH)2]−→ m/z 71 [H2-Mg(O2CH)]−, and m/z 175 [Ca(O2CH)3]− → m/z 131 [H-Ca(O2CH)2]−→ m/z 87 [H2-Ca(O2CH)]−, respectively. In the spectrum recorded for magnesium formate, there was an unaccounted additional peak at m/z 131 (Figure 2A). Likewise, an analogous peak appeared at m/z 147 in the calcium-formate spectrum (Figure 2B). Moreover, between the peaks for the first and the second decarboxylation steps, there was one additional peak at m/z 87  ([H-Mg(OH)(η2-O2CH)]−) in the magnesium-formate spectrum (Figure 2A) and two additional peaks at m/z 103 and 119, in the calcium-formate spectrum (Figure 2B). Because the nominal masses of m/z 103 and 119 ion were 16 and 32 Da higher than that of the m/z 87 ion ([H2-Ca(η2-O2CH)]−), respectively, these ions appeared to be formed by the addition of one or two oxygen atoms to the m/z 87 ion (Figure 2B).

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Open in a new tab

Product-ion spectrum of m/z 159 for [Mg(η2-O2CH)3]− (recorded at a transfer collision energy setting of 5.5 eV and a resolving power of 9000 at m/z 157) (A). Product-ion spectrum of m/z 175 for [Ca(η2-O2CH)3]− (recorded at a transfer collision energy setting of 10.0 eV and a resolving power of 9000 at m/z 175) (B). Product-ion spectrum of m/z 223 for [Sr(η2-O2CH)3]− (recorded at a transfer collision energy setting of 25.0 eV and a resolving power of 11 000 at m/z 223) (C). Product-ion spectrum of m/z 273 for [Ba(η2-O2CH)3]− (recorded at a transfer collision energy setting of 30.0 eV and a resolving power of 10 000 at m/z 273) (D). All spectra were recorded on a Synapt G2 instrument under negative-ion-generating ESI conditions.

As previously reported,30 the formate adduct of strontium formate can undergo three consecutive CO2 losses under high collision energy conditions: m/z 223 [Sr(O2CH)3]− → m/z 179 [H-Sr(O2CH)2]−→ m/z 135 [H2-Sr(O2CH)]− → m/z 91 [SrH3]− (Scheme 1). Along with these expected peaks, representing the fragment ions formed from the first, second, and third decarboxylation processes, there were one (m/z 195, marked red in Figure 2C), two (m/z 103 and 119, marked in blue), and three (m/z 107, 123, and 139, marked in green) additional peak sets that could not be rationalized by the main fragmentation mechanisms (Figure 2C). For example, the ions detected at m/z 107, 123, and 139 as shown in the spectrum depicted in Figure 2C appeared to be associated with the m/z 91 ion that originated from a triple decarboxylation of the precursor m/z 223 ion. The nominal masses of the ions corresponding to the m/z 107, 123, and 139 peaks were 16, 32, or 48 Da higher than that of the m/z 91 ion. At first look, these enigmatic ions appeared to represent the consecutive addition of a 16 Da “oxygen atoms” to the m/z 91 ion. To gain insights into the origin of these intriguing sets of ions, the m/z 135 ion was generated by collision-induced dissociation in the ion source by increasing the cone-voltage conditions. The m/z 135 ion, which originated from two consecutive CO2 losses from the precursor ion [Sr(η2-O2CH)3]− (Scheme 1), was mass-selected and passed through the transfer collision cell under very mild fragmentation conditions. Interestingly, in the product-ion spectrum recorded, there were peaks at m/z ratios higher than that of the mass-selected precursor ion (Figure 3). Evidently, ions such as m/z 139, 151, and 167 were products of a neutral-gain process that took place by ion–molecule reactions in the collision cell.

Scheme 1. Proposed Fragmentation Pathways of the Formate Adduct of Strontium Formate [Sr(η2-O2CH)3]− to Form [SrH3]− by Three Consecutive CO2 Losses and Ion–Molecule Reactions between Each Complex Bearing Strontium–Hydrogen Bonds and H2O.

Scheme 1

Open in a new tab

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Open in a new tab

Product-ion spectrum recorded at a transfer collision energy setting of 2 eV from the [H2-Sr(η2-O2CH)]− ion (m/z 135) generated in source at a cone voltage of 100 V. The spectrum was recorded on a Synapt G2 instrument under negative-ion-generating ESI mode at a resolving power of 7500 at m/z 135.

To verify the origin of the atom(s) added during the formation of these enigmatic ions, first we determined the accurate masses (Supporting Information Table S1). The results agreed with the values predicted for increases due to the addition of one or more oxygen atoms. To confirm the prediction, a sample of Sr(η2-18O2CH)2 was synthesized and its CID spectrum was recorded. The product-ion spectrum of the m/z 235 ion for [Sr(η2-18O2CH)3]− showed an intense peak at m/z 187 for a 48 Da C18O2 loss, which was accompanied by a peak at m/z 203 (Figure 4B). This result proved that the additional oxygen atom required for the formation of the m/z 203 ion does not originate from any of the oxygen atoms of the precursor ion. In other words, an extraneous oxygen atom is added to the product ion(s) that originate from decarboxylation(s) (Figure 4B). Since a direct addition of an oxygen atom by itself is unlikely, we envisaged that the fragment ion is reacting with traces of water in a manner similar to the known behavior of metal hydrides in aqueous solutions. Metal–hydrogen bonds are known to be highly susceptible to moisture, forming products with metal–hydroxide bonds.12,13,32 If this indeed were the case, the hydrogen atom in the OH groups of the enigmatic ions should  also be from an external source, and not from the original hydrogens in the M–H bonds. To verify this, a sample of Sr(O2CD)2 was synthesized. The CID spectrum of m/z 226 ion for [Sr(η2-O2CD)3]− showed a peak at m/z 197, depicting a 15 Da separation from the m/z 182 ion: this proved that the deuteride, initially attached to the strontium atom, was replaced by an extraneous hydroxyl group during the ion–molecule reaction (Figure 4C). Thus, it was clear that ions with metal–hydrogen bonds react with minute traces of moisture present in the collision gas [although 4.8 grade is claimed to be “dry” by the suppliers, its purity is 99.998% and it could contain up to 3 ppm (v/v) H2O] and produce an M–OH bond. In other words, the interaction of water with a metal–hydrogen bond leads to the formation of a metal–OH bond by the elimination a molecule of dihydrogen (Scheme 1). Thus, the peaks at m/z 151 and 167 in Figures 2C and 3 can be attributed to the products formed by the interaction of water with the m/z 135 ion (Figures 2 and 3). Analogously, the m/z 195 ion originated from the reaction with the m/z 179 ion (Figures 2C and 4A).

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Open in a new tab

Product-ion spectrum of the m/z 223 ion for [Sr(η2-O2CH)3]− recorded at a transfer collision energy setting of 10 eV and a resolving power of 11 000 at m/z 223 (A). A product-ion spectrum of the m/z 235 ion for [Sr(η2-18O2CH)3]− recorded at a transfer collision energy setting of 10 eV and a resolving power of 10 500 at m/z 235 (B). A product-ion spectrum of the m/z 226 ion for [Sr(η2-O2CD)3]− recorded at a transfer collision energy setting of 10 eV and a resolving power of 11 000 at m/z 226 (C). All the spectra a recorded on a Synapt G2 instrument in negative-ion-generating ESI mode.

Evidently, the H2 elimination reaction follows an explicit pathway because a product-ion spectrum of the m/z 138 ion for [D2-Sr(η2-O2CD)1]− showed peaks at m/z 109, 124, and 139. These ions originated from the interaction of H2O with the SrD3– ion (m/z 94) (Figure 5). For the formation of the m/z 109 ion, the m/z 94 ion interacts with H2O and eliminates specifically a molecule of HD. In this way, the dubious 15 Da increases from the m/z 94 could be rationalized (Scheme 2).

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Open in a new tab

Product-ion spectrum of the m/z 138 ion for [D2-Sr(η2-O2CD)1]− generated in source by electrospraying an aqueous solution of Sr(O2CD)2 at a cone voltage of 100 V. The spectrum was recorded at a transfer collision energy setting of 2 eV on a Synapt G2 instrument in negative-ion-generating ESI mode.

Scheme 2. Ion–Molecule Reaction of SrH3– (A) and SrD3– (B) with H2O.

Scheme 2

Open in a new tab

Although less reactive to water than the Ca–H and Sr–H bonds, the Ba–H bond formed by CID decarboxylation of [Ba(η2-O2CH)3]− is also susceptible to traces of water in the collision gas. For example, the peaks at m/z 201 and 217 in the product-ion spectrum (Figure 2D) are due to [H-Ba(OH)(η2-O2CH)]− and [Ba(OH)2(η2-O2CH)]−, respectively.

To support the reaction mechanisms proposed for the water interaction, we conducted a computational study on the following system (Scheme 3). The calculated Gibbs free energies of reactants and products predicted that the water interaction, [H-Mg(η2-O2CH)2]− + H2O → [HO-Mg(η2-O2CH)2]− + H2 (Scheme 3), is an exergonic reaction. This is not a surprise because the higher affinity of group 2 elements for oxygen is well known.

Scheme 3. Formation of [HO-Mg(η2-O2CH)2]− from an Ion–Molecule Reaction between [H-Mg(η2-O2CH)2]− and H2O.

Scheme 3

Open in a new tab

Moreover, computations also indicated that as a water molecule approaches the [H-Mg(η2-O2CH)2]− ion, one of its formate moieties opens up and becomes monodentate when the reactant complex (2) is formed (Figure 6 and Supporting Information Table S4). Upon activation of the reaction complex (2), the monodentate formate moiety pivots back and becomes bidentate again as it reaches the transition state (3), where the Mg–H bond is more elongated. As the reaction proceeds to form the product complex (4), the Mg–OH and H–H bonds become shorter (Figure 6 and Supporting Information Table S6). Finally, the two entities in the product complex (4) are separated to give [H-Mg(η2-O2CH)2]− as the final product.

Figure 6.

Figure 6

Open in a new tab

Relative Gibbs free energies [in kcal/mol computed for 298.15 K and 1 atm, by the density functional theory method B3LYP using a 6-311++G(2d,2p) basis set] and structures of energy-optimized product ions and transition states associated with the interaction of water with the m/z 115, [H-Mg(η2-O2CH)2]− ion (1) with water.

Generally, ion–molecule reactions taking place in the collision cell are considered a nuisance because they may obscure the true identity of the precursor ions. However, peaks attributed to water interactions observed in the present study are in fact diagnostically useful because the number of so-called “oxygen-adduct” peaks that accompany the specific precursor-ion peak enable the enumeration the metal–hydrogen bonds present in the precursor ion. For example, in Figure 3, the peaks at m/z 151 (135 + 16) and 167 (135 + 32) indicate the presence of two Sr–H bonds in the m/z 135 precursor. Analogously, the peaks at m/z 107 (91 + 16), 123 (91 + 32), and 139 (91 + 48) show the presence of three Sr–H bonds in m/z 91. Apparently, the H2 elimination reported here is analogous to the CH4 loss reported in the formation of metal–hydrogen bonds from organometallic ions such as [(CH3M(O2CCH3))n]− upon interaction with water.31 Moreover, an analogous water addition reaction followed by a subsequent H2 loss has been observed previously by Osburn et al.12 during their studies under positive-ion-generating conditions with mixed-metal complexes containing silver, calcium, and deprotonated glycine. Interestingly, when silver was the only metal present, then only the addition of water took place without the loss of H2. Analogously, tandem mass spectra of certain mass-selected product ions bearing metal–hydrogen bonds generated by the collision-induced dissociation of anionic uranyl complexes [UO2(O2C-H)3]− have been observed to show a peak at 16 mass units greater than that of the precursor ion.13 Our results are congruent with the conclusions made by Perez et al. that these ions are formed by a process that involves H2O addition and H2 elimination.13

Conclusions

We have demonstrated the utility of adventitious traces of water in the argon collision gas to enumerate the metal–hydrogen bonds present in gas-phase anions generated during the fragmentation of formate adducts of various metal formates. However “dry” the collision gas may be labeled, there is sufficient water vapor present in ppm concentrations for it to cause the emergence of MS peaks, spaced at 16 Da at higher m/z values than those of the corresponding precursor ions bearing metal–hydrogen bonds. The number of those peaks indicates the number of M–H bonds present in the precursor ion.

Experimental Section

Mass Spectrometry

A Synapt G2 HDMS (Waters, U.K.) mass spectrometer equipped with an ESI source was used for high-resolution and accurate-mass collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments. Using a syringe pump, sample solutions were infused to the ion source at a rate of 20 μL/min. Typically, the capillary voltage was set to 2.5 kV. Nitrogen was used as the nebulizer gas. The desolvation gas (N2) flow rate was 500 L/h. High-purity argon (Grade 4.8, 99.998%, Praxair, Inc., Danbury, CT) was used as the collision gas of Trap and Transfer collision cells at a pressure setting of 8 × 10–6 bar (however, the pressure of the transfer collision cell was slightly higher than that in the Trap collision cell). For CID experiments, the trap collision energy was kept at 4 eV, and the transfer collision energy was varied between 2 and 30 eV. The source and desolvation gas temperatures were held at 100 and 150 °C, respectively. Mass calibration (m/z 20–1200) was performed using a 100 ppm sodium formate solution in 50% isopropyl alcohol: 50% water (v/v). The instrument was operated at a resolving power of 10 000 measured at m/z 97.

Chemicals

Millipore water was obtained from Milli-Q water system. Acetonitrile was purchased from PHARMCO-AAPER (Brookfield, CT). Formic acid (88%), barium hydroxide, and calcium oxide were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Fair Lawn, NJ). Metal magnesium turnings, lithium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium formate, rubidium chloride, cesium carbonate, and formic acid-d2 (95 wt % in D2O, 98 atom % D) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO). Strontium carbonate was obtained from J. T. Baker (Avantor, Center Valley, PA). H218O was purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (Cambridge, MA). All chemicals were used without further purification.

Metal Formates

All formates that were not commercially available were prepared as described previously.30 To prepare 18O-substituted strontium formate, formic acid (96%, 10.00 μL) was dissolved in H218O (25 μL). After 12 h, the HC18O2H prepared in this way was added to SrCO3 (0.0105 g, 0.07 mmol) and the mixture was diluted with Millipore water. Analogously, deuterium-substituted strontium formate was synthesized by adding formic acid-d2 (95 wt % in D2O, 98 atom % D) to SrCO3.

Sample Preparation

Samples for MS analyses were prepared in water as 100 ppm solutions. Using a syringe pump, all solutions were infused at a flow rate of 20 μL/min.

Computational Methods

All DFT calculations were carried out using the Gaussian 09W33 program. Proposed structures were fully optimized by using the B3LYP34,35 hybrid density functional method with a large 6-311++g(2d,2p) basis set. Complete geometry optimizations were conducted at the same level for all species to verify the nature of each stationary state on the potential energy surface. In other words, reactants and products are associated with all positive vibrational frequencies, whereas transition states (TS) are associated with only one imaginary frequency, for which the normal vibrational mode corresponds to the expected bond formation/breaking movements in a specific reaction pathway. Gibbs free energies calculations were conducted for species at ambient pressure (1 atm) and room temperature (298.15 K).

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by funds provided by the Stevens Institute of Technology (Hoboken, NJ). We thank Bristol-Myers Squibb (New Brunswick, NJ) for the donation of the Quattro Ultima mass spectrometer.

Glossary

Abbreviations

MS

mass spectrometry

TS

transition state

DFT

density functional theory

CID

collision-induced dissociation

ESI

electrospray ionization

Supporting Information Available

The Supporting Information is available free of charge on the ACS Publications website at DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03341.

  • Accurate masses, atom coordinates, and absolute energies of DFT-optimized molecules, ions, complexes, and transition states, and a profile spectrum of [Li(η2-O2CH)2]− ion (PDF)

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Supplementary Material

ao8b03341_si_001.pdf (546.2KB, pdf)

References

  1. Osburn S.; Ryzhov V. Ion-Molecule reactions: Analytical and Structural Tool. Anal. Chem. 2013, 85, 769–778. 10.1021/ac302920a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Liu Z.; Shao Y.; Zhu G.; Wang X.; Chai Y.; Wang L. Gas phase reaction between chromones and solvent in an electrospray ionization source. J. Mass Spectrom. 2019, 54, 66–72. 10.1002/jms.4305. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Hyvl J.; Agrawal D.; Pohl R.; Suri M.; Glorius F.; Schröder D. Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Reveals an Unexpected Coupling Product in the Copper-Promoted Synthesis of Pyrazoles. Organometallics 2013, 32, 807–816. 10.1021/om3010417. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  4. Tuytten R.; Lemière F.; Esmans E. L.; Herrebout W. A.; van der Veken B. J.; Dudley E.; Newton R. P.; Witters E. In-Source CID of Guanosine: Gas Phase Ion-Molecule Reactions. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2006, 17, 1050–1062. 10.1016/j.jasms.2006.03.012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Gabelica V.; Lemaire D.; Laprevote O.; De Pauw E. Kinetics of solvent addition on electrosprayed ions in an electrospray source and in a quadrupole ion trap. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 2001, 210–211, 113–119. 10.1016/S1387-3806(01)00413-4. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  6. Williamson B. L.; Creaser C. S. Letter: ion-molecule reactions of the benzoyl ion [C6H5CO]+ with compounds containing the amine functional group in a quadrupole ion trap. Eur. J. Mass Spectrom. 1998, 4, 103–106. 10.1255/ejms.195. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  7. Alechaga E.; Moyano E.; Galceran M. T. Ion-molecule adduct formation in tandem mass spectrometry. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2016, 408, 1269–1277. 10.1007/s00216-015-9237-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Guan Z.; Liesch J. M. Solvation of acylium fragment ions in electrospray ionization quadrupole ion trap and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. J. Mass Spectrom. 2001, 36, 264–276. 10.1002/jms.124. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Grossert J. S.; Fancy P. D.; White R. L. Fragmentation pathways of negative ions produced by electrospray ionization of acyclic dicarboxylic acids and derivatives. Can. J. Chem. 2005, 83, 1878–1890. 10.1139/v05-214. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  10. Neta P.; Farahani M.; Simón-Manso Y.; Liang Y.; Yang X.; Stein S. E. Unexpected peaks in tandem mass spectra due to reaction of product ions with residual water in mass spectrometer collision cells. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2014, 28, 2645–2660. 10.1002/rcm.7055. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Beuck S.; Schwabe T.; Grimme S.; Schlörer N.; Kamber M.; Schänzer W.; Thevis M. Unusual Mass Spectrometric Dissociation Pathway of Protonated Isoquinoline-3-Carboxamides Due to Multiple Reversible Water Adduct Formation in the Gas Phase. J. Am. Soc. Mass. Spectrom. 2009, 20, 2034–2048. 10.1016/j.jasms.2009.07.016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Osburn S.; Plaviak A.; Pestok J.; van Stipdonk M. J. Apparent activation of H2O and elimination of H2 from gas-phase mixed-metal complexes containing silver, calcium and deprotonated glycine. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2016, 30, 101–111. 10.1002/rcm.7418. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Perez E.; Hanley C.; Koehler S.; Pestok J.; Polonsky N.; van Stipdonk M. Gas Phase Reactions of Ions Derived from Anionic Uranyl Formate and Uranyl Acetate Complexes. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2016, 27, 1989–1998. 10.1007/s13361-016-1481-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Liang Y.; Neta P.; Simón-Manso Y.; Stein S. E. Reaction of arylium ions with the collision gas N2 in electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2015, 29, 629–636. 10.1002/rcm.7147. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Rijs N. J.; Weiske T.; Schlangen M.; Schwarz H. Effect of Adduct Formation with Molecular Nitrogen on the Measured Collisional Cross Sections of Transition Metal–1,10-Phenanthroline Complexes in Traveling Wave Ion-Mobility Spectrometry: N2 Is Not Always an “Inert” Buffer Gas. Anal. Chem. 2015, 87, 9769–9776. 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01985. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Jariwala F. B.; Hibbs J. A.; Weisbecker C. S.; Ressler J.; Khade R. L.; Zhang Y.; Attygalle A. B. A Distonic Radical-Ion for Detection of Traces of Adventitious Molecular Oxygen (O2) in Collision Gases Used in Tandem Mass Spectrometers. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2014, 25, 1670–1673. 10.1007/s13361-014-0945-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Liu C.; Nishshanka U.; Attygalle A. B. Formation of Carbamate Anions by the Gas-phase Reaction of Anilide Ions with CO2. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2016, 27, 927–939. 10.1007/s13361-016-1357-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Horni A.; Hesse M. Addition of nucleophiles to fragment ions in mass spectrometers under electrospray-ionization conditions. Helv. Chim. Acta 1999, 82, 1969–1977. 10.1002/(SICI)1522-2675(19991110)82:11<1969::AID-HLCA1969>3.0.CO;2-M. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  19. Tuytten R.; Lemiere F.; Van Dongen W.; Esmans E. L.; Witters E.; Herrebout W.; Van Der Veken B.; Dudley E.; Newton R. P. Intriguing mass spectrometric behavior of guanosine under low energy collision induced dissociation: H2O adduct formation and gas-phase reactions in the collision cell. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2005, 16, 1291–1304. 10.1016/j.jasms.2005.03.026. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Zhu H.; Ma X.; Kong J. Y.; Zhang M.; Kenttämaa H. I. Identification of Carboxylate, Phosphate, and Phenoxide Functionalities in Deprotonated Molecules Related to Drug Metabolites via Ion–Molecule Reactions with water and Diethylhydroxyborane. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2017, 28, 2189–2200. 10.1007/s13361-017-1713-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Gronert S. Mass Spectrometric Studies of Organic Ion/Molecule Reactions. Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 329–360. 10.1021/cr9900836. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Zhu H.; Ma X.; Kong J. Y.; Zhang M.; Kenttamaa H. I. Identification of Carboxylate, Phosphate, and Phenoxide Functionalities in Deprotonated Molecules Related to Drug Metabolites via Ion–Molecule Reactions with water and Diethylhydroxyborane. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 2017, 28, 2189–2200. 10.1007/s13361-017-1713-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Brodbelt J. S. Analytical applications of ion-molecule reactions. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 1997, 16, 91–110. 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2787(1997)16:2<91::AID-MAS3>3.0.CO;2-4. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  24. Gerbaux P.; Wantier P.; Nam P. C.; Nguyen M. T.; Bouchoux G.; Flammang R. A specific gas-phase substitution reaction between enol radical cations and t-butyl nitrite. Eur. J. Mass Spectrom. 2004, 10, 889–898. 10.1255/ejms.686. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  25. Neumann S.; Böcker S. Computational mass spectrometry for metabolomics: Identification of metabolites and small molecules. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2010, 398, 2779–2788. 10.1007/s00216-010-4142-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. HighChem Mass Frontier. http://www.highchem.com/index.php/81-massfrontier.
  27. Attygalle A. B.; Kharbatia N.; Bialecki J.; Ruzicka J.; Svatos A.; Stauber E. J. An unexpected ion-molecule adduct in negative-ion collision-induced decomposition ion-trap mass spectra of halogenated benzoic acids. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2006, 20, 2265–2270. 10.1002/rcm.2582. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Baker M.; Gabryelski W. Collision induced dissociation of deprotonated glycolic acid. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 2007, 262, 128–135. 10.1016/j.ijms.2006.11.002. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  29. Sagoo S.; Beach D. G.; Manderville R. A.; Gabryelski W. Tautomerization in gas-phase ion chemistry of isomeric C-8 deoxyguanosine adducts from phenol-induced DNA damage. J. Mass Spectrom. 2011, 46, 41–49. 10.1002/jms.1869. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Zheng Z.; Pavlov J.; Wei Y.; Zhang Y.; Attygalle A. B. Periodic Trends Manifested through Gas-Phase Generation of Anions Such as [AlH4]−, [GaH4]−, [InH4]−, [SrH3]−, [BaH3]−, [Ba(0)(η2-O2CH)1]−, [Pb(0)H]−,[Bi(I)H2]−, and Bi– from Formates. ACS Omega 2018, 3, 3440–3452. 10.1021/acsomega.7b01518. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Jacob A. P.; James P. F.; O’Hair R. A. J. Do alkali and alkaline earth acetates form organometallates via decarboxylation? A survey using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry and DFT calculations. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 2006, 255–256, 45–52. 10.1016/j.ijms.2005.08.015. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  32. Mukherjee D.; Höllerhage T.; Leich V.; Spaniol T. P.; Englert U.; Maron L.; Okuda J. The Nature of the Heavy Alkaline Earth Metal–Hydrogen Bond: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of a Cationic Strontium Hydride Cluster. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 3403–3411. 10.1021/jacs.7b13796. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Frisch M. J.; Trucks G. W.; Schlegel H. B.; Scuseria G. E.; Robb M. A.; Cheeseman J. R.; Scalmani G.; Barone V.; Mennucci B.; Petersson G. A.; Nakatsuji H.; Caricato M.; Li X.; Hratchian H. P.; Izmaylov A. F.; Bloino J.; Zheng G.; Sonnenberg J. L.; Hada M.; Ehara M.; Toyota K.; Fukuda R.; Hasegawa J.; Ishida M.; Nakajima T.; Honda Y.; Kitao O.; Nakai H.; Vreven T.; Montgomery J. A. Jr.; Peralta J. E.; Ogliaro F.; Bearpark M.; Heyd J. J.; Brothers E.; Kudin K. N.; Staroverov V. N.; Keith T.; Kobayashi R.; Normand J.; Raghavachari K.; Rendell A.; Burant J. C.; Iyengar S. S.; Tomasi J.; Cossi M.; Rega N.; Millam J. M.; Klene M.; Knox J. E.; Cross J. B.; Bakken V.; Adamo C.; Jaramillo J.; Gomperts R.; Stratmann R. E.; Yazyev O.; Austin A. J.; Cammi R.; Pomelli C.; Ochterski J. W.; Martin R. L.; Morokuma K.; Zakrzewski V. G.; Voth G. A.; Salvador P.; Dannenberg J. J.; Dapprich S.; Daniels A. D.; Farkas O.; Foresman J. B.; Ortiz J. V.; Cioslowski J.; Fox D. J.. Gaussian 09, revision B.01; Gaussian, Inc: Wallingford CT, 2010.
  34. Becke A. D. Becke’s three parameter hybrid method using the LYP correlation functional. J. Chem. Phys. 1993, 98, 5648–5652. 10.1063/1.464913. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  35. Lee C.; Yang W.; Parr R. G. Development of the Colle-Salvetti correlation-energy formula into a functional of the electron density. Phys. Rev. B 1988, 37, 785–789. 10.1103/PhysRevB.37.785. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

ao8b03341_si_001.pdf (546.2KB, pdf)

Articles from ACS Omega are provided here courtesy of American Chemical Society

RESOURCES