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. 2006 Dec 5;25(5):230–236. doi: 10.1002/clc.4950250507

Comparison between ventricular gradient and a new descriptor of the wavefront direction of ventricular activation and recovery

Velislav Batchvarov 1,✉, Juan Carlos Kaski 1, Nikhil Parchure 1, Polychronis Dilaveris 1, Sue Brown 1, Azad Ghuran 1, Patrik Färbom 1, Katerina Hnatkova 1, A John Camm 1, Marek Malik 1
PMCID: PMC6654433  PMID: 12018881

Abstract

Background: Total R T cosine (TCRT) is a new descriptor of repolarization heterogeneity that quantifies the deviation between the directions of ventricular depolarization and repolarization. It revives the old concept of ventricular gradient (VG).

Hypothesis: Our goal was to examine whether TCRT and VG contain nonredundant information by comparing their reaction to autonomic tests, namely, postural changes and Valsalva maneuver.

Methods: Digital 12‐lead electrocardiograms were recorded in 16 patients with cardiovascular syndrome X (SX, chest pain, exercise‐induced ST‐depression, normal coronary arteries, 3 men, age 60 ± 9 years) and 40 healthy volunteers (31 men, age 33 ± 7 years) during postural changes and Valsalva maneuver. The angle (VGA) [°] and magnitude (VGM) [ms.mV] of VG in reconstructed XYZ leads and TCRT (average cosine of the angles between the QRS and T vectors in mathematically reconstructed three‐dimensional space) were calculated.

Results: (mean ± standard of the mean): In healthy subjects, VGM and TCRT decreased, whereas VGA increased in the sitting and standing compared with supine position (TCRT: 0.61 ± 0.05, 0.47 ± 0.06, 0.29 ± 0.08, supine, sitting, and standing, p < 0.05) and during phase II Valsalva (TCRT: 0.47 ± 0.06 vs. 0.61 ± 0.05, p < 0.01 in supine, 0.24 ± 0.08 vs. 0.37 ± 0.07, p < 0.01 in standing). In patients with SX, VGM decreased in the standing position, VGA did not change significantly, while TCRT decreased only in patients without T‐wave abnormalities (n = 9) (TCRT in standing and supine: 0.55 ± 0.09 vs. 0.68 ± 0.08, p < 0.05). VGM increased during Valsalva in patients with SX. Total R T cosine correlated strongly with VGA (r = –0.84, p< 0.00001) and, unlike VGM, did not correlate with heart rate.

Conclusions: Ventricular gradient and TCRT contain non‐redundant information. In healthy subjects, they react sensitively to autonomic provocation. In patients with SX, their reaction is attenuated, which suggests disturbance of the autonomic control of repolarization.

Keywords: repolarization, ventricular gradient, total R T cosine, postural changes, Valsalva

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