Skip to main content
Clinical Cardiology logoLink to Clinical Cardiology
. 2009 Aug 18;29(Suppl 1):34–48. doi: 10.1002/clc.4960291306

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging

Warren J Manning 1,
PMCID: PMC6654515  PMID: 17009576

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (2.0 MB).

References

  • 1. Pennell DJ, Sechtem UP, Higgins CB, Manning WJ, Pohost GM, Rademakers FE, van Rossum AC, Shaw LJ, Yucel EK; European Society of Cardiology; Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: Clinical indications for cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR): Consensus Panel report. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2004; 6: 727–765 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2. Pohost GM, Kim RJ, Kramer CM, Manning WJ; Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: Task Force 12: Training in advanced cardiovascular imaging (cardiovascular magnetic resonance [CMR]): Endorsed by the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 910–914 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3. Guidelines for credentialing in cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) . Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (SCMR) Clinical Practice Committee. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2000; 2: 233–234 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4. Weinreb JC, Larson PA, Woodard PK, Stanford W, Rubin GD, Stillman AE, Bluemke DA, Duerinckx AJ, Dunnick NR, Smith GG; American College of Radiology: American College of Radiology clinical statement on noninvasive cardiac imaging. Radiology 2005; 235: 723–727 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5. Budoff MJ, Cohen MC, Garcia MJ, Hodgson JM, Hundley WG, Lima JA, Manning WJ, Pohost GM, Raggi PM, Rodgers GP, Rumberger JA, Taylor AJ, Creager MA, Hirshfeld JW Jr, Lorell BH, Merli G, Rodgers GP, Tracy CM, Weitz HH: ACCF/AHA clinical competence statement on cardiac imaging with computed tomography and magnetic resonance: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association/American College of Physicians Task Force on Clinical Competence and Training. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46: 383–402 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, (Eds. Manning WJ, Pennell DJ.) pp. 3–17. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2002. [Google Scholar]
  • 7. MRI and CT of the Cardiovascular System. 2nd edition (Eds. Higgins CB, de Roos A.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005. [Google Scholar]
  • 8. Edelman RR: Contrast‐enhanced MR imaging of the heart: Overview of the literature. Radiology 2004; 232: 653–668 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9. Goyen M, Debatin JF: Gadopentetate dimeglumine‐enhanced three‐dimensional MR‐angiography: Dosing, safety, and efficacy. J Magn Reson Imaging 2004; 19: 261–273 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10. Hundley WG, Meshack BM, Willett DL, Sayad DE, Lange RA, Willard JE, Landau C, Hillis LD, Peshock RM: Comparison of quantitation of left ventricular volume, ejection fraction, and cardiac output in patients with atrial fibrillation by cine magnetic resonance imaging versus invasive measurements. Am J Cardiol 1996; 78: 1119–1123 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11. Kerr AB, Pauly JM, Hu BS, Li KC, Hardy CJ, Meyer CH, Macovski A, Nishimura DG: Real‐time interactive MRI on a conventional scanner. Magn Reson Med 1997; 38: 355–367 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12. Martin ET, Coman JA, Shellock FG, Pulling CC, Fair R, Jenkins K: Magnetic resonance imaging and cardiac pacemaker safety at 1.5‐Tesla. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 1315–1324 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13. Roguin A, Zviman MM, Meininger GR, Rodrigues ER, Dickfeld TM, Bluemke DA, Lardo A, Berger RD, Calkins H, Halperin HR: Modern pacemaker and implantable cardioverter/defibrillator systems can be magnetic resonance imaging safe: In vitro and in vivo assessment of safety and function at 1.5 T. Circulation 2004; 110: 475–482 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14. Shellock FG: Reference Manual for Magnetic Resonance Safety, Implants, and Devices. 2005 edition Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 2005. [Google Scholar]
  • 15. Kramer CM, Rogers WJ Jr, Pakstis DL: Absence of adverse outcomes after magnetic resonance imaging early after stent placement for acute myocardial infarction: A preliminary study. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2000; 2: 257–261 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16. Gimbel JR, Johnson D, Levine PA, Wilkoff BL: Safe performance of magnetic resonance imaging on five patients with permanent cardiac pacemakers. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1996; 19: 913–919 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17. Nienaber CA, von Kodolitsch Y, Nicolas V, Siglow V, Piepho A, Brockhoff C, Koschyk DH, Spielmann RP: The diagnosis of thoracic aortic dissection by noninvasive imaging procedures. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1–9 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18. Laissy JP, Blanc F, Soyer P, Assayag P, Sibert A, Tebboune D, Arrive L, Brochet E, Hvass U, Langlois J: Thoracic aortic dissection: Diagnosis with transesophageal echocardiography versus MR imaging. Radiology 1995; 194: 331–336 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19. Goldfarb JW, Holland AE, Edelman RR: Single breath‐hold multi‐slab and cine cardiac‐synchronized gadolinium‐enhanced three‐dimensional angiography. Magn Reson Imaging 2001; 19: 1267–1274 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20. Krinsky GA, Reuss PM, Lee VS, Carbognin G, Rofsky NM: Thoracic aorta: Comparison of single‐dose breath‐hold and double‐dose non‐breath‐hold gadolinium‐enhanced three‐dimensional MR angiography. Am J Roentgenol 1999; 173: 145–150 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21. Murray JG, Manisali M, Flamm SD, VanDyke CW, Lieber ML, Lytle BW, White RD: Intramural hematoma of the thoracic aorta: MR image findings and their prognostic implications. Radiology 1997; 204: 349–355 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22. Keren A, Kim CB, Hu BS, Eyngorina I, Billingham ME, Mitchell RS, Miller DC, Popp RL, Schnittger I: Accuracy of biplane and multiplane transesophageal echocardiography in diagnosis of typical acute aortic dissection and intramural hematoma. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28: 627–636 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23. Sommer T, Fehske W, Holzknecht N, Smekal AV, Keller E, Lutterbey G, Kreft B, Kuhl C, Gieseke J, Abu‐Ramadan D, Schild H: Aortic dissection: A comparative study of diagnosis with spiral CT, multiplanar transesophageal echocardiography, and MR imaging. Radiology 1996; 199: 347–352 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24. Oshinski JN, Parks WJ, Markou CP, Bergman HL, Larson BE, Ku DN, Mukundan S Jr, Pettigrew RI: Improved measurement of pressure gradients in aortic coarctation by magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28: 1818–1826 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25. Hatabu H, Gaa J, Kim D, Li W, Prasad PV, Edelman RR: Pulmonary perfusion and angiography: Evaluation with breath‐hold enhanced three‐dimensional fast imaging steady‐state precession MR imaging with short TR and TE. Am J Roentgenol 1996; 167: 653–655 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26. Meaney JF, Weg JG, Chenevert TL, Stafford‐Johnson D, Hamilton BH, Prince MR: Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism with magnetic resonance angiography. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1422–1427 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27. Stem EJ, Graham C, Gamsu G, Golden JA, Higgins CB: Pulmonary artery dissection: MR findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1992; 16: 481–183 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28. Dill T, Neumann T, Ekinci O, Breidenbach C, John A, Erdogan A, Bachmann G, Hamm CW, Pitschner HF: Pulmonary vein diameter reduction after radiofrequency catheter ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation evaluated by contrast‐enhanced three‐dimensional magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2003; 107: 845–850 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29. Hauser TH, Yeon SB, McClennen S, Katsimaglis G, Kissinger KV, Josephson ME, Rofsky NM, Manning WJ: A method for the determination of proximal pulmonary vein size using contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance angiography. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2004; 6: 927–936 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30. Kato R, Lickfett L, Meininger G, Dickfeld T, Wu R, Juang G, Angkeow P, LaCorte J, Bluemke D, Berger R, Halperin HR, Calkins H: Pulmonary vein anatomy in patients undergoing catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: Lessons learned by use of magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2003; 107: 2004–2010 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31. Hauser TH, Yeon SB, McClennen S, Katsimaglis G, Kissinger KV, Josephson ME, Rofsky NM, Manning WJ: Subclinical pulmonary vein narrowing after ablation for atrial fibrillation. Heart 2005; 91: 672–673 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32. Peters DC, Wylie JV, Kissinger KV, Hauser T, Botnar RM, Essebag V, Josephson ME, Manning WJ: Detection of pulmonary vein ablation with high resolution MRI. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2006; 8 (1): 4–5 [Google Scholar]
  • 33. Cranney GB, Lotan CS, Dean L, Baxley W, Bouchard A, Pohost GM: Left ventricular volume measurement using cardiac axis nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Validation by calibrated ventricular angiography. Circulation 1990; 82: 154–163 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34. Mogelvang J, Stokholm KH, Saunamaki K, Reimer A, Stubgaard M, Thomsen C, Fritz‐Hansen P, Henriksen O: Assessment of left ventricular volumes by magnetic resonance in comparison with radionuclide angiography, contrast angiography and echocardiography. Eur Heart J 1992; 13: 1677–1683 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35. Grothues F, Smith GC, Moon JC, Bellenger NG, Collins P, Klein HU, Pennell DJ: Comparison of interstudy reproducibility of cardiovascular magnetic resonance with two‐dimensional echocardiography in normal subjects and in patients with heart failure or left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol 2002; 90: 29–34 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36. Salton CJ, Chuang ML, O'Donnell CJ, Kupka MJ, Larson MG, Kissinger KV, Edelman RR, Levy D, Manning WJ: Gender differences and normal left ventricular anatomy in an adult population free of hypertension. A cardiovascular magnetic resonance study of the Framingham Heart Study Offspring cohort. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39: 1055–1060 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37. Alfakih K, Plein S, Thiele H, Jones T, Ridgway JP, Sivananthan MU: Normal human left and right ventricular dimensions for MRI as assessed by turbo gradient echo and steady‐state free precession imaging sequences. J Magn Reson Imaging 2003; 17: 323–329 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38. Drazner MH, Dries DL, Peshock RM, Cooper RS, Klassen C, Kazi F, Willett D, Victor RG: Left ventricular hypertrophy is more prevalent in blacks than whites in the general population: The Dallas Heart Study. Hypertension 2005; 46: 124–129 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39. Petersen SE, Selvanayagam JB, Wiesmann F, Robson MD, Francis JM, Anderson RH, Watkins H, Neubauer S: Left ventricular non‐compaction: Insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46: 101–105 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40. Harrity P, Patel A, Bianco J, Subramanian R: Improved diagnosis and characterization of postinfarction left ventricular pseudoaneurysm by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Cardiol 1991; 14: 603–606 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 41. Bellenger NG, Burgess MI, Ray SG, Lahiri A, Coats AJ, Cleland JG, Pennell DJ: Comparison of left ventricular ejection fraction and volumes in heart failure by echocardiography, radionuclide ventriculography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance: Are they interchangeable? Eur Heart J 2000; 21: 1387–1396 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 42. Johnson DB, Foster RE, Barilla F, Blackwell GG, Roney M, Stanley AW Jr, Kirk K, Orr RA, van der Geest RJ, Reiber JH, Dell'Italia LJ: Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor therapy affects left ventricular mass in patients with ejection fraction > 40% after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29: 49–54 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 43. Cerqueira MD, Weissman NJ, Dilsizian V, Jacobs AK, Kaul S, Laskey WK, Pennell DJ, Rumberger JA, Ryan T, Verani MS; American Heart Association Writing Group on Myocardial Segmentation and Registration for Cardiac Imaging: Standardized myocardial segmentation and nomenclature for tomographic imaging of the heart: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Cardiac Imaging Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2002; 105: 539–542 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 44. McNamara MT, Higgins CB: Magnetic resonance imaging of chronic myocardial infarcts in man. Am J Roentgenol 1986; 146: 315–320 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 45. Mollet NR, Dymarkowski S, Volders W, Wathiong J, Herbots L, Rademakers FE, Bogaert J: Visualization of ventricular thrombi with contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in patients with ischemic heart disease. Circulation 2002; 106: 2873–2876 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 46. Srichai MB, Junor C, Rodriguez LL, Stillman AE, Grimm RA, Lieber ML, Weaver JA, Smedira NG, White RD: Imaging and pathologic characteristics of left ventricular thrombus: A comparison of contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, transthoracic echocardiography, and transesophageal echocardiography with surgical or pathologic validation (abstr). Circulation 2004; 110: 111–404 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 47. Grothues F, Moon JC, Bellenger NG, Smith GS, Klein HU, Pennell DJ: Interstudy reproducibility of right ventricular volumes, function, and mass with cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Am Heart J 2004; 147: 218–223 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 48. Fayad ZA, Ferrari VA, Kraitchman DL, Young AA, Palevsky HI, Bloomgarden DC, Axel L: Right ventricular regional function using MR tagging: Normals versus chronic pulmonary hypertension. Magn Reson Med 1998; 39: 116–123 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 49. Kramer CM, Rogers WJ, Theobald TM, Power TP, Petruolo S, Reichek N: Remote noninfarcted region dysfunction soon after first anterior myocardial infarction. A magnetic resonance tagging study. Circulation 1996; 94: 660–666 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 50. Roest AA, Kunz P, Lamb HJ, Helbing WA, van der Wall EE, de Roos A: Biventricular response to supine physical exercise in young adults assessed with ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Cardiol 2001; 87: 601–605 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 51. Nagel E, Lehmkuhl HB, Bocksch W, Klein C, Vogel U, Frantz E, Ellmer A, Dreysse S, Fleck E: Noninvasive diagnosis of ischemia‐induced wall motion abnormalities with the use of high‐dose dobutamine stress MRI: Comparison with dobutamine stress echocardiography. Circulation 1999; 99: 763–770 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 52. Hundley WG, Hamilton CA, Thomas MS, Herrington DM, Salido TB, Kitzman DW, Little WC, Link KM: Utility of fast cine magnetic resonance imaging and display for the detection of myocardial ischemia in patients not well suited for second harmonic stress echocardiography. Circulation 1999; 100: 1697–1702 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 53. Schalla S, Klein C, Paetsch I, Lehmkuhl H, Bornstedt A, Schnackenburg B, Fleck E, Nagel E: Real‐time MR image acquisition during high‐dose dobutamine hydrochloride stress for detecting left ventricular wall‐motion abnormalities in patients with coronary arterial disease. Radiology 2002; 224: 845–851 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 54. Paetsch I, Jahnke C, Wahl A, Gebker R, Neuss M, Fleck E, Nagel E: Comparison of dobutamine stress magnetic resonance, adenosine stress magnetic resonance, and adenosine stress magnetic resonance perfusion. Circulation 2004; 110: 835–842 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 55. Hundley WG, Morgan TM, Neagle CM, Hamilton CA, Rerkpattanapipat P, Link KM: Magnetic resonance imaging determination of cardiac prognosis. Circulation 2002; 106: 2328–2333 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 56. Kuijpers D, Ho KY, van Dijkman PR, Vliegenthart R, Oudkerk M: Dobutamine cardiovascular magnetic resonance for the detection of myocardial ischemia with the use of myocardial tagging. Circulation 2003; 107: 1592–1597 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 57. Wang Y, Moin K, Mathew ST, Akinboboye O, Reichek N: Myocardial first‐pass perfusion assessment using rotational long‐axis MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging 2005; 22: 53–58 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 58. Al‐Saadi N, Nagel E, Gross M, Bornstedt A, Schnackenburg B, Klein C, Klimek W, Oswald H, Fleck E: Noninvasive detection of myocardial ischemia from perfusion reserve based on cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Circulation 2000; 101: 1379–1383 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 59. Epstein FH, London JF, Peters DC, Goncalves LM, Agyeman K, Taylor J, Balaban RS, Arai AE: Multislice first‐pass cardiac perfusion MRI: Validation in a model of myocardial infarction. Magn Reson Med 2002; 47: 482–491 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 60. Wolff SD, Schwitter J, Coulden R, Friedrich MG, Bluemke DA, Biederman RW, Martin ET, Lansky AJ, Kashanian F, Foo TK, Licato PE, Comeau CR: Myocardial first‐pass perfusion magnetic resonance imaging: A multicenter dose‐ranging study. Circulation 2004; 110: 732–737 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 61. Panting JR, Gatehouse PD, Yang GZ, Jerosch‐Herold M, Wilke N, Firmin DN, Pennell DJ: Echo‐planar magnetic resonance myocardial perfusion imaging: Parametric map analysis and comparison with thallium SPECT. J Magn Reson Imaging 2001; 13: 192–200 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 62. Schwitter J, Nanz D, Kneifel S, Bertschinger K, Buchi M, Knusel PR, Marincek B, Luscher TF, von Schulthess GK: Assessment of myocardial perfusion in coronary artery disease by magnetic resonance: A comparison with positron emission tomography and coronary angiography. Circulation 2001; 103: 2230–2235 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 63. Klem I, Heitner JF, Shah DJ, Sketch MH Jr, Behar V, Weinsaft J, Cawley P, Parker M, Elliott M, Judd RM, Kim RJ: Improved detection of coronary artery disease by stress perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance with the use of delayed enhancement infarction imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 1630–1638 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 64. Al‐Saadi N, Nagel E, Gross M, Schnackenburg B, Paetsch I, Klein C, Fleck E: Improvement of myocardial perfusion reserve early after coronary intervention: Assessment with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36: 1557–1564 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 65. Panting JR, Gatehouse PD, Yang GZ, Grothues F, Firmin DN, Collins P, Pennell DJ: Abnormal subendocardial perfusion in cardiac syndrome X detected by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1948–1953 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 66. Hunold R Vogt FM, Schmermund A, Debatin JF, Kerkhoff G, Budde T, Erbel R, Ewen K, Barkhausen J: Radiation exposure during cardiac CT: Effective doses at multi‐detector row CT and electron‐beam CT. Radiology 2003; 226: 145–152 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 67. Coles DR, Smail MA, Negus IS, Wilde P, Oberhoff M, Karsch KR, Baumbach A: Comparison of radiation doses from multislice computed tomography coronary angiography and conventional diagnostic angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 1840–1845 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 68. Shaw LJ, Raggi P, Schisterman E, Berman DS, Callister TQ: Prognostic value of cardiac risk factors and coronary artery calcium screening for all‐cause mortality. Radiology 2003; 228: 826–833 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 69. Hoffmann U, Moselewski F, Cury RC, Ferencik M, Jang IK, Diaz LJ, Abbara S, Brady TJ, Achenbach S: Predictive value of 16‐slice multidetector spiral computed tomography to detect significant obstructive coronary artery disease in patients at high risk for coronary artery disease: Patient‐versus segment‐based analysis. Circulation 2004; 110: 2638–2643 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 70. Kefer J, Coche E, Legros G, Pasquet A, Grandin C, Van Beers BE, Vanoverschelde JL, Gerber BL: Head‐to‐head comparison of three‐dimensional navigator‐gated magnetic resonance imaging and 16‐slice computed tomography to detect coronary artery stenosis in patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46: 92–100 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 71. Manning WJ, Li W, Edelman RR: A preliminary report comparing magnetic resonance coronary angiography with conventional angiography. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 828–832 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 72. Pennell DJ, Bogren HG, Keegan J, Firmin DN, Underwood SR: Assessment of coronary artery stenosis by magnetic resonance imaging. Heart 1996; 75: 127–133 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 73. Sommer T, Hackenbroch M, Hofer U, Meyer C, Flacke S, Schild H: Submillimeter 3D coronary MR angiography with real‐time navigator correction in 112 patients with suspected coronary artery disease (abstr). J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2001; 4: 28 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 74. Bogaert J, Kuzo R, Dymarkowski S, Beckers R, Piessens J, Rademakers FE: Coronary artery imaging with real‐time navigator three‐dimensional turbo‐field‐echo MR coronary angiography: Initial experience. Radiology 2003; 226: 707–716 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 75. Botnar RM, Stuber M, Danias PG, Kissinger KV, Manning WJ: Improved coronary artery definition with T2‐weighted, free‐breathing, three‐dimensional coronary MRA. Circulation 1999; 99: 3139–3148 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 76. Jahnke C, Paetsch I, Schnackenburg B, Bornstedt A, Gebker R, Fleck E, Nagel E: Coronary MR angiography with steady‐state free precession: Individually adapted breath‐hold technique versus free‐breathing technique. Radiology 2004; 232: 669–676 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 77. Plein S, Jones TR, Ridgway JP, Sivananthan MU: Three‐dimensional coronary MR angiography performed with subject‐specific cardiac acquisition windows and motion‐adapted respiratory gating. AmJ Roentgenol 2003; 180: 505–512 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 78. Kim WY, Danias PG, Stuber M, Flamm SD, Plein S, Nagel E, Langerak SE, Weber OM, Pedersen EM, Schmidt M, Botnar RM, Manning WJ: Coronary magnetic resonance angiography for the detection of coronary stenoses. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1863–1869 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 79. Hauser TH, Yeon SB, Appelbaum E: Discrimination of ischemic vs. non‐ischemic cardiomyopathy among patients with heart failure using combined coronary MRI and delayed enhancement CMR (abstr). J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2005; 7: 94 [Google Scholar]
  • 80. Maintz D, Aepfelbacher FC, Kissinger KV, Botnar RM, Danias PG, Heindel W, Manning WJ, Stuber M: Coronary MR angiography: Comparison of quantitative and qualitative data from four techniques. Am J Roentgenol 2004; 182: 515–521 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 81. Weber OM, Martin AJ, Higgins CB: Whole‐heart steady‐state free precession coronary artery magnetic resonance angiography. Magn Reson Med 2003; 50: 1223–1228 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 82. Sakuma H, Ichikawa Y, Suzawa N, Hirano T, Makino K, Koyama N, Van Cauteren M, Takeda K: Assessment of coronary arteries with total study time of less than 30 minutes by using whole‐heart coronary MR angiography. Radiology 2005; 237: 316–321 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 83. Sommer T, Hackenbroch M, Hofer U, Schmiedel A, Willinek WA, Flacke S, Gieseke J, Traber F, Fimmers R, Litt H, Schild H: Coronary MR angiography at 3.0 T versus that at 1.5 T: Initial results in patients suspected of having coronary artery disease. Radiology 2005; 234: 718–725 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 84. Kefer J, Coche E, Legros G, Pasquet A, Grandin C, Van Beers BE, Vanoverschelde JL, Gerber BL: Head‐to‐head comparison of three‐dimensional navigator‐gated magnetic resonance imaging and 16‐slice computed tomography to detect coronary artery stenosis in patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 46: 92–100 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 85. Hundley WG, Clarke GD, Landau C, Lange RA, Willard JE, Hillis LD, Peshock RM: Noninvasive determination of infarct artery patency by cine magnetic resonance angiography. Circulation 1995; 91: 1347–1353 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 86. White RD, Caputo GR, Mark AS, Modin GW, Higgins CB: Coronary artery bypass graft patency: Noninvasive evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology 1987; 164: 681–686 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 87. Rubinstein RI, Askenase AD, Thickman D, Feldman MS, Agarwal JB, Helfant RH: Magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate patency of aortocoronary bypass grafts. Circulation 1987; 76: 786–791 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 88. Galjee MA, van Rossum AC, Doesburg T, van Eenige MJ, Visser CA: Value of magnetic resonance imaging in assessing patency and function of coronary artery bypass grafts. An angiographically controlled study. Circulation 1996; 93: 660–666 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 89. Aurigemma GP, Reichek N, Axel L, Schiebler M, Harris C, Kressel HY: Noninvasive determination of coronary artery bypass graft patency by cine magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 1989; 80: 1595–1602 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 90. Vrachliotis TG, Bis KG, Aliabadi D, Shetty AN, Safian R, Simonetti O: Contrast‐enhanced breath‐hold MR angiography for evaluating patency of coronary artery bypass grafts. Am J Roentgenol 1997; 168: 1073–1080 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 91. Langerak SE, Vliegen HW, de Roos A, Zwinderman AH, Jukema JW, Kunz P, Lamb HJ, van Der Wall EE: Detection of vein graft disease using high‐resolution magnetic resonance angiography. Circulation 2002; 105: 328–333 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 92. Langerak SE, Kunz P, Vliegen HW, Jukema JW, Zwinderman AH, Steendijk P, Lamb HJ, van der Wall EE, de Roos A: MR flow mapping in coronary artery bypass grafts: A validation study with Doppler flow measurements. Radiology 2002; 222: 127–135 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 93. Fieno DS, Kim RJ, Chen EL, Lomasney JW, Klocke FJ, Judd RM: Contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of myocardium at risk: Distinction between reversible and irreversible injury throughout infarct healing. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36: 1985–1991 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 94. Wagner A, Mahrholdt H, Holly TA, Elliott MD, Regenfus M, Parker M, Klocke FJ, Bonow RO, Kim RJ, Judd RM: Contrast‐enhanced MRI and routine single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion imaging for detection of subendocardial myocardial infarcts: An imaging study. Lancet 2003; 361: 374–379 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 95. Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, Holly TA, Elliott MD, Bonow RO, Kim RJ, Judd RM: Reproducibility of chronic infarct size measurement by contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2002; 106: 2322–2327 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 96. Thiele H, Kappl MJ, Conradi S, Niebauer J, Hambrecht R, Schuler G: Reproducibility of chronic and acute infarct size measurement by delayed enhancement‐magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47: 1641–1645 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 97. Kim RJ, Wu E, Rafael A, Chen EL, Parker MA, Simonetti O, Klocke FJ, Bonow RO, Judd RM: The use of contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 1445–1453 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 98. Schvartzman PR, Srichai MB, Grimm RA, Obuchowski NA, Hammer DF, McCarthy PM, Kasper JM, White RD: Nonstress delayed‐enhancement magnetic resonance imaging of the myocardium predicts improvement of function after revascularization for chronic ischemic heart disease with left ventricular dysfunction. Am Heart J 2003; 146: 535–541 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 99. Gerber BL, Garot J, Bluemke DA, Wu KC, Lima JA: Accuracy of contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in predicting improvement of regional myocardial function in patients after acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 2002; 106: 1083–1089 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 100. Wellnhofer E, Olariu A, Klein C, Grafe M, Wahl A, Fleck E, Nagel E: Magnetic resonance low‐dose dobutamine test is superior to SCAR quantification for the prediction of functional recovery. Circulation 2004; 109: 2172–2174 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 101. Perm EC, Silva GV, Sarmento‐Leite R, Sousa AL, Howell M, Muthupillai R, Lambert B, Vaughn WK, Flamm SD: Assessing myocardial viability and infarct transmurality with left ventricular electromechanical mapping in patients with stable coronary artery disease: Validation by delayed‐enhancement magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2002; 106: 957–961 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 102. Kuhl HP, Beek AM, van der Weerdt AP, Hofrnan MB, Visser CA, Lammertsma AA, Heussen N, Visser FC, van Rossum AC: Myocardial viability in chronic ischemic heart disease: Comparison of contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging with (18)F‐fluo‐rodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 1341–1348 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 103. John AS, Dreyfus GD, Pennell DJ: Images in cardiovascular medicine. Reversible wall thinning in hibernation predicted by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Circulation 2005; 111: e24–e25 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 104. James O, Kim HW, Weinsaft J, Wu E, Elliott M, Zenker N, Parker MA, Bonow RO, Kim RJ, Shah DJ: Demonstration and prediction of the potential reversible nature of thinned myocardium by CMR (abstr). J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2005; 7: 69–70 [Google Scholar]
  • 105. Bello D, Fieno DS, Kim RJ, Pereles FS, Passman R, Song G, Kadish AH, Goldberger JJ: Infarct morphology identifies patients with substrate for sustained ventricular tachycardia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1104–1108 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 106. Wu E, Judd RM, Vargas JD, Klocke FJ, Bonow RO, Kim RJ: Visualisation of presence, location, and transmural extent of healed Q‐wave and non‐Q‐wave myocardial infarction. Lancet 2001; 357: 21–28 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 107. Choudhury L, Mahrholdt H, Wagner A, Choi KM, Elliott MD, Klocke FJ, Bonow RO, Judd RM, Kim RJ: Myocardial scarring in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 40: 2156–2164 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 108. Moon JC, Reed E, Sheppard MN, Elkington AG, Ho SY, Burke M, Petrou M, Pennell DJ: The histologic basis of late gadolinium enhancement cardiovascular magnetic resonance in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 2260–2264 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 109. van Dockum WG, ten Cate FJ, ten Berg JM, Beek AM, Twisk JW, Vos J, Hofrnan MB, Visser CA, van Rossum AC: Myocardial infarction after percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy: Evaluation by contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 27–34 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 110. Moon JC, Sachdev B, Elkington AG, McKenna WJ, Mehta A, Pennell DJ, Leed PJ, Elliott PM: Gadolinium enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance in Anderson‐Fabry disease. Evidence for a disease specific abnormality of the myocardial interstitium. Eur Heart J 2003; 24: 2151–2155 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 111. Vignaux O, Dhote R, Duboc D, Blanche P, Dusser D, Weber S, Legmann P: Clinical significance of myocardial magnetic resonance abnormalities in patients with sarcoidosis: A 1‐year follow‐up study. Chest 2002; 122: 1895–1901 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 112. Mahrholdt H, Goedecke C, Wagner A, Meinhardt G, Athanasiadis A, Vogelsberg H, Fritz P, Klingel K, Kandolf R, Sechtem U: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance assessment of human myocarditis: A comparison to histology and molecular pathology. Circulation 2004; 109: 1250–1258 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 113. Friedrich MG, Strohm O, Schulz‐Menger J, Marciniak H, Luft FC, Dietz R: Contrast media‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging visualizes myocardial changes in the course of viral myocarditis. Circulation 1998; 97: 1802–1809 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 114. Smedema JP, van Paassen P, van Kroonenburgh MJ, Snoep G, Crijns HJ, Tervaert JW: Cardiac involvement of Churg Strauss syndrome demonstrated by magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2004; 22 (suppl 36): S75–S78 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 115. Maceira AM, Joshi J, Prasad SK, Moon JC, Perugini E, Harding I, Sheppard MN, Poole‐Wilson PA, Hawkins PN, Pennell DJ: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance in cardiac amyloidosis. Circulation 2005; 111: 186–193 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 116. McCrohon JA, Moon JC, Prasad SK, McKenna WJ, Lorenz CH, Coats AJ, Pennell DJ: Differentiation of heart failure related to dilated cardiomyopathy and coronary artery disease using gadolinium‐enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Circulation 2003; 108: 54–59 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 117. Casolo G, Minneci S, Manta R, Sulla A, Del Meglio J, Rega L, Gensini G: Identification of the ischemic etiology of heart failure by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging: Diagnostic accuracy of late gadolinium enhancement. Am Heart J 2006; 151: 101–108 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 118. Bello D, Shah DJ, Farah GM, Di Luzio S, Parker M, Johnson MR, Cotts WG, Klocke FJ, Bonow RO, Judd RM, Gheorghiade M, Kim RJ: Gadolinium cardiovascular magnetic resonance predicts reversible myocardial dysfunction and remodeling in patients with heart failure undergoing beta‐blocker therapy. Circulation 2003; 108: 1945–1953 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 119. Kramer CM, Reichek N, Ferrari VA, Theobald T, Dawson J, Axel L: Regional heterogeneity of function in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1994; 90: 186–194 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 120. Amano Y, Takayama M, Amano M, Kumazaki T: MRI of cardiac morphology and function after percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation for hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy. Am J Roentgenol 2004; 182: 523–527 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 121. Johnston DL, Rice L, Vick GW III, Hedrick TD, Rokey R: Assessment of tissue iron overload by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Med 1989; 87: 40–47 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 122. Anderson LI, Holden S, Davis B, Prescott E, Charrier CC, Bunce NH, Firmin DN, Wonke B, Porter J, Walker JM, Pennell DJ: Cardiovascular T2‐star (T2*) magnetic resonance for the early diagnosis of myocardial iron overload. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 2171–2179 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 123. Carlson MD, White RD, Trohman RG, Adler LP, Biblo LA, Merkatz KA, Waldo AL: Right ventricular outflow tract ventricular tachycardia: Detection of previously unrecognized anatomic abnormalities using cine magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 24: 720–727 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 124. Globits S, Kreiner G, Frank H, Heinz G, Klaar U, Frey B, Gossinger H: Significance of morphological abnormalities detected by MRI in patients undergoing successful ablation of right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia. Circulation 1997; 96: 2633–2640 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 125. Tandri H, Saranathan M, Rodriguez ER, Martinez C, Bomma C, Nasir K, Rosen B, Lima JA, Calkins H, Bluemke DA: Noninvasive detection of myocardial fibrosis in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy using delayed‐enhancement magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 98–103 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 126. Kupfahl C, Honold M, Meinhardt G, Vogelsberg H, Wagner A, Mahrholdt H, Sechtem U: Evaluation of aortic stenosis by cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging: Comparison with established routine clinical techniques. Heart 2004; 90: 893–901 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 127. Caruthers SD, Lin SJ, Brown P, Watkins MP, Williams TA, Lehr KA, Wickline SA: Practical value of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for clinical quantification of aortic valve stenosis: Comparison with echocardiography. Circulation 2003; 108: 2236–2243 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 128. Djavidani B, Debl K, Lenhart M, Seitz J, Paetzel C, Schmid FX, Nitz WR, Feuerbach S, Riegger G, Luchner A: Planimetry of mitral valve stenosis by magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 2048–2053 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 129. Lin SJ, Brown PA, Watkins MP, Williams TA, Lehr KA, Liu W, Lanza GM, Wickline SA, Caruthers SD: Quantification of stenotic mitral valve area with magnetic resonance imaging and comparison with Doppler ultrasound. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44: 133–137 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 130. Higgins CB, Wagner S, Kondo C, Suzuki J, Caputo GR: Evaluation of valvular heart disease with cine gradient echo magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 1991; 84 (suppl): 1198–1207 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 131. Suzuki J, Caputo GR, Kondo C, Higgins CB: Cine MR imaging of valvular heart disease: Display and imaging parameters affect the size of the signal void caused by valvular regurgitation. Am J Roentgenol 1990; 155: 723–727 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 132. Gelfand EV, Hughes S, Hauser TH, Yeon SB, Goepfert L, Kissinger KV, Rofsky NM, Manning WJ: Severity of mitral and aortic regurgitation as assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance: Optimizing correlation with Doppler echocardiography. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2006; 8: 503–507 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 133. Gelfand EV, Hauser TH, Goepfert L, Kissinger KV, de la Torre R, Manning WJ: Preoperative effective forward left ventricular ejection fraction in patients with chronic severe mitral regurgitation predicts left ventricular function following mitral valve surgery (abstr). J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2006; 8 (1): 167–168 [Google Scholar]
  • 134. Levine RA, Weyman AE, Dinsmore RE, Southern J, Rosen BR, Guyer DE, Brady TJ, Okada RD: Noninvasive tissue characterization: Diagnosis of lipomatous hypertrophy of the atrial septum by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol 1986; 7: 688–692 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 135. Sechtem U, Tscholakoff D, Higgins CB: MRI of the normal pericardium. Am J Roentgenol 1986; 147: 239–244 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 136. Masui T, Finck S, Higgins CB: Constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy: Evaluation with MR imaging. Radiology 1992; 182: 369–373 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 137. Talreja DR, Edwards WD, Danielson GK, Schaff HV, Tajik AJ, Tazelaar HD, Breen JF, Oh JK: Constrictive pericarditis in 26 patients with histologically normal pericardial thickness. Circulation 2003; 108: 1852–1857 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 138. Kojima S, Yamada N, Goto Y: Diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis by tagged cine magnetic resonance imaging. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 373–374 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 139. Hundley WG, Li HF, Lange RA, Pfeifer DP, Meshack BM, Willard JE, Landau C, Willett D, Hillis LD, Peshock RM: Assessment of left‐to‐right intracardiac shunting by velocity‐encoded, phase‐difference magnetic resonance imaging. A comparison with oximetric and indicator dilution techniques. Circulation 1995; 91: 2955–2960 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 140. McConnell MV, Ganz P, Selwyn AP, Li W, Edelman RR, Manning WJ: Identification of anomalous coronary arteries and their anatomic course by magnetic resonance coronary angiography. Circulation 1995; 92: 3158–3162 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 141. Post JC, van Rossum AC, Bronzwaer JG, de Cock CC, Hofman MB, Valk J, Visser CA: Magnetic resonance angiography of anomalous coronary arteries. A new gold standard for delineating the proximal course? Circulation 1995; 92: 3163–3171 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 142. Vliegen HW, Doornbos J, de Roos A, Jukema JW, Bekedam MA, van der Wall EE: Value of fast gradient echo magnetic resonance angiography as an adjunct to coronary arteriography in detecting and confirming the course of clinically significant coronary artery anomalies. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 773–776 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 143. Taylor AM, Thorne SA, Rubens MB, Jhooti P, Keegan J, Gatehouse PD, Wiesmann F, Grothues F, Somerville J, Pennell DJ: Coronary artery imaging in grown up congenital heart disease: Complementary role of magnetic resonance and x‐ray coronary angiography. Circulation 2000; 101: 1670–1678 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 144. McGee KP, Debbins JP, Boskamp EB, Blawat L, Angelos L, King KF: Cardiac magnetic resonance parallel imaging at 3.0 Tesla: Technical feasibility and advantages. J Magn Reson Imaging 2004; 19: 291–297 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 145. Botnar RM, Stuber M, Kissinger KV, Kim WY, Spuentrup E, Manning WJ: Noninvasive coronary vessel wall and plaque imaging with magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2000; 102: 2582–2587 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 146. Razavi R, Hill DL, Keevil SF, Miquel ME, Muthurangu V, Hegde S, Rhode K, Barnett M, van Vaals J, Hawkes DJ, Baker E: Cardiac catheterisation guided by MRI in children and adults with congenital heart disease. Lancet 2003; 362: 1877–1882 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Clinical Cardiology are provided here courtesy of Wiley

RESOURCES