Abstract
Vascular resistance calculations often affect decisions regarding therapeutic options encountered by physicians and their patients. However, many of the terms, units, and methods used when calculating vascular resistances are ambiguous. This report attempts to clarify some of these ambiguities and suggests methods for predicting normal vascular resistances.
Keywords: pulmonary, systemic, vascular resistance, blood flow, terminology, units, calculations
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (361.5 KB).
References
- 1. Halliday D, Resnick R: Fundamentals of Physics. Revised Ed. p. 507–520. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1974. [Google Scholar]
- 2. Nichols WW O'Rourke MF: McDonald's Blood Flow in Arteries. Third Ed., p. 398–415. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1990. [Google Scholar]
- 3. Milnor WR: Hemodynamics. Second Ed., p. 102–141. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1989. [Google Scholar]
- 4. Davidson WR Jr, Fee EC: Influence of aging on pulmonary hemodynamics in a population free of coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65: 1454–1458 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 5. Lakatta EG, Cohen JD, Fleg JL, Frohlich ED, Gradman AH: Hypertension in the elderly: Age‐ and disease‐related complications and therapeutic implications. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 1993; 7: 643–653 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6. Nichols WW O'Rourke MF, Avolio AP, Yaginuma T, Murgo JP, Pepine CJ, Conti CR: Effects of age on ventricular‐vascular coupling. Am J Cardiol 1985; 55: 1179–1184 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 7. Krovetz LJ, Goldbloom S: Normal standards for cardiovascular data. II. Pressure and vascular resistances. Johns Hopkins Med J 1972; 130: 187–195 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8. Krovetz LJ, Goldbloom S: Normal standards for cardiovascular data. I. Examination of the validity of cardiac index. Johns Hopkins Med J 1972; 130: 174–186 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9. Krovetz LJ, McLoughlin TG, Mitchell MB, Schiebler GL: Hemodynamic findings in normal children. Pediatr Res 1967; 1: 122–130 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 10. Brandfonbrener M, Landowne M, Shock NW: Changes in cardiac output with age. Circulation 1955; 12: 557–566 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 11. Jegier W, Sekelj P, Auld PAM, Simpson R, McGregor M: The relation between cardiac output and body size. Br Heart J 1963; 25: 425–430 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12. Guyton AC: Circulatory Physiology: Cardiac Output and Its Regulation, p. 3–20. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1963. [Google Scholar]