Table 1.
Summary of the features of the studies included in the review
| Neurotechnology | Total studies found | Number of studies retained | Number of patients | Patient population | Mean difference in upper limb FM pre-post intervention (min–max) | Number of sessions (min–max) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| General | - | 4 | 59 186 | - | - | - |
| Robotics | 38 | 8 | 1612 | Subacute–chronic | 2.0–18.0 | 10–40 |
| Moderate–severe | ||||||
| Electrical stimulation | 38 | 11 | 1296 | Acute–subacute–chronic | 4.9–14.8 | 10–120 |
| Moderate–severe | ||||||
| Invasive brain stimulation | 10 | 2 | 94 | Chronic–moderate–severe | 4.3–10.0 | 15–30 |
| tDCs | 42 | 14 | 1334 | Acute–subacute–chronic | 5.2–11.4 | 2–200 |
| Moderate–severe | ||||||
| TMS | 9 | 6 | 648 | Subacute–chronic | 3.0–13.7 | 1–100 |
| Mild–moderate–severe | ||||||
| BCI/BMI | 13 | 10 | 823 | Subacute–chronic | 6.3–13.2 | 1–30 |
| Moderate–severe | ||||||
| tDCs + robotics | 55 | 5 | 295 | Subacute–chronic | 3.0–10.3 | 10–30 |
| Moderate–severe | ||||||
| Electrical stimulation + robotics | 55 | 2 | 50 | Chronic–moderate | 3.9–11.0 | 20 |
| Electrical stimulation + TMS/tDCs | 55 | 3 | 60 | Acute–subacute–chronic | 4.3–12.7 | 5–24 |
| Moderate–severe | ||||||
| BCI/BMI + tDCs + robotics | 52 | 2 | 37 | Chronic | 5.0–6.0 | 10 |
| Moderate–severe |
The upper limb FM score is between 0 and 66. Min = minimum; max = maximum.