“Every day I think about your messages”: assessing text messaging engagement among Latino smokers in a mobile cessation program

Abstract

Introduction

Mobile health interventions are a promising mode to address tobacco-related disparities among Latinos, the largest minority group and the highest users of text messaging technology. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess engagement in a smoking cessation intervention delivered via text message (Kick Buts) among Latino smokers.

Methods

We relied on a community-based recruitment strategy to enroll 20 Latino smokers in Kick Buts. Outcome measures included biochemically verified abstinence at 12 weeks, participant text messaging interactivity with the program, and satisfaction.

Results

Participants’ mean age was 40.7 years old (SD=14.6). Most of the participants were male (70%), did not have health insurance (75%), and reported low nicotine-dependence (60%). The majority of participants (75%) sent at least one text message to the program. On average, participants who interacted with the program sent 31.8 (SD=39.7) text messages. Eight themes were identified in participants’ messages (eg, well-being, self-efficacy, strategies to quit, extra-treatment social support, etc). At 12 weeks, 30% of the participants were biochemically verified as abstinent.

Conclusion

A smoking cessation text message intervention generated high engagement among Latinos and resulted in noteworthy cessation rates. Future studies should assess the relationship of text messaging interactions with psychological effects (eg, intra-treatment social support, therapeutic alliance, and perceived autonomy support).

Introduction

Of the approximately 55 million Latinos that reside in the USA, over 6 million (11.2%) are current smokers.¹ Latino smokers are less likely than non-Hispanic whites to have access to health care and resources for smoking cessation, receive advice to quit, and use pharmacotherapy to stop smoking.^2,3 Despite these marked tobacco-related disparities, there is a lack of efficacious interventions designed for Latino smokers, particularly interventions that have the potential for broad reach in the Latino community. Overcoming these disparities demands affordable, accessible, effective, and culturally congruent solutions.

Evidence supports the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions delivered via text messaging.^4–9 Developments in the sophistication of mobile technologies allow for flexible delivery of text messages, with algorithms used to tailor content to individual motivational and behavioral needs for smoking cessation.¹⁰ Furthermore, the potential for text messages to deliver smoking cessation treatment may be even greater among hard-to-reach, socioeconomically disadvantaged, and uninsured populations,⁵ such as Latinos. However, implementation of mobile interventions among Latinos remains minimal despite the fact that Latinos are the largest minority group in the USA¹¹ and the highest users of text messaging technology.¹² The purpose of this pilot study was to assess engagement in a smoking cessation intervention delivered via text messages (Kick Buts) among Latino smokers.

Methods

Sample

Latino smokers were recruited using a community-based approach. In May 2015, community health workers recruited 20 Latino smokers from venues with high concentration of Latinos (supermarkets, safety-net clinics, community centers, and churches).

Eligible participants 1) identified as Latino, 2) were ≥18 years of age, 3) smoked a minimum of 5 days in the past week,¹³ 4) had an active mobile phone, and 5) were ready to quit smoking in the next 30 days. Individuals were excluded if 1) they were pregnant, breastfeeding or planning to do so in the following year, or 2) they were planning to move from the study area within the next 6 months. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant. The study was approved by the University of Kansas Medical Center IRB committee.

Intervention

Kick Buts is an adaptation of Txt2stop, a smoking cessation text message intervention that demonstrated a twofold increase in abstinence among program participants.^7,8 Kick Buts draws on principles from the Social Cognitive Theory¹⁴ comprising motivational messages, behavioral-change support, and pharmacotherapy use (Nicotine Replacement Therapy). Kick Buts was available in English and Spanish, and allowed three levels of interactivity:

1. Pre-scheduled standard messages. Messages were automatically tailored to the participant’s name(s) and selected quit-date. Text messages were organized along a 12-week timeline designed to support a personalized quit plan: 1) Pre-quit (14 days); 2) Quit-day (1 day); 3) Post-quit Intensive (28 days); and 4) Post-quit Maintenance (8 weeks).

2. Keyword-triggered standard messages. These messages consisted of automated immediate responses sent to participants who texted one of the following keywords: Crave, Stress, Alcohol, Slip Up, and Relapse. Participants could withdraw from the text message program at any moment by sending the keyword Stop.

3. Counselor personalized responses. The Kick Buts intervention had the capability to recognize free texting (non-keyword) from participants. A trained research staff monitored and triaged queries daily, responding within 24 hrs of receipt of text messages sent by participants.

The initial pre-scheduled and keyword-triggered standard messages were developed by a multidisciplinary team that included a sample of young adults and health researchers with expertise in adolescent health, nutrition, cognitive behavioral therapy, and smoking cessation^.8

Measures

Research staff conducted a baseline and a 12-week follow-up assessment in person. The baseline survey included sociodemographic characteristics, nicotine dependence, quitting history, and readiness to quit. Text messaging use was monitored to estimate frequency, length, and content, as well as the use of keywords throughout the entire intervention (12 weeks). At the in person 12-week follow-up visit, we assessed text message engagement, satisfaction, and cessation outcomes. The cessation outcome was cotinine-verified 7-day point prevalence abstinence (no cigarettes in the past 7 days). This was biochemically verified using salivary cotinine testing, with a cutoff of 15 ng/mL.¹⁵ Satisfaction measures included questions such as “How satisfied are you with the smoking cessation text message program?”

Analysis

Frequencies, means, and standard deviations were calculated for all variables. Participants’ text messages were imported into Microsoft Excel for qualitative thematic analysis. Two bilingual coders independently analyzed the data using a process of inductive thematic analysis.¹⁶ Subsequently, themes were grouped into coding themes and a code map was developed.¹⁷ The two coders met weekly and compared findings to identify similarities and differences with the codes. A third bilingual coder joined for in-depth discussion if differences in coding were found between the two coders.¹⁶

Results

Participants’ mean age was 40.7 years old (SD=14.6). Most of the participants were male (70%) and did not have health insurance (75%). Less than half of the participants had not completed high school (45%). More than half (65%) reported only speaking Spanish at home, and almost all participants (95%) chose the intervention to be delivered in Spanish. All participants were daily smokers, 75% were light smokers (<10 CPD), and 60% were classified as low nicotine-dependence according to the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence¹⁸ (Table 1).

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of participants (n=20)

Characteristics	n (%)
Age, mean (SD)	40.7 (14.6)
Sex
Male	14 (70%)
Female	6 (30%)
Education level
Less than high school graduate	9 (45%)
High school graduate or GED	7 (35%)
Technical school	2 (10%)
College graduate	2 (10%)
Marital status
Married/cohabitating	10 (50%)
Single	4 (20%)
Divorced/separated/widowed	6 (30%)
Health insurance coverage
No health coverage	15 (75%)
Employer	3 (15%)
Private	1 (5%)
Medicaid/Medicare	1 (5%)
Smoking pattern
Daily, 1–9 CPD	15 (75%)
Daily, 10–19 CPD	2 (10%)
Daily, 20 or more CPD	3 (15%)
Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence
Minimally dependent	12 (60%)
Moderately dependent	7 (35%)
Highly dependent	1 (5%)
Attempted quitting previous year
Yes	15 (75%)
No	5 (25%)
Language Spoken at Home
Only Spanish	13 (65%)
More Spanish than English	4 (20%)
Both equally	2 (10%)
More English than Spanish	1 (5%)
Language chosen for the intervention
Spanish	19 (95%)
English	1 (5%)

Abbreviations: CPD = Cigarettes per day; GED= General educational development test.

During the 12-week intervention period, levels of engagement varied among participants: 5 (25%) participants never interacted with the program, 7 (35%) had a low interaction (1–9 messages), 4 (20%) had a medium interaction (10–49 messages), 2 (10%) had a high interaction (50–99 messages), and 2 (10%) had a very high interaction (≥100 messages). Participants who interacted with the program at least once had on average 31.8 (SD=39.7) interactions. Of the 478 messages that participants sent to the program, only 23 messages (4.8%) used keywords.

Participant engagement varied across the different stages of the program (see Figure 1). Engagement with the program increased in the days around the quit-date, and progressively decreased overtime. Other interactive peaks were related to specific prompts that pertained to quitting status (eg, on Day 28: “It’s been 4 weeks, do you continue to be smoke-free? Let us know. Respond YES or NO to this text”). Four (20%) participants texted the keyword Stop to disenroll from the program. Disenrollment happened at different time points of the intervention (8, 9, 72, and 83 days after the quit-date).

Figure 1.

Number of text messages sent by participants during the 12-week intervention.

Abbreviation: QD= Quit Day.

When analyzing the length of all text messages sent by participants, most (n=349, 73.0%) had more than 30 characters (eg, “I have multiple reasons to quit smoking. My main reasons are my health and my little daughter”, “ … everything is going well. Yesterday I didn’t smoke for the first time in my life! I’m doing great!”).

When analyzing the content of all text messages sent by participants, eight themes were identified. The five most common themes included: 1) Well-being (26.1%) (eg, “Now I’m feeling so much better, I can feel my improvement. Thanks for your help”); 2) Self-efficacy (18.6%) (eg, “I’m capable and I can make it, we can make it”); 3) Strategies to Quit (17.0%) (eg, “I go on a walk with my daughter every day to keep my mind away from smoking”); 4) Extra-treatment Social Support (12.3%) (eg, “I told my boss I’m quitting smoking, he´s really happy … ”); and 5) Reasons to Quit (10.3%) (eg, “I fight this for my family and my health”) (See Table 2). Importantly, some participants responded to pre-scheduled messages as if they were interacting with a live person and not with an automatic text message software (eg, “Every day I think about your messages … ”, “I’m sorry for not replying sooner, I was working … ”).

Table 2.

Content of participant-generated text messages

Theme	Selected quotes from participants
Wellbeing	Latino Kick Buts (19 days after the quit-day): Food tastes better, your taste is improved. These are benefits of quitting smoking
	Male, 53 years old: “Now I’m feeling so much better, I can feel my improvement. Thanks for your help”
	Latino Kick Buts (1 day after the quit-day): Today there will be cravings. Resist them, over time it will be easier. Keep your mind and hands busy
	Male, 53 years old: Thank you! Everything is going well. Yesterday I didn’t smoke for the first time in my life! I’m doing great!
	Latino Kick Buts (28 days after the quit-day): You made it, 4 weeks! You feel better and you are saving $. Celebrate. Congrats for a month without smoking
Male, 23 years old: Today I feel great. I’m experiencing a new life, a nonsmoking life
Self-efficacy	Latino Kick Buts (18 days after the quit-day): Ex-smokers say that the 3rd week is the hardest. If you relapsed, don’t worry, keep going. Stay strong
	Male, 23 years old: Yes, I’m strong! I am capable! I am incredible! I will make it!
	Latino Kick Buts (9 days after the quit-day): Celebrate each day that you’re smoke-free. Bask in the triumph and feel proud of liberating yourself from smoking.
	Male, 49 years old: I feel very proud of whom I am today because now I’m respecting myself
	Latino Kick Buts (9 days after the quit-day): Success=falling seven times, getting up 8 times, Japanese proverb. Relapses will help you learn what works for you. Keep going.
Male, 49years old: I feel I have more strength than three people put together. I won’t relapse.
Strategies to Quit	Latino Kick Buts (1 day after the quit-day): Write in a journal about your progress in quitting smoking.
	Male, 53 years old: I go on a walk with my daughter every day for staying smoke-free
	Latino Kick Buts (4 days after the quit-day): Myth=smoking helps you concentrate. No. It is a drug and in 15 mins you will want another one. You are concentrating on the next cigarette.
	Male, 55 years old: I’ve been keeping myself busy to stay away from cigarettes. It’s working!
	Latino Kick Buts (3 days before the quit-day): Put reminders everywhere: “I am strong”, “I have decided”, “I can give up the habit”.
Female, 45 years old: I posted a picture of two ugly smoker’s lungs at my fridge. Let’s see if it helps me quit smoking
Extra-treatment Social Support	Latino Kick Buts (2 days before the quit-day): Have you told someone that you will quit smoking so that they can support you?
	Female, 43 years old: I told my boss. He´s really happy. This morning the first thing he said was: another day without smoking?
	Latino Kick Buts (12 days after the quit-day): Resort to your friends and family for support. When you have urges to smoke, send a short text asking them how they are doing.
	Male, 55 years old: Yes, I’ve been in touch with my family every day since I quitted smoking
	Latino Kick Buts (79 days after the quit-day): Visualize yourself as a non-smoker. When you are offered a cigarette, say NO! I don’t smoke. For sure they will say: well done!
Male, 49 years old: My friends don’t offer me cigarettes any more, they know I’m a non-smoker
Reasons to Quit	Latino Kick Buts (11 days before the quit-day): Do you think quitting is very important? Make a list of the pros to keep you motivated.
	Male, 53 years old: I have multiple reasons to quit smoking. My main reasons are my health and my little daughter
	Latino Kick Buts (6 days after the quit-day): What is your most important reason to quit smoking? Write them in big letters and put them in a place where you can see them.
	Male, 55 years old: I want to quit smoking to improve my health
	Latino Kick Buts (32 days after the quit-day): Think that quitting smoking is an economic and social investment for your family, friends, and health
Male, 53 years old: I keep fighting this for my family and my health

Seventeen participants completed the 12-week follow-up survey (85% retention rate). Using intention-to-treat analysis, self-reported 7-day point prevalence abstinence was 30% among the participants. All saliva samples of the participants that self-reported having quit read below the limit of quantification for cotinine. When asked about program satisfaction, 70.5% reported being very satisfied and all participants reported that they would use the program again in the future if available. Participants recommended that 1) study staff should reply immediately to their text messages, 2) text messages should further address social support (engagement of family, friends, and ex-smokers), and 3) the Spanish translation should be improved. Of the participants who disenrolled from the text message program (n=4), 2 (50%) reported quitting smoking and therefore no longer required the program’s services. These two participants were cotinine-verified abstinent.

Discussion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reporting text messaging interactivity among Latinos smokers enrolled in a text messaging smoking cessation program. Kick Buts was well received by participants, most of whom engaged in high levels of interactivity with the program (bi-directional messaging) and reported high levels of participant satisfaction. The high levels of interactivity with the program can be partly attributable to the fact that Latinos are the highest users of text messages across racial and ethnic groups.¹² Compared to three studies that assessed participant engagement in a smoking cessation text message program, Latinos in this study interacted at higher levels (31.8 text messages during a 12-week period). Abroms et al found that among a mostly non-Hispanic sample of smokers, those who interacted at least once sent an average of 11.8¹⁹ and 28.4⁹ text messages during a 6-month period. It is important to note that these two studies’ interactivity was keyword-based. Cupertino et al found that among a sample of smokers in Mexico, participants sent an average of 21 text messages during a 12-week period; and only 11.3% of the text messages used keywords.²⁰ Similar to the study conducted in Mexico, participants in this study preferred to send their own, self-composed text messages rather than relying on keywords from the program for a response. This suggests that reliance on keywords may be insufficient for smoking cessation counseling via text messaging among Latinos. Hence, there may be additional costs involved in having trained personnel responding to participants’ text messages, as occurred in our study. Participants’ text messages can also guide the creation of a categorized codebook that would be able to retrieve and send responses automatically, thus reducing the need for trained personnel responding to participants’ text messages. Analysis of participants’ text message content in our study revealed the most common themes were well-being, self-efficacy, use of coping strategies and social support, and reasons for quitting. Automated messages targeted to these topics might be most effective at promoting engagement of Latino smokers.

Given that 30% of participants were biochemically verified smoking abstinent, Latino smokers could potentially benefit from self-composed text message interactions because of the psychological effects (eg, intra-treatment social support, strong therapeutic alliance, and perceived autonomy support).

This study had a number of limitations that should be considered when interpreting the findings. This was a pilot study with a small sample size (n=20) and did not have a control group. Follow-up was limited to a single assessment at the end of treatment at 12 weeks. As only 5% of the participants had high nicotine dependence, it remains unknown whether these preliminary results (eg, levels of interactivity and cessation) can be generalized to Latino smokers with high nicotine dependence. Moreover, three participants experienced carrier blockage that did not allow them to receive text messages. Future studies should devise methods to resolve carrier blockage at enrollment in the program, such as disabling short code blocking in cellphone devices. Despite these limitations, the study suggests that this program holds promise for further testing, including an effectiveness analysis.

Future steps include culturally and linguistically adapting Kick Buts through focus groups with Latino smokers. In addition, with the help of a Community and Communication Advisory Board, evaluating the text message library for relevance to the Latino language, culture, clarity, and readability is an important next step.

Kick Buts is a promising smoking cessation intervention for Latino smokers if tailored culturally and linguistically. This program has the potential to reach those who may otherwise not have access to traditional evidence-based smoking cessation interventions.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.