Abstract
Background
Nitrogen containing heterocycles are widely used and investigated by pharmaceutical industry, as they are important in discovery and designing of new drug molecules. Drugs with a benzimidazole nucleus possess exclusive structural features and electron-rich atmosphere, which enable them to bind to a number of biologically important targets and result in a wide range of activities. This has served as the basis of the present study whereby new scaffolds with benzimidazole moiety were designed and synthesized.
Methods
The structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed by physicochemical and spectral means. The synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities by tube dilution and Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assays, respectively.
Results and conclusion
The in vitro biological screening results revealed that compound Z24 exhibited promising antimicrobial and anticancer activities which are comparable to standards.
Keywords: Antibacterial, Antifungal, Anticancer, 2-Mercaptobenzimidazole, SAR
Introduction
The increased incidences of drug resistance caused by extensive use of antibiotics and immunosuppressive drugs have emerged as a key issue in treatment of microbial infections. There is, therefore, a need for search of efficient, less toxic and structurally new molecules for treatment of these diseases. The discovery and development of drugs with benzimidazole moiety is now an important and attractive subject of interest given their huge therapeutic values [1]. Heterocyclic compounds offer a high degree of structural diversity and have proven to be broadly and economically useful as therapeutic agents like quinoline-branched amines and dimers [2], 8-substituted quinolines [3], 2,5- and 4,5-dihydroisoxazole [4].
The structural isosters of nucleotides, benzimidazole and heterocycles, which interact with biopolymer through the fused heterocyclic nuclei in their structure, may possess potential activity of chemotherapeutics with lower toxicity. It is well established that heterocyclic compounds with nitrogen and sulphur exhibit a wide scope of biological activities. 2-Mercaptobenzimidazole, for example, has been reported for their wide range of pharmacological and clinical applications [5]. On the other hand, azomethine group which is present in various natural and non-natural compounds, is also an important scaffold critical for biological activity of Schiff bases. Owing to their broad spectrum of biological profile, Schiff bases derived from benzimidazole compounds are extensively studied [6].
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies and a noteworthy reason for growth related mortality around the world. According to World Health Organization (WHO), CRC is the third most regular malignancy, with 1,361,000 cases worldwide. Unfortunately, about 25% of CRC cases are only identified at stage IV (with far off metastases) and nearly half of CRC patients suffered from metastasis in the midst of their lifetime. The treatment outcomes for these patients remain inauspicious whilst approximately half of the patients responded to traditional chemotherapy, most encountered resistance at some stage of treatment, and reoccurrence of the tumors regularly take after. This could be due to cancer stem cells (CSCs) which give rise to heterogeneity within and between tumors [7].
In recent years, remarkable attention has been directed towards the advancement of benzimidazole heterocyclic molecules as antihistaminic (H1-receptor antagonist, e.g. bilastine, 5-HT3 antagonist, e.g. lerisetron) [8], antimicrobial (antibiotic, e.g. ridinilazole) [9, 10], antiulcer (proton pump inhibitor (PPI), e.g. ilaprazole) [11, 12], antihypertensive (calcium channel blocker, e.g. mibefradil) [13], antiviral (non-structural protein inhibitor (NS5A), e.g. samatasvir) [14, 15], antiparasitic (specifically anthelmintic, e.g. flubendazole) [16], antipsychotic (D2 receptor antagonist, e.g. clopimozide) [17], analgesic (opioid analgesic, e.g. clonitazene) [18], phosphodiesterase inhibitor (PDE3 inhibitor e.g. adibendan) [19, 20] and anticancer (aromatase inhibitor, e.g. liarozole, histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDAC), e.g. pracinostat) [21, 22] agents (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1.
Marketed medicines containing benzimidazole as core moiety
Prompted by the aforementioned facts and literature on pharmacologically active heterocyclic benzimidazole nucleus (as reviewed in Fig. 2), the present work aimed to synthesize a new series of benzimidazole compounds and evaluate their biological activities.
Fig. 2.
Design of benzimidazole analogues for antimicrobial and anticancer activity based on biological profile
Results and discussion
Chemistry
The synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives (Z1–Z30) by multistep procedure was shown in Scheme 1. The 1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-chloroethanethioate (intermediate-i) was synthesized by the reaction of chloroacetyl chloride with 2-mercaptobenzimidazole, which on further reaction with corresponding anilines in presence of ethanolic solvent yielded the title compounds (Z1–Z15). The reaction of above synthesized intermediate-i with hydrazine hydrate yielded intermediate-ii. The intermediate-ii on reaction with substituted aldehydes in ethanol resulted in development of title compounds (Z16–Z30) with appreciable yields. The physicochemical properties of compounds (Z1–Z30) are shown in Table 1.
Scheme 1.
Synthesis of heterocyclic benzimidazole derivatives
Table 1.
The physicochemical properties of synthesized benzimidazole derivatives
| Comp. | IUPAC name | Mol. structure | Mol. formula | Rf valuea | m. p. (oC) | % yield |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Z1 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl-amino) ethanethioate |
|
C15H11N5O5S | 0.48 | 180–183 | 83.64 |
| Z2 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(2-nitrophenylamino)ethanethioate |
|
C15H12N4O3S | 0.82 | 212–215 | 73.93 |
| Z3 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(3-nitrophenylamino)ethanethioate |
|
C15H12N4O3S | 0.75 | 217–220 | 85.74 |
| Z4 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(3-bromophenylamino)ethanethioate |
|
C15H12N3OSBr | 0.47 | 257–260 | 73.19 |
| Z5 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(4-bromophenylamino)ethanethioate |
|
C15H12N3OSBr | 0.65 | 260–263 | 57.48 |
| Z6 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(4-chloro-2-nitrophenylamino) ethanethioate |
|
C15H11N4O3SCl | 0.66 | 140–143 | 94.19 |
| Z7 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(2-chlorophenylamino)ethanethioate |
|
C15H12N3OSCl | 0.60 | 277–280 | 60.63 |
| Z8 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(3-chlorophenylamino)ethanethioate |
|
C15H12N3OSCl | 0.68 | 265–268 | 65.87 |
| Z9 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(2,6-dimethyyphenylamino) ethanethioate |
|
C17H17N3OS | 0.59 | 274–277 | 65.52 |
| Z10 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(2-chloro-4-nitrophenylamino) ethanethioate |
|
C15H11N4O3SCl | 0.74 | 180–183 | 91.45 |
| Z11 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(2-florophenylamino)ethanethioate |
|
C15H12N3OSF | 0.73 | 272–275 | 72.43 |
| Z12 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(4-florophenylamino)ethanethioate |
|
C15H12N3OSF | 0.55 | 270–273 | 68.60 |
| Z13 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(4-methylphenylamino)ethanethioate |
|
C16H15N3OS | 0.61 | 266–269 | 64.13 |
| Z14 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2 (methyl (phenyl)amino)ethanethioate |
|
C17H17N3OS | 0.70 | 245–248 | 53.40 |
| Z15 | H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(ethy l(phenyl)amino)ethanethioate |
|
C16H15N3OS | 0.75 | 261–264 | 56.95 |
| Z16 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(2-(2-nitrobenzylidene)hydrazinyl) ethanethioate |
|
C16H13N5O3S | 0.58 | 258–260 | 59.40 |
| Z17 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(2-(3-nitrobenzylidene)hydrazinyl) ethanethioate |
|
C16H13N5O3S | 0.54 | 262–265 | 82.89 |
| Z18 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(2-(4-nitrobenzylidene)hydrazinyl) ethanethioate |
|
C16H13N5O3S | 0.59 | 250–253 | 65.04 |
| Z19 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene) hydrazinyl)ethanethioate |
|
C17H16N4O3S | 0.53 | 263–266 | 53.93 |
| Z20 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(2-(3-ethoxy-4-hydoxybenzylidene) hydrazinyl)ethanethioate |
|
C18H18N4O3S | 0.52 | 269–272 | 60.65 |
| Z21 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(2-(4-bromobenzylidene)hydrazinyl) ethanethioate |
|
C16H13N4OSBr | 0.50 | 277–280 | 65.52 |
| Z22 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(2-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazinyl) ethanethioate |
|
C16H14N4O2S | 0.57 | 259–262 | 63.60 |
| Z23 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(2-(3,4-dimethoxybenzylidene) hydrazinyl)ethanethioate |
|
C18H18N4O3S | 0.46 | 264–267 | 72.30 |
| Z24 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(2-(2-bromo-3-phenylallylidene) hydrazinyl)ethanethioate |
|
C18H15N4OSBr | 0.51 | 160–163 | 78.68 |
| Z25 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(2-(4-(dimethylamino)benzylidene) hydrazinyl)ethanethioate |
|
C17H14N4O2S | 0.57 | 250–253 | 72.58 |
| Z26 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(2-(4-formylbenzylidene) hydrazinyl)ethanethioate |
|
C18H19N5OS | 0.65 | 200–203 | 87.45 |
| Z27 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(2-(2,4-dichlorobenzylidene) hydrazinyl) ethanethioate |
|
C16H12N4OSCl2 | 0.49 | 255–257 | 81.69 |
| Z28 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(2-(2-chlorobenzylidene)hydrazinyl) ethanethioate |
|
C16H13N4OSCl | 0.64 | 259–262 | 74.33 |
| Z29 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(2-(3-phenylallylidene)hydrazinyl) ethanethioate |
|
C18H16N4OS | 0.56 | 264–267 | 64.68 |
| Z30 | 1H-Benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl 2-(2-(2-methoxylbenzylidene) hydrazinyl)ethanethioate |
|
C17H16N4O2S | 0.48 | 267–270 | 57.12 |
aTLC mobile phase-ethyl acetate
Spectral characterization data
The assigned molecular scaffolds of the benzimidazole derivatives were authenticated by Infrared (IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) (proton, carbon), Mass spectrometry (MS) and elemental analysis. The spectroanalytical data has been presented in Table 2. The IR spectra of compounds exhibited the characteristic secondary (–C=N–) absorption bands around 1345–1254 cm−1 while the tertiary (–C=N–) bands was observed at 1386–1337 cm−1. Appearance of IR stretching vibrations at 1600 and 1450 cm−1 in the spectra of compounds showed the presence of aromatic –C=C– and the peaks at 3112–3068 cm−1. The N–N peak in the spectra of synthesized derivatives was observed at 1168–1163 cm−1. The presence of ketonic stretching vibrations was observed at 1732–1698 cm−1. In the synthesized derivatives, the methylene group (–CH2–) showed the vibrations at 2935–2915 cm−1 and 2884–2865 cm−1. The compounds (Z1–Z3, Z6, Z10 and Z16–Z18) showed the characteristic NO2 group stretching vibrations in the range of 1512–1484 cm−1. The compounds (Z4, Z5, Z21 and Z24) exhibited the peaks of Br at 700–600 cm−1 while compounds (Z6–Z8, Z10, Z27 and Z28) showed peaks in the range of 744–738 cm−1 and the fluorine group indicated its peak at 1012–1007 cm−1. The methyl group present in the compounds (Z9, Z13 and Z20) showed the bands at 2948–2870 cm−1. The N–CH3 stretching band in the compounds (Z14, Z15 and Z26) was observed at 2857–2843 cm−1. The phenolic group present in the compounds (Z19, Z20 and Z22) showed its peaks in the range of 3648–3645 cm−1. The aldehydic group was confirmed by the appearance of absorption bands at 1728 cm−1 in the compound Z25. The presence of OCH3 in compounds (Z19, Z20, Z23 and Z30) was observed at peaks in the range of 2839–2818 cm−1. The 1H-NMR spectra of the synthesized compounds have been recorded in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent. Multiplet signals at 6.62–8.66 δ ppm indicated the aromatic protons. The presence of singlet signal at 1.04–2.12 δ ppm indicated the presence of NH group while the singlet signal at 5.61–7.18 δ ppm confirmed the presence of NH group in imidazole ring. The appearance of singlet signals at 2.00–3.82 δ ppm indicated the presence of –CH2 in the compounds. The appearance of singlet signal at 1.21–3.63 δ ppm indicated the presence of CH3 in Z9, Z13–Z15, Z20 and Z26. The singlet signal at 3.59–3.75 δ ppm confirmed the appearance of OCH3 group in the compounds (Z19, Z23 and Z30) while the singlet signal at 1.21 δ ppm indicated the presence of OC2H-5 in compound Z20. 13C-NMR spectral analyses exhibit the appearance of the carbon atoms in synthesized molecular structures is shown in experimental section. The elemental analyses of compounds were around ± 0.3% of the theoretical results.
Table 2.
Spectral data of synthesized benzimidazole derivatives
| Comp. | IR (ATR cm−1) | 13C-NMR (DMSO-d6, δ ppm) | 1H-NMR (DMSO-d6, δ ppm) | C, H, N analyses calculated (found); MS ES + (ToF): m/z—[M++1] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Z1 | {3074 (C–H str.), 1461 (C=C str.) of phenyl nucleus (pn)}, 1337 (C=N str.), 1258 (C–N str.), 706 (C–S str.), 2840 (C–H str., –CH2–), 1512 (C–NO2 str.), 1698 (C=O str.) | 109.33, 119.56, 122.12, 123.10, 128.46, 132.16, 134.99, 149.64, 168.06 | 7.03–8.66 (m, 7H, Ar–H), 7.03 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 3.51 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.01 (s, 1H, NH) | C, 48.26; H, 2.97; N, 18.76; (C, 48.22; H, 2.93; N, 18.72); 374 |
| Z2 | {3076 (C–H str.), 1459 (C=C str.) pn}, 1347 (C=N str.), 1254 (C–N str.), 695 (C–S str.), 2916 (C–H str., –CH2–), 1508 (C–NO2 str.), 1705 (C=O str.) | 30.61, 109.41, 115.41, 119.11, 122.23, 125.31, 130.29, 132.20, 135.60, 146.12, 168.10, 206.31 | 6.62–7.99 (m, 8H, Ar–H), 6.62 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 3.49 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.10 (s, 1H, NH) | C, 54.87; H, 3.68; N, 17.06; (C, 54.83; H, 3.64; N, 17.02); 329 |
| Z3 | {3070 (C–H str.), 1457 (C=C str.) pn}, 1351 (C=N str.), 1334 (C–N str.), 696 (C–S str.), 2835 (C–H str., –CH2–), 1507 (C–NO2 str.), 1716 (C=O str.) | 30.59, 107.01, 109.41, 109.75, 119.90, 122.23, 129.82, 132.20, 148.69, 150.01 168.10 | 6.99–7.44 (m, 8H, Ar–H), 6.99 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 3.49 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.10 (s, 1H, NH) | C, 54.87; H, 3.68; N, 17.06; (C, 54.91; H, 3.72; N, 17.10); 329 |
| Z4 | {3078 (C–H str.), 1461 (C=C str.) pn}, 1351 (C=N str.), 1333 (C–N str.), 698 (C–S str.), 2915 (C–H str., –CH2–), 654 (C–Br str.), 1719 (C=O str.) | 109.40, 119.56, 122.22, 128.46, 132.16, 149.64, 168.06 | 6.82–7.11 (m, 8H, Ar–H), 6.82 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 3.63 (s, 2H, CH2), 1.05 (s, 1H, NH) | C, 49.73; H, 3.34; N, 11.60; (C, 49.77; H, 3.38; N, 11.64); 363 |
| Z5 | {3092 (C–H str.), 1462 (C=C str.) pn}, 1353 (C=N str.), 1335 (C–N str.), 701 (C–S str.), 2850 (C–H str., –CH2–), 656 (C–Br str.), 1714 (C=O str.) | 109.40, 119.32, 122.22, 128.34, 132.18, 134.99, 149.64, 168.06 | 6.65–7.25 (m, 8H, Ar–H), 6.65 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 3.77 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.12 (s, 1H, NH) | C, 49.73; H, 3.34; N, 11.60; (C, 49.77; H, 3.38; N, 11.64); 363 |
| Z6 | {3083 (C–H str.), 1602 (C=C str.) pn}, 1356 (C=N str.), 1340 (C–N str.), 704 (C–S str.), 2850 (C–H str., –CH2–), 763 (C–Cl str.), 1503 (C–NO2 str.), 1716 (C=O str.) | 109.37, 118.37, 121.02, 122.15, 123.94, 132.20, 135.41, 144.95, 168.10 | 7.06–7.22 (m, 8H, Ar–H), 7.06 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 3.51 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.12 (s, 1H, NH) | C, 49.66; H, 3.06; N, 15.44; (C, 49.70; H, 3.10; N, 15.48); 363 |
| Z7 | {3071 (C–H str.), 1454 (C=C str.) pn}, 1352 (C=N str.), 1334 (C–N str.), 691 (C–S str.), 2924 (C–H str., –CH2–), 739 (C–Cl str.), 1715 (C=O str.) | 109.41, 119.65, 122.23, 128.56, 132.19, 134.99, 149.46, 168.09 | 7.16–7.22 (m, 8H, Ar–H), 7.16 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 3.61 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.12 (s, 1H, NH) | C, 56.69; H, 3.81; N, 13.22; (C, 56.65; H, 3.85; N, 13.18); 318 |
| Z8 | {3082 (C–H str.), 1459 (C=C str.) pn}, 1352 (C=N str.), 1334 (C–N str.), 695 (C–S str.), 2842 (C–H str., –CH2–), 738 (C–Cl str.), 1714 (C=O str) | 109.40, 119.85, 122.21, 128.56, 132.18, 134.79, 149.46, 168.08 | 7.03–7.70 (m, 8H, Ar–H), 7.03 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 3.68 (s, 2H, CH2), 1.04 (s, 1H, NH) | C, 56.69; H, 3.81; N, 13.22; (C, 56.65; H, 3.77; N, 13.126); 318 |
| Z9 | {3091 (C–H str.), 1454 (C=C str.) pn}, 1352 (C=N str., N=CH), 1334 (C–N str.), 691 (C–S str., CH2–S), 2844 (C–H str., –CH2–), 2948 (C–H str., CH3), 1714 (C=O str., ketone) | 30.59, 109.41, 119.56, 122.23, 128.41, 132.19, 134.52, 149.27, 168.10, 206.30 | 7.15–7.22 (m, 7H, Ar–H), 7.15 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 3.63 (s, 6H, (CH3)2), 2.11 (s, 1H, NH) | C, 65.57; H, 5.50; N, 13.49; (C, 65.53; H, 5.54; N, 13.45); 312 |
| Z10 | {3099 (C–H str.), 1623 (C=C str.) pn}, 1317 (C=N str.), 1305 (C–N str.), 704 (C–S str.), 2918 (C–H str., –CH2–), 744 (C–Cl str.), 1484 (C–NO2 str.), 1715 (C=O str.) | 109.39, 113.46, 115.53, 122.18, 124.47, 125.51, 132.20, 135.92, 151.91, 168.10 | 6.91–7.99 (m, 7H, Ar–H), 6.91 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 3.59 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.12 (s, 1H, NH) | C, 49.66; H, 3.06; N, 15.44; (C, 49.62; H, 3.02; N, 15.40); 363 |
| Z11 | {3070 (C–H str.), 1454 (C=C str.) pn}, 1352 (C=N str.), 1335 (C–N str.), 693 (C–S str.), 2835 (C–H str., –CH2–), 1012 (C–F str.), 1716 (C=O str.) | 30.60, 109.41, 115.21, 122.24, 132.19, 145.42, 150.32, 168.10; | 7.14–7.20 (m, 8H, Ar–H), 7.14 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 3.53 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.10 (s, 1H, NH); | C, 59.79; H, 4.01; N, 13.94; (C, 59.75; H, 4.05; N, 13.90); 302 |
| Z12 | {3068 (C–H str.), 1454 (C=C str.) pn}, 1351 (C=N str.), 1332 (C–N str.), 691 (C–S str.), 2933 (C–H str., –CH2–), 1007 (C–F str.), 1714 (C=O str.) | 109.40, 112.47, 122.23, 125.27, 132.19, 137.90, 146.32, 168.09 | 7.10–7.24 (m, 8H, Ar–H), 7.10 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 3.69 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.11 (s, 1H, NH) | C, 59.79; H, 4.01; N, 13.94; (C, 59.83; H, 4.04; N, 13.98); 302 |
| Z13 | {3073 (C–H str.), 1455 (C=C str.) pn}, 1351 (C=N str.), 1333 (C–N str.), 693 (C–S str.), 2844 (C–H str., –CH2–), 2870 (C–H str., CH3), 1713 (C=O str.) | 30.62, 109.41, 114.34, 122.24, 125.86, 127.89, 132.20, 144.56, 149.64, 168.10 | 7.13–7.19 (m, 8H, Ar–H), 7.13 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 3.47 (s, 3H, CH3), 2.10 (s, 1H, NH) | C, 64.62; H, 5.08; N, 14.13; (C, 64.66; H, 5.04; N, 14.10); 298 |
| Z14 | {3069 (C–H str.), 1454 (C=C str.) pn}, 1352 (C=N str.), 1335 (C–N str.), 691 (C–S str.), 2914 (C–H str., –CH2–), 2850 (C–H str., N–CH3), 1714 (C=O str.) | 30.96, 109.42, 114.37, 122.25, 128.79, 132.21, 145.64, 168.11 | 7.14–7.20 (m, 9H, Ar–H), 7.14 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 3.51 (q, 2H, –CH2), 2.10 (t, 3H, CH3) | C, 65.57; H, 5.50; N, 13.49; (C, 65.53; H, 5.54; N, 13.45); 312 |
| Z15 | {3079 (C–H str.), 1458 (C=C str.) pn}, 1344 (C=N str.), 1327 (C–N str.), 693 (C–S str.), 2844 (C–H str., –CH2–), 2857 (C–H str., N–CH3), 1706 (C=O str.) | 30.59, 109.41, 114.33, 122.23, 127.89, 132.19, 139.27, 144.75, 168.10 | 7.08–7.22 (m, 9H, Ar–H), 7.08 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 3.61 (s, 31H, CH2), 2.11 (s, 3H, CH3) | C, 64.62; H, 5.08; N, 14.13; (C, 64.58; H, 5.12; N, 14.17); 298 |
| Z16 | {3105 (C–H str.), 1455 (C=C str.) pn}, 1701 (–CO str.), 1386 (C=N str.), 1343 (C–N str.), 1165 (N–N str., hydrazide), 694 (C–S str.), 2915 (C–H str., –CH2–), 1510 (C–NO2 str.) | 109.41, 114.33, 119.17, 122.23, 126.32, 132.19, 137.42, 144.27, 168.09 | 7.04–7.35 (m, 8H, Ar–H), 7.04 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 2.11 (s, 1H, NH), 12.62 (s, 1H, N=CH) | C, 54.08; H, 3.69; N, 19.71; (C, 54.04; H, 3.65; N, 19.75); 356 |
| Z17 |
{3112 (C–H str.), 1600 (C=C str.) pn}, 1701 (–CO str.), 1355 (C=N str.), 1337 (C–N str.), 1178 (N–N str., hydrazide), 702 (C–S str.), 2844 (C–H str., –CH2–), 1512 (C–NO2 str.) |
109.39, 122.21, 130.92, 132.18, 139.87, 141.50, 145.71, 150.72, 168.08 | 7.18–8.26 (m, 8H, Ar–H), 6.84 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 3.55 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.12 (s, 1H, NH), 12.66 (s, 1H, N=CH) | C, 54.08; H, 3.69; N, 19.71; (C, 54.03; H, 3.73; N, 19.67); 356 |
| Z18 |
{3106 (C–H str.), 1604 (C=C str.) pn}, 1703 (–CO str.), 1337 (C=N str.), 1270 (C–N str.), 1174 (N–N str., hydrazide), 697 (C–S str.), 2843 (C–H str., –CH2–), 1509 (C–NO2 str.) |
61.89, 111.30, 122.91, 123.16, 130.29, 132.18, 139.78, 146.17, 146.54, 150.27, 191.68 | 7.23–8.38 (m, 8H, Ar–H), 5.61 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 3.57 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.12 (s, 1H, NH), 12.63 (s, 1H, N=CH) | C, 54.08; H, 3.69; N, 19.71; (C, 54.12; H, 3.64; N, 19.68); 356 |
| Z19 | {3081 (C–H str.), 1449 (C=C str.) pn}, 1716 (–CO str.), 1351 (C=N str.), 1331 (C–N str.), 1163 (N–N str., hydrazide), 689 (C–S str.), 2924 (C–H str., –CH2–), 3648 (O–H str.), 2839 (C–H str., –OCH3), 1256 (C–O–C str., phenyl ether) | 30.60, 109.41, 111.19, 122.23, 127.89, 130.92, 132.19, 138.79, 145.92, 168.09 | 7.15–7.21 (m, 7H, Ar–H), 7.15 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 3.58 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.11 (s, 1H, NH), 12.60 (s, 1H, N=CH) | C, 57.29; H, 4.52; N, 15.72; (C, 57.25; H, 4.56; N, 15.76); 357 |
| Z20 | {3085 (C–H str.), 1454 (C=C str.) pn}, 1714 (–CO str.), 1352 (C=N str.), 1334 (C–N str.), 1166 (N–N str., hydrazide), 688 (C–S str.), 2852 (C–H str., –CH2–), 3645 (O–H str.), 2822 (C–H str., –OCH3), 1255 (C–O–C str., phenyl ether), 2901 (C–H str., CH3) | 30.59, 109.41, 122.23, 125.21, 132.19, 130.18, 137.13, 144.65, 168.09 | 7.03–7.86 (m, 7H, Ar–H), 7.03 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 3.63 (s, 1H, OH), 2.11 (s, 1H, NH), 1.21 (t, 3H, CH3), 12.61 (s, 1H, N=CH) | C, 58.36; H, 4.90; N, 15.12; (C, 58.40; H, 4.94; N, 15.16); 371 |
| Z21 | {3109 (C–H str.), 1466 (C=C str.) pn}, phenyl nucleus), 1732 (–CO str.), 1356 (C=N str.), 1338 (C–N str.), 1178 (N–N str., hydrazide), 703 (C–S str.), 2842 (C–H str., –CH2–), 658 (C–Br str.) | 30.59, 109.41, 122.23, 128.61, 131.05, 132.13, 132.19, 134.95, 192.01 | 7.17–7.22 (m, 8H, Ar–H), 7.17 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 3.66 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.11 (s, 1H, NH), 12.62 (s, 1H, N=CH) | C, 49.37; H, 3.37; N, 14.39; (C, 49.33; H, 3.33; N, 14.35); 390 |
| Z22 | {3091 (C–H str.), 1603 (C=C str.) pn}, 1703 (–CO str.), 1346 (C=N str.), 1294 (C–N str.), 1168 (N–N str., hydrazide), 690 (C–S str.), 2841 (C–H str., –CH2–), 3648 (O–H str.) | 109.40, 122.22, 129.51, 131.03, 134.59, 146.32, 149.66, 168.08 | 7.18–7.24 (m, 8H, Ar–H), 7.18 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 3.74 (s, 1H, OH), 2.11 (s, 1H, NH), 12.64 (s, 1H, N=CH) | C, 58.88; H, 4.32; N, 17.17; (C, 58.84; H, 4.36; N, 17.13); 327 |
| Z23 |
{3075 (C–H str.), 1452 (C=C str.) pn}, 1730 (–CO str.), 1380 (C=N str.), 1345 (C–N str.), 1170 (N–N str., hydrazide), 695 (C–S str.), 2876 (C–H str., –CH2–), 2835 (C–H str., –OCH3), 1253 (C–O–C str., phenyl ether) |
109.40, 119.38, 122.22, 123.45, 128.67, 131.55, 132.18, 147.82, 168.08 | 7.18–7.24 (m, 7H, Ar–H), 7.18 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 375 (s, 6H, (OCH3)2), 2.12 (s, 1H, NH), 12.64 (s, 1H, N=CH) | C, 58.36; H, 4.90; N, 15.12; (C, 58.40; H, 4.94; N, 15.16); 371 |
| Z24 | {3087 (C–H str.), 1601 (C=C str.) pn}, 1713 (–CO str.), 1354 (C=N str.), 1337 (C–N str.), 1176 (N–N str., hydrazide), 694 (C–S str.), 2843 (C–H str., –CH2–), 684 (C–Br str.), 1623 (conjugated C=C and phenyl subst. C=C) | 109.42, 122.21, 123.89, 128.66, 128.90, 130.55, 131.36, 132.23, 132.82, 150.14, 187.80 | 7.13–7.94 (m, 9H, Ar–H), 7.06 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 2.00 (s, 2H, CH2), 7.06 (s, 1H, NH), 12.55 (s, 1H, N=CH), 7.19 (s, 1H, Br–C=CH) | C, 52.06; H, 3.64; N, 13.49; (C, 52.02; H, 3.68; N, 13.45); 416 |
| Z25 | {3070 (C–H str.), 1453 (C=C str.) pn}, 1712 (–CO str.), 1352 (C=N str.), 1334 (C–N str.), 1167 (N–N str., hydrazide), 688 (C–S str.), 2846 (C–H str., –CH2–), 1728 (C–H str., CHO) | 78.04, 111.42, 122.92, 129.61, 129.94, 135.88, 139.55, 145.74, 192.70 | 7.25–7.98 (m, 8H, Ar–H), 7.03 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 3.61 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.11 (s, 1H, NH), 12.60 (s, 1H, N=CH), 10.04 (s, 1H, CHO) | C, 60.34; H, 4.17; N, 16.56; (C, 60.38; H, 4.13; N, 16.52); 384 |
| Z26 | {3105 (C–H str.), 1453 (C=C str.) pn}, 1713 (–CO str.), 1352 (C=N str.), 1332 (C–N str.), 1163 (N–N str., hydrazide), 686 (C–S str.), 2927 (C–H str., –CH2–), 2843 (C–H str., N–CH3) | 30.55, 39.49, 109.40, 110.89, 122.24, 124.45, 132.22, 154.02, 189.66 | 7.17–7.86 (m, 8H, Ar–H), 7.11 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 3.78 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.12 (s, 1H, NH), 12.65 (s, 1H, N=CH), 2.64 (s, 6H, (CH3)2) | C, 61.17; H, 5.42; N, 19.81; (C, 61.13; H, 5.46; N, 19.85); 354 |
| Z27 | {3092 (C–H str.), 1596 (C=C str.) pn}, 1710 (–CO str.), 1354 (C=N str.), 1336 (C–N str.), 1175 (N–N str., hydrazide), 700 (C–S str.), 2930 (C–H str., –CH2–), 739 (C–Cl str.) | 61.91, 109.39, 122.20, 127.94, 130.66, 132.18, 133.65, 135.28, 137.04, 139.60, 188.40 | 6.74–7.72 (m, 7H, Ar–H), 6.74 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 3.02 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.11 (s, 1H, NH), 12.62 (s, 1H, N=CH) | C, 50.67; H, 3.19; N, 14.77; (C, 50.63; H, 3.15; N, 14.73); 380 |
| Z28 | {3111 (C–H str.), 1598 (C=C str.) pn}, 1703 (–CO str.), 1355 (C=N str.), 1337 (C–N str.), 1177 (N–N str., hydrazide), 701 (C–S str.), 2845 (C–H str., –CH2–), 740 (C–Cl str.) | 30.58, 109.41, 119.56, 122.23, 124.54, 131.23, 132.18, 147.12, 168.08 | 7.16–7.28 (m, 8H, Ar–H), 7.16 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 3.65 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.11 (s, 1H, NH), 12.62 (s, 1H, N=CH) | C, 55.73; H, 3.80; N, 16.25; (C, 55.77; H, 3.84; N, 16.29); 345 |
| Z29 | {3110 (C–H str.), 1598 (C=C str.) pn}, 1712 (–CO str.), 1355 (C=N str.), 1337 (C–N str.), 1176 (N–N str., hydrazide), 700 (C–S str.), 2860 (C–H str., –CH2–), 1616 (phenyl conjugation) | 109.40, 122.21, 128.72, 132.17, 134.54, 139.42, 141.72, 147.21, 168.07 | 7.18–7.27 (m, 9H, Ar–H), 7.18 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 3.82 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.12 (s, 1H, NH), 12.66 (s, 1H, N=CH) | C, 64.26; H, 4.79; N, 16.65; (C, 64.22; H, 4.75; N, 16.69); 337 |
| Z30 | {3103 (C–H str.), 1599 (C=C str.) pn}, 1713 (–CO str.), 1352 (C=N str.), 1335 (C–N str.), 1168 (N–N str., hydrazide), 691 (C–S str., CH2–S), 2841 (C–H str., –CH2–), 2818 (C–H str., –OCH3), 1255 (C–O–C str., phenyl ether) | 109.41, 115.26, 122.23, 124.30, 132.19, 141.50, 145.71, 168.09, 205.61 | 7.15–7.25 (m, 8H, Ar–H), 7.15 (s, 1H, NH of imidazole), 3.70 (s, 2H, CH2), 2.10 (s, 1H, NH), 12.60 (s, 1H, N=CH), 3.59 (s, 1H, OH) | C, 59.98; H, 4.74; N, 16.46; (C, 59.94; H, 4.98; N, 16.42); 341 |
Antimicrobial and anticancer screening results
The synthesized benzimidazole compounds were screened for antimicrobial potential by tube dilution method using cefadroxil (antibacterial) and fluconazole (antifungal) as standard drugs against the represented microbial species. Furthermore, the anticancer activity of synthesized compounds against human colorectal carcinoma [HCT116 (ATCC CCL-247)] cancer cell line was assessed by using SRB assay with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) being included as the standard anticancer drug. Biological screening results revealed that compound Z24 displayed highest antimicrobial activity against Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms (MICsa, st = 30.10 µM, MICkp,ec = 15.05 µM and MICca, an = 3.76 µM). Besides, Z24 also elicited anticancer activity against HCT116 cell line (IC50 = 0.46 µM) which was more potent than the standard drug. The antimicrobial screening results are presented in Table 3 and Figs. 3, 4 whereas the anticancer results are presented in Table 4.
Table 3.
Antimicrobial screening results of synthesized derivatives
| Comp. | Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC = µM) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacterial strains | Fungal strains | |||||
|
SA
MTCC3160 |
ST
MTCC3231 |
KP
MTCC9024 |
EC
MTCC443 |
AN
MTCC281 |
CA
MTCC227 |
|
| Z1 | 33.49 | 66.97 | 16.74 | 33.49 | 4.18 | 16.74 |
| Z2 | 76.13 | 38.06 | 38.06 | 76.13 | 38.06 | 19.03 |
| Z3 | 38.06 | 76.13 | 19.03 | 38.06 | 38.06 | 19.03 |
| Z4 | 69.02 | 69.02 | 34.51 | 69.02 | 17.26 | 34.51 |
| Z5 | 69.02 | 34.51 | 34.51 | 69.02 | 17.26 | 34.51 |
| Z6 | 68.91 | 68.91 | 34.45 | 68.91 | 34.45 | 4.31 |
| Z7 | 78.67 | 78.67 | 19.67 | 39.33 | 19.67 | 39.33 |
| Z8 | 78.67 | 39.33 | 39.33 | 78.67 | 19.67 | 4.92 |
| Z9 | 80.28 | 80.28 | 40.14 | 80.28 | 20.07 | 40.14 |
| Z10 | 34.45 | 68.91 | 17.23 | 34.45 | 34.45 | 68.91 |
| Z11 | 82.97 | 41.49 | 41.49 | 20.74 | 41.49 | 5.18 |
| Z12 | 41.49 | 82.97 | 20.74 | 20.74 | 5.18 | 20.74 |
| Z13 | 42.03 | 84.06 | 42.03 | 42.03 | 5.25 | 21.02 |
| Z14 | 80.28 | 40.14 | 40.14 | 20.07 | 40.14 | 20.07 |
| Z15 | 84.06 | 42.03 | 42.03 | 21.02 | 42.03 | 5.25 |
| Z16 | 35.17 | 70.34 | 35.17 | 70.34 | 35.17 | 17.59 |
| Z17 | 70.34 | 35.17 | 35.17 | 70.34 | 17.59 | 35.17 |
| Z18 | 70.34 | 70.34 | 17.59 | 70.34 | 17.59 | 35.17 |
| Z19 | 35.07 | 70.15 | 35.07 | 70.15 | 17.54 | 35.07 |
| Z20 | 33.75 | 67.49 | 16.87 | 33.75 | 33.75 | 67.49 |
| Z21 | 32.11 | 64.22 | 32.11 | 32.11 | 4.01 | 16.05 |
| Z22 | 76.59 | 38.30 | 76.59 | 38.30 | 38.30 | 19.15 |
| Z23 | 33.75 | 67.49 | 16.87 | 67.49 | 16.87 | 67.49 |
| Z24 | 30.10 | 30.10 | 15.05 | 15.05 | 3.76 | 3.76 |
| Z25 | 65.21 | 65.21 | 32.60 | 32.60 | 16.30 | 32.60 |
| Z26 | 35.37 | 70.74 | 17.69 | 35.37 | 17.69 | 4.42 |
| Z27 | 65.91 | 65.91 | 16.48 | 65.91 | 16.48 | 32.96 |
| Z28 | 36.25 | 72.51 | 18.13 | 72.51 | 7.25 | 18.13 |
| Z29 | 37.16 | 74.32 | 18.58 | 74.32 | 18.58 | 37.16 |
| Z30 | 36.72 | 73.44 | 73.44 | 18.36 | 36.72 | 18.36 |
| DMSO | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Broth control | NG | NG | NG | NG | NG | NG |
| Std. | 34.40a | 34.40a | 17.20a | 17.20a | 10.20b | 10.20b |
SA, Staphylococcus aureus; ST, Salmonella typhi; KP, Klebsiella pneumoniae; EC, Escherichia coli; CA, Candida albicans; AN, Aspergillus niger; DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide; NA, No activity; NG, No growth
Std drugs: aCefadroxil; bFluconazole
Fig. 3.
Antibacterial screening results against bacterial species
Fig. 4.
Antifungal screening results against fungal species
Table 4.
Anticancer screening results of synthesized derivatives
| Anticancer screening | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Comp. | IC50 (μM) | Comp. | IC50 (μM) |
| Z1 | 214.30 | Z16 | > 281.37 |
| Z2 | > 304.51 | Z17 | 140.69 |
| Z3 | > 304.51 | Z18 | 121.83 |
| Z4 | 220.87 | Z19 | > 280.58 |
| Z5 | 220.87 | Z20 | > 269.98 |
| Z6 | 179.16 | Z21 | > 256.87 |
| Z7 | > 314.66 | Z22 | > 306.37 |
| Z8 | 314.66 | Z23 | > 269.98 |
| Z9 | > 321.13 | Z24 | 0.46 |
| Z10 | 152.70 | Z25 | 78.25 |
| Z11 | > 331.90 | Z26 | 198.08 |
| Z12 | > 331.90 | Z27 | 67.49 |
| Z13 | 336.25 | Z28 | > 290.02 |
| Z14 | > 321.13 | Z29 | 252.68 |
| Z15 | > 336.25 | Z30 | > 293.77 |
| 5-Fluorouracil | 8.84 | 5-Fluorouracil | 8.84 |
Structure activity relationship (SAR)
The substitution of halogenated α, β-unsaturated aldehyde i.e. 2-bromo-3-phenylacrylaldehyde (compound Z24) displayed an important role in improving the antiproliferative and antimicrobial activities as compared to (compound Z29) its non-halogenated α, β unsaturated aldehyde. Structure activity relationship study is shown in Fig. 5.
Fig. 5.
Structural requirements for the antimicrobial and anticancer activities of synthesized benzimidazole derivatives
Methods/experimental
The starting material were purchased from different sources and used without further purification for the synthesis and analytical purpose. The reaction steps were confirmed by TLC (thin layer chromatography). Melting point was determined using labtech melting point equipment. An infrared spectrum was recorded [Attenuated total reflection (ATR), range of 4000–600 cm−1] on Bruker 12060280 spectrometer. Proton and carbon-NMR (δ, ppm) spectral analyses were determined by Bruker Avance III at 600 NMR and 150 MHz, respectively spectrometer in deuterated solvent. Waters Micromass Q-ToF Micro instrument was used for MS spectra. Elemental analyses were carried out by C, H and N analyzer (Perkin-Elmer 2400) around ± 0.3% of the theoretical results. The tested microorganism i.e. Gram positive, Gram negative and fungal species were procured from the Institute of Microbial Technology and Gene bank, Chandigarh for the in vitro antimicrobial activity.
Procedure for synthesis of substituted benzimidazole derivative (Z1–Z30)
Step a: Synthesis of intermediate-i
A mixture of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole (0.01 mol) and chloroacetylchloride (0.01 mol) in ethanol (30 mL) in presence of anhydrous K2CO3 (0.01 mol) was refluxed for 6 h. The precipitated solid was filtered, evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure to get intermediate-i [5].
Step b: Synthesis of intermediate-ii
The solution of intermediate-i (0.01 mol) and hydrazine hydrate (0.02 mol) in ethanol (20 mL) was refluxed for 5 h. The solution was then poured in ice cold water and resulting solid was filtered, dried and recrystallized from ethanol [23].
Step c: Synthesis of title compounds Z1–Z15
An equimolar mixture of intermediate-i and substituted aniline in ethanol was refluxed for 4–5 h. After completion of reaction, it was poured into ice cold water and the precipitated title compound was filtered, dried and recrystallized from ethanol [24].
Step d: Synthesis of title compounds Z16–Z30
An equimolar mixture of intermediate-ii and substituted aromatic aldehydes with 2–3 drops of glacial acetic acid in ethanol (20 mL) was refluxed for 6 h. The resultant precipitate was filtered and recrystallized from ethanol to yield the required compound [23].
Biological evaluation
Antimicrobial evaluation (MIC)
The antimicrobial evaluation of the synthesized derivatives was carried out by tube dilution method [25] towards selected Gram positive, Gram negative and fungal microorganisms shown in Table 3. The screening results were compared with standard drugs i.e. cefadroxil and fluconazole.
The stock solutions (100 µg/mL)
The tested compounds and standard drugs were prepared in dimethylsulfoxide and further diluted up to six concentrations [26].
Broth media
Sabouraud dextrose broth used for antifungal activity and double strength nutrient broth used for antibacterial activity.
Incubation periods
The compounds were incubated at 25 ± 1 °C for 7 days (fungi—A. niger), at 37 ± 1 °C for 24 h (bacteria) and at 37 ± 1 °C for 48 h (fungi—C. albicans), respectively.
Anticancer evaluation (IC50)
The antiproliferative activity was determined by SRB assay. Briefly, HCT116 was seeded onto the 96 well plate at 2500 cells/well. The cells were allowed to attach overnight before being exposed to the respective compounds (0.01–100 µg/mL) for 72 h. The highest concentration of each compound tested (100 µg/mL) contained only 0.1% DMSO (non-cytotoxic). SRB assay [27] was then performed whereby the cells were fixed using trichloroacetic acid for 30 min at 4 °C and stained with 0.4% (w/v) SRB mixed with 1% acetic acid for 15 min. After five washes with 1% acetic acid solution, the protein-bound dye was extracted with 10 mM tris base solution. Optical density was read at 570 nm and IC50 (i.e. concentration required to inhibit 50% of the cells) of each compound was determined. Anticancer results were presented as mean IC50 of at least triplicates.
Conclusion
In this study, the synthesized benzimidazole scaffolds were authenticated by their consistent spectral data. The antimicrobial potential of synthesized compounds was assessed against different fungal and bacterial species, along with their anticancer activity against HCT116 cell line. The activity results indicated that the presence of α-bromo group in benzylidene portion (compound 24) played an important role in improving the antimicrobial as well as antiproliferative activities and may be used as a lead for the discovery of new antimicrobial and anticancer agents.
Authors’ contributions
Authors BN, ST and SK—have designed, synthesized and carried out the antimicrobial activity and KR, SML, SAAS and VM—have carried out the spectral analysis and anticancer evaluation of synthesized compounds. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to Head, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, for providing necessary facilities to carry out this research work
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Availability of data and materials
Not applicable.
Funding
Not applicable.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Abbreviations
- CRC
Colorectal Cancer
- HDAC
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor
- WHO
World Health Organization
- IR
Infrared
- NMR
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- MS
Mass Spectrometry
- TLC
Thin Layer Chromatography
- ATR
Attenuated Total Reflection
- DMSO
Dimethyl Sulfoxide
- SRB
Sulforhodamine B
- HCT116
Human colorectal carcinoma 116
- MIC
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
- 5-FU
5-Fluorouracil
- µM
micro mole
- SAR
Structure Activity Relationship
- MTCC
Microbial Type Culture Collection
- SA
Staphylococcus aureus
- ST
Salmonella typhi
- KP
Klebsiella pneumoniae
- EC
Escherichia coli
- CA
Candida albicans
- AN
Aspergillus niger
Contributor Information
Sumit Tahlan, Email: sumittahlan1989@gmail.com.
Sanjiv Kumar, Email: sanjiv.pharmchem@gmail.com.
Kalavathy Ramasamy, Email: kalav922@gmail.com.
Siong Meng Lim, Email: stvlsm@gmail.com.
Syed Adnan Ali Shah, Email: benzene301@yahoo.com.
Vasudevan Mani, Email: vasumpharmacol@gmail.com.
Ranjana Pathania, Email: rpathfbs@iitr.ac.in.
Balasubramanian Narasimhan, Email: naru2000us@yahoo.com.
References
- 1.Gaba M, Mohan C. Development of drugs based on imidazole and benzimidazole bioactive heterocycles: recent advances and future directions. Med Chem Res. 2016;25:173–210. doi: 10.1007/s00044-015-1495-5. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- 2.Reddy MD, Fronczek FR, Watkins EB. Rh-catalyzed, regioselective, C–H bond functionalization: access to quinoline-branched amines and dimmers. Org Lett. 2016;18:5620–5623. doi: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b02848. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Motati DR, Uredi D, Watkins EB. A general method for the metal-free, regioselective, remote C–H halogenation of 8-substituted quinolines. Chem Sci. 2018;9:1782–1788. doi: 10.1039/C7SC04107A. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 4.Reddy CR, Radhika L, Kumar TP, Chandrasekhar S. First acid-catalyzed entry to O-alkylated hydroximides from benzylic alcohols. Eur J Org Chem. 2011;2011:5967–5970. doi: 10.1002/ejoc.201100797. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- 5.Hosamani KM, Shingalapur RV. Synthesis of 2-mercaptobenzimidazole derivatives as potential anti-microbial and cytotoxic agents. Arch Pharm Chem Life Sci. 2011;11:311–319. doi: 10.1002/ardp.200900291. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 6.More G, Bootwala S, Shenoy S, Mascarenhas J, Aruna K. Synthesis, Characterization and in vitro antitubercular and antimicrobial activities of new aminothiophene Schiff bases and their Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) metal complexes. OJC. 2018;34(2):800–812. [Google Scholar]
- 7.Szarynska M, Olejniczak A, Kobiela J, Spychalski P, Kmiec Z. Therapeutic strategies against cancer stem cells in human colorectal cancer (Review) Oncol Lett. 2017;14:7653–7668. doi: 10.3892/ol.2017.7261. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Mor M, Bordi F, Silva C, Rivara S, Zuliani V, Vacondio F, Rivara M, Barocelli E, Bertoni S, Ballabeni V, Magnanini F, Impicciatore M, Plazzi PV. Synthesis, biological activity, QSAR and QSPR study of 2-aminobenzimidazole derivatives as potent H3-antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem. 2004;12:663–674. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2003.11.030. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.Deivedi SK, Tripathi AK, Singh VK. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole derivatives. Pharmacologyonline. 2010;2:30–35. [Google Scholar]
- 10.Yadav R, Srivastava SD, Srivastava SK. Synthesis, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of 4-oxothiazolidines and their arylidenes. Indian J Chem. 2005;44B:1262–1266. [Google Scholar]
- 11.Shafik RM, El-Din SAS, Eshba NH, El-Hawash SAM, Desheesh MA, Abdel-Aty AS, Ashour HM. Synthesis of novel 2-[2-(substituted amino)phenethyl]-1H-benzimidazoles; 3,4-dihydro and 1,2,3,4,-tetrahydropyrimido[1,6-a]-benzimidazoles as potential antiulcer agents. Pharmazie. 2004;59:899–905. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Loriga M, Paglietti G, Piras S, Sparatore F, Anania V, Demontis MP, Varoni MV, Fattaccio MC. Synthesis and evaluation of gastroprotective and antiulcer activity of some 2-substituted-1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines and -1H-benzimidazoles. Farmaco. 1992;47(3):287–303. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 13.Zhang J, Wang J-L, Zhou Z-M, Li Z-H, Xue W-Z, Xua D, Hao L-P, Han X-F, Fei F, Liu T, Liang A-H. Design, synthesis and biological activity of 6-substituted carbamoyl benzimidazoles as new nonpeptidic angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem. 2012;20:4208–4216. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.05.056. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Hwu JR, Singha R, Hong SC, Chang YH, Das AR, Vliegen I, Clercq ED, Neyts J. Synthesis of new benzimidazole–coumarin conjugates as anti-hepatitis C virus agents. Antiviral Res. 2008;77:157–162. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2007.09.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 15.Starcevic K, Kralj M, Ester K, Sabol I, Grce M, Pavelic K, Karminski-Zamola G. Synthesis, antiviral and antitumor activity of 2-substituted-5-amidino-benzimidazoles. Bioorg Med Chem. 2007;15:4419–4426. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.04.032. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 16.Torres-Gomez H, Hernandez-Nunez E, Leon-Rivera I, Guerrero-Alvarez J, Cedillo-Rivera R, Moo-Puc R, Argotte-Ramos R, Rodriguez-Gutierrez MC, Chan-Bacab MJ, Navarrete-Vazquez G. Design, synthesis and in vitro antiprotozoal activity of benzimidazolepentamidine hybrids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2008;18:3147–3151. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.05.009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 17.Fuchigami T, Yamaguchi H, Ogawa M, Biao L, Nakayama M, Haratake M, Magata Y. Synthesis and biological evaluation of radio-iodinated benzimidazoles as SPECT imaging agents for NR2B subtype of NMDA receptor. Bioorg Med Chem. 2010;18:7497–7506. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.08.053. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 18.Jesudason EP, Sridhar SK, Malar EJP, Shanmugapandiyan P, Inayathullah M, Arul V, Selvaraj D, Jayakumar R. Synthesis, pharmacological screening, quantum chemical and in vitro permeability studies of N-Mannich bases of benzimidazoles through bovine cornea. Eur J Med Chem. 2009;44:2307–2312. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.03.043. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 19.Yang H, Murigi FN, Wang Z, Li J, Jin H, Tu Z. Synthesis and in vitro characterization of cinnoline and benzimidazole analogues as phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2015;25:919–924. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.054. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 20.Hamaguchi W, Masuda N, Isomura M, Miyamoto S, Kikuchi S, Amano Y, Honbou K, Mihara T, Watanabe T. Design and synthesis of novel benzimidazole derivatives as phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitors with reduced CYP1A2 inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem. 2013;21:7612–7623. doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.10.035. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 21.Refaat HM. Synthesis and anticancer activity of some novel 2-substituted benzimidazole derivatives. Eur J Med Chem. 2015;45:2949–2956. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.03.022. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 22.Yang YH, Cheng MS, Wang QH, Nie H, Liao N, Wang J, Chen H. Design, synthesis and anti-tumor evaluation of novel symmetrical bis-benzimidazoles. Eur J Med Chem. 2009;44:1808–1812. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2008.07.021. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 23.Tahlan S, Narasimhan B, Lim SM, Ramasamy K, Mani V, Shah SAA. Design, synthesis, SAR study, antimicrobial and anticancer evaluation of novel 2-mercaptobenzimidazole azomethine derivatives. Mini-Rev Med Chem. 2018 doi: 10.2174/1389557518666180903151849. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 24.Kumar S, Lim SM, Ramasamy K, Vasudevan M, Shah SAA, Narasimhan B. Bis-pyrimidine acetamides: design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Chem Cent J. 2017;11(1):80. doi: 10.1186/s13065-017-0312-2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 25.Cappuccino JG, Sherman N. In microbiology-a laboratory manual. 4. California: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc; 1999. p. 263. [Google Scholar]
- 26.Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare . Pharmacopoeia of India. New Delhi: Controller of publication, Ministry of Health Department, Govt. of India; 2007. p. 37. [Google Scholar]
- 27.Skehan P, Storeng R, Scudiero D, Monks A, McMahon J, Vistica D, Warren JT, Bokesch H, Kenney S, Boyd MR. New colorimetric cytotoxicity assay for anticancer-drug screening. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1990;82:1107–1112. doi: 10.1093/jnci/82.13.1107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
Not applicable.