Figure 1.

The hierarchical structure of bone from macroscale to molecular composition (gray arrows) and the biomimetic construction of bone biomaterials and scaffolds from molecular composition to macroscale (yellow arrows). Inspired by the native features of bone, multi-scaled biomimetic strategies of bone scaffolds have been developed for superior osteogenic properties – these strategies include the usage of element-doped bioceramics, template-induced biomimetic mineralization, recapitulation of extracellular micro/nanostructure, and the development of stimuli-responsive bone scaffolds.