Table 3.
CCHFV vaccine MCMs evaluated in humans and laboratory animals.
| Vaccine. | Treatment Regimen | Route of Vaccination | Animal Species/Strain | % Protection | Target(s) | Mechanism of Protection | Human Efficacy Data | REF |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MVA-GP | 1 × 107 PFU/dose, 2 doses | IM | IFNAR−/−(A129) | 100 | M-segment glycoproteins | antibody appeared irrelevant | N | [107] |
| M-segment DNA vaccine | 25 µg DNA, three doses | IM electroporation | IFNAR−/−(C57BL/6), or C57BL/6 (mAb 5A3 treated upon challenge) | 60–70 | M-segment glycoproteins | neutralizing and total antibody titers do not correlate with protection | N | [82] |
| rVSV expressing M-segment ORF | 1 or 2 doses of 107 PFU/dose | IP | STAT-1 | 100 | M-segment glycoproteins | antibody against glycoproteins, and neutralizing antibody titers but mechanism is unclear | N | [86] |
| GN/GC and N DNA vaccine and/or VLPs | 50 µg DNA; 1 × 106 VLPs, three doses varying combinations | intradermal electroporation (DNA), IP (VLP) | IFNAR−/−(A129) | 100 | GN, GC and N | unknown | N | [108] |
| Bovine Herpesvirus N subunit vaccine | 100 TCID50, two doses | IM | IFNAGR−/− | 100 | N | unknown | N | [79] |
| CCHF virus-like replicon particle with M-segment | 1 dose of 105 TCID50 or 103 TCID50 | SC | IFNAR−/− | 103 TCID50 (80%), 105 TCID50 (100%) | M-segment glycoproteins | unknown | N | [109] |
| MVA-NP | 1 or 2 doses of 107 PFU/dose | IM | IFNAR−/−(A129) | 0 | N | not protective | N | [110] |
| GN ectodomain or GC ectodomain subunit vaccines | 2 doses 7.5 µg GC or 15 µg GN | IP | STAT-1 | 0 + | GN or GC | not protective | N | [111] |
| Formalin inactivated cell culture derived CCHFV mixed with alum | 3 doses of 5, 20, or 40 µg | IP | IFNAR−/− | 5 µg dose (60%), 20 and 40 µg (80%) | Whole virus | antibody against glycoproteins, and neutralizing antibody titers but mechanism is unclear | N | [112] |
| Adenovirus N subunit vaccine | 1.25 × 107 IFU | IM | IFNAR−/−(C57BL/6) | 33–78 | N | prime/boost more protective | N | [113] |
| Mouse brain-derived chloroform and heat inactivated CCHFV strain V42/81 # adsorbed on Al(OH)3 | 1 mL doses (day 0 and 30, 1 y and every 5 y thereafter (given March-April) | SC | humans | Unknown | Whole virus | antibody against glycoproteins and N, and T-cell response to N but mechanism is unclear | Y | [114] |
# Human data; + Either subunit