Table 5.
The summary of findings regarding cross-modal associations between oral and hand-feel touch cues.
| Types of Oral Touch Cues | Presentation Types of Oral Touch Cues | Types of Touch Cues | Presentation Types of Touch Cues | Key Findings | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crispness | Potato chips; Attribute intensity | Material | Packaging bags (polyvinyl vs. wax-coated) | Potato chips in polyvinyl bags were perceived to be crisper | McDaniel & Baker [210] |
| Weight, thinness/thickness, softness/hardness, temperature, roughness/smoothness, flexible/stiff | Hot tea & carbonated beverage; Attribute intensity | Weight, thinness/thickness, softness/hardness, temperature, roughness/smoothness, flexible/stiff | Cups (of varying materials); Attribute intensity | Product ratings for certain attributes (e.g., warmness and softness), followed packaging ratings for those attributes | Schifferstein (Experiments 1 & 2) [141] |
| Softness/firmness, freshness/staleness | Pretzels; Attribute intensity | Softness/firmness, freshness/staleness | Pretzels; Attribute intensity | Stale pretzels evaluated by hands were associated with a staler and softer perception of fresh pretzels evaluated orally; Fresh pretzels evaluated by hands were associated with a fresher and firmer perception of stale pretzels evaluated orally | Barnett-Cowan [204] |
| Density | Yogurt; Attribute intensity | Weight | Bowls | Yogurt served in heavier bowls were rated as denser and liked more than when served in lighter bowls | Piqueras-Fiszman & Spence [140] |
| Crunchiness | Biscuits; Attribute intensity | Roughness/smoothness | Containers | Biscuits served in rough-finished containers were rated as crunchier than when served in smooth-coated containers | Piqueras-Fiszman & Spence [205] |
| Density | Yogurt; Attribute density | Cutlery item weight | Spoons | Yogurt sampled using lighter spoons was rated as denser and more expensive than when sampled using heavier spoons | Harrar & Spence (Experiment 1) [137] |
| Carbonation | Still & carbonated water; Attribute intensity, pleasantness | Weight | Cups (plastic) | Still and carbonated water samples were rated as less pleasant and more carbonated when served in heavy plastic cups (compared to lighter plastic cups) | Maggioni et al. [138] |
| Temperature | Tea; Attribute intensity | Material | Cups (glass, plastic, paper) | Tea samples served in glass cups were perceived to be colder (compared to plastic and paper cups) | Tu et al. [142] |
| Crunchiness, roughness | Biscuits; Attribute intensity | Roughness/smoothness | Plates | Biscuits served in rougher-surfaced plates were rated as crunchier and rougher than when served in smoother-surfaced plates | Biggs et al. [206] |
| Carbonation | Cola & water; Attribute intensity | Shape | Glasses | Cola and water served in a bulbous bottle were perceived to have more carbonation than when served in cola or water glasses | Cavazzana et al. [185] |
| Carbonation | Fruit drinks; Attribute intensity | Weight | Cups (plastic) | Highly bitter fruit drinks were perceived to be more carbonated when presented with heavier plastic cups (compared to lighter plastic cups) | Mielby et al. [207] |
| Freshness, lightness | Still & carbonated water; Attribute intensity, pleasantness | Roughness/smoothness | Cups (plain, sandpaper-covered, satin-covered) | Still and carbonated water samples were more pleasant, fresher, and more light when served in plastic cups (compared to sandpaper and/or satin-covered cups) | Risso et al. [208] |
| Crispness | Potato chips; Attribute intensity | Roughness/smoothness | Bowls | No differences | Van Rompay & Groothedde [197] |