Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of creative expression (CE) therapy on cognition, communication, emotion, and quality-of-life in people with dementia.
Methods: One hundred individuals were included in this study, of whom 91 completed the study (mean age=84.33). The participants were randomly assigned to an intervention group (n=43) and a control group (n=48), and received the CE program or standard cognitive (SC) training twice a week for 6 weeks, respectively. Both groups were submitted to extensive neuropsychological tests, as follows – Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Quality of Life-Alzheimer’s Disease (QOL-AD), Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD), Functional Assessment of Communication Skills (FACS) at baseline, 1-, and 4 -weeks post-intervention, and the Observed Emotion Rating Scale (OERS) was measured during the intervention period at weeks 3 and 6.
Results: The participants demonstrated significant improvements in cognitive function, quality-of-life, depression degree, communication ability, and emotion status (P<0.05) at post-intervention, which were maintained at 1-month follow-up.
Conclusion: This study provides preliminary evidence that CE therapy developed in the study benefits elderly Chinese with dementia. The findings indicated that non-pharmacological intervention programs – CE therapy – can be applied in the management of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia.
Keywords: dementia, creative expression therapy, standard cognitive training, psycho-social intervention
Introduction
Dementia is a collective name for progressive degenerative neurocognitive disease, one of the greatest global challenge for health and social care in recent years.1 As the population ages, due to increasing life expectancy, the number of people with dementia is increasing rapidly, and is projected to treble to 131 million by 2050.2 Dementia currently affects approximately 9.5 million Chinese people, accounting for 20% of the total number of world dementia patients, a figure expected to top 16 million by 2030.2 Meeting the needs of very large numbers of people living with dementia and other age-related conditions is challenging for China.
The progressive condition of dementia affects older people by diminishing their memory, language, communication ability, mood, and personality. These losses not only impair a person’s ability to function independently, but also have a negative impact on quality-of-life and relationships.3 Many people with dementia eventually become totally dependent on others. As a global health issue, dementia takes a heavy toll on people, society, and the economy.4 Researchers are exploring a range of promising findings related to the treatment of dementia. Damage to the brain can lead to dementia, therefore, limiting the extent and rate of progression of the pathological process producing this damage is a feasible approach.
Pharmacological therapies are effective, but have limitations to treat many symptoms caused by this progressive disease. However, a number of studies have pointed out that non-pharmacological treatments have significant advantages in clinically relevant outcomes.1,5,6 Among which cognitive stimulation therapy is an evidence-based psycho-social intervention7 that significantly demonstrates effects in treating neuropsychiatric symptoms and improving quality-of-life for persons with dementia, and one modality is creative expression (CE) programs, which engage people in supportive environments to produce something new that is of value to self and others.8
A particular CE program, called TimeSlips, from the Center on Age & Community of Milwaukee at the University of Wisconsin is a non-pharmacological treatment that involves facilitators encouraging patients to exercise their creativity and imagination.8,9 Even people in the face of memory loss and disorientation could benefit from the activity.10 TimeSlips can prompt dementia patients with memory loss and hypo-function to express themselves, thus giving them social roles through imaginations to maintain their personhood.10 This process does not require dementia patients to have a good memory, and can be achieved through their existing functions.
There is a growing sense among healthcare providers that person-centered care (PCC) is a preferred choice for dementia care.11–13 PCC is characterized by supporting the person’s remaining abilities rather than their losses, and this process also includes meaningful social interactions and respect of personal preferences.13–15 The mode proposed by TimeSlips is highly conformed to PCC’s principles. Kitwood16 developed a series of guiding PCC principles and asserted that good dementia care entails varied positive interactions in sequential processes, such as recognition, relaxation, play, creation, and so on. As a kind of group activity, the storytelling program may galvanize the spontaneity and inspiration of persons affected by dementia. During this group activity they can contact with others actively, thus satisfying their psychological needs and maintaining esteem. Therefore, Timeslips has been recommended to be applied in persons with dementia. However, very little evidence is available on the response to treat neuropsychiatric symptoms and improve quality-of-life for people with dementia in China. Although some non-pharmacological therapies applied to Chinese people with dementia were reported, rarely have they been adequately evaluated, or systematically implemented. There were limited cross-cultural studies of behavioral and psychological therapy on people with dementia in China. Therefore, to address these gaps, we conducted an exploratory randomized controlled trial to examine the effects of short-term CE program in Chinese people with dementia.
Participants and methods
This study was designed as a prospective, non-blinded, randomized controlled trial to evaluate the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of the CE program in China. All participants volunteered to take part in the preliminary study, and they were fully informed about the content of study that includes the purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits of the research. As the participants were cognitively impaired, written consent was sought from their proxies. The Human Subjects Ethics Committee of Fujian Provincial Hospital approved the study (K2013-010-01). The study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki,17 and registered in the Chinese Clinical Trials Registry (trial registration number: ChiCTR-ONN-16007776).
Setting
In China, the Long-Term Care Facilities (LTCF) in the social service system are also known as residential care or nursing homes, where professional caregivers provide routine care for residents who need care, often with chronic diseases, disabilities, or cognitive impairment.18,19 This study was conducted at three nursing homes in Fuzhou, a city in southeastern China. During the study, an evaluation was implemented to ensure that the environment be bright and comfortable enough to make persons with dementia feel relaxed.20
Participants
A total of 100 persons with dementia from LTCF were invited to participate in the present study, and 91 finally completed the whole intervention. These participants were allocated randomly into two groups, which either received the CE program (intervention group, n=43) or standard cognitive (SC) training (control group, n=48). Randomization was carried out by a statistician after screening was completed. Group assignment was concealed until the completion of baseline assessment. The assessor was not involved in the intervention, and the interventionists were not involved in the outcome assessments.
The recruitment of the participants is summarized in Figure 1. The inclusion criteria for participants were as follows: 1) aged ≥65 years old; dementia diagnosis conformed to World Health Organization (WHO) and International Classification of Disease (ICD)-10; 2) Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score of ≥11 but <27;21 3) understood and could speak Mandarin or Fuzhou dialects, with hearing adequate to hear the program dialog and eyesight adequate to observe the program stimulus picture. Patients with advanced terminal illness, learning disability, or those dropping out of the study without any follow-up were excluded.
Figure 1.
Study flow chart.
Abbreviations: CE, creative expression; SC, standard cognitive.
Sample size
According to a previous study,22 we chose α=0.05 and β=0.10. A16-sample pretest pilot was carried out to get δ=0.937 and σ=1.204. It is estimated that the sample size in a single group could be 35. In view of a 10% attrition rate, the sample size of two groups could reach 78 totally. The number of recruited participants (n=91) is large enough in our study.
Design
Based on a community health action research model, participatory action research (PAR) was carried out to develop the feasible CE program in this study. Seven rounds of action research cycle, including plan, action, observation, and reflective discussion were completed.23 To prevent the Hawthorne effect of the intervention group, the participants in the control group received SC training. According to a related study,24 we designed the SC training as follows: orientation for time and place, songs in chorus, recalling memorable events, appreciating music or documentaries, tangram puzzles, games (such as origami, maps, shovel beans, fishing), finger exercises or reading newspapers, event planning.
Participants in each group were divided into six subgroups with seven or eight persons with dementia. The activities were held twice a week, 1 hour each, for 6 weeks. After intervention, the ability of communication, cognition, mood, depression, and quality-of-life were evaluated post-intervention and 1-month following.
The programs in the two groups were carried out by a group of psychotherapists. Each session had one therapist to lead the delivery of the program, and two facilitators were responsible for observing and recording the responses of participants in activities. Meanwhile, a video recorder was used to record the details.
Intervention
CE program
An accredited therapist delivered the intervention twice a week for 6 weeks. The participants were encouraged to actively engage in the creative expression process and follow the therapist’s instructions. The picture with a calming nature was selected, in accordance with participant preferences. Creative expression is characterized by active participation in the process of bringing something new into existence. In this study, “something new” included the creation of a story, perspective, or process, and the facilitator applied “open-ended” questions to encourage imagination and individual expression. There are five steps of functional tasks involved in this CE program, ie, the presentation of a picture, including the topic of the picture, the background scenery, the development of a story, the actions of the leading character, and the ending of the story. All sessions began with a 10 minute warm-up of an interaction game, followed by the 30 minute CE program, and then ended with a 5–10 minute discussion and a 5 minute conclusion. This activity combines with Kitwood’s16 theory of dementia care by promoting self-expression and active interaction in a comfortable space, which give prominence to the uniqueness of persons, enabling them to feel concerned, supported, and cared for.
SC training
Participants in the control group received 6-week standard cognitive training (twice per week) facilitated by a group of occupational therapists (social workers, registered nurse, and physicians) Each session included 10 minutes of warm-up of an interaction game, followed by 30 minutes of core cognitive strategy training (a course, an activity, or a game) and, finally, 5–10 minutes of conclusion speeches. No specific creative activity was administered in the control group.
Tools
To compare the effect of CE storytelling on cognitive function, MMSE, Chinese version, were measured before and after intervention. MMSE consists of five items, including orientation, registration, attention, calculation, recall, and language and praxis. The Quality of Life-Alzheimer’s Disease (QOL-AD) was designed specifically to obtain a rating of the quality-of-life of people with dementia.25 This brief and self-report questionnaire was designed, and a rating was obtained from both the participants and the caregiver.26 The depression degree of participants was measured by the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD),27,28 including mood-related symptoms, behavioral disturbances, physical signs, cyclic functions, and ideational disturbances. The higher the score is, the more severe the depression is. The data was collected through interview or by formal caregivers of the people with dementia. Functional Assessment of Communication Skills (FACS) was used to measure participants’ communication ability. FACS consists of four subscales: social communication (21 items), communication of basic needs (7 items), reading, writing, number concept (10 items), and daily planning (5 items).29 We have developed the Chinese version scale, authorized by the author in the preliminary study, which has revealed good reliability and validity in the Chinese population.30 The content validity index of this instrument was 0.91; internal validity was 0.93; test–re-test reliability was 0.839; and the inter-rater reliability was 0.61.30 To figure out the emotion status in participants, the Observed Emotion Rating Scale (OERS) was measured during the intervention period, including five items: pleasure, anger, anxiety/fear, sadness, and general alertness.31 In the OERS, pleasure and general alertness belong to the positive emotions, while the remaining three are negative ones.32 Observation methods acquired first hand data by watching and inspecting an event or phenomenon. The observable phenomenon included personal characters and status, activity pattern, verbal and non-verbal communicating behavior, skill proficiency, environment feature, and so on. In this study, we applied structural standard observation to survey the mood of participants in CE storytelling environment with a duration of 10 minutes.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were carried out with IBM SPSS Statistics 21.0 The P-value was set to P<0.05. We used descriptive statistics–number (percentage) or mean±standard deviation (SD) to present the basic characteristics of the study participants. Group differences in demographics and baseline assessments were compared by using the appropriate statistical tests (independent samples t-test, or chi-square test). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the following three points: pre-intervention, post-intervention, and 1-month follow-up. A repeated measures analysis of covariance contained two factors, including group and time. The baseline of the outcome was used as the covariate. This method could compare changes of each dependent variable in the two groups, respectively, during different time periods. Observational data on staff–resident interactions and resident engagement were analyzed by independent samples t-test.
Results
Participant characteristics
Of the original 100 participants, nine dropped out shortly after the start of the study. Ninety-one participants from LTCF were recruited and allocated into two groups: CE (n=43) and SC (n=48). (Figure 1). No significant differences were observed between the control and intervention groups for all the baseline variables. The mean age of the participants was 84.33 (SD=7.17), and the majority of them (62.60%) were female. Most had received either secondary education or above (71.4%). Demographic characteristics for each participant are presented in Table 1.
Table 1.
Baseline demographic and neuropsychological evaluations of participants
| Characteristics | Overall (n=91) | CE program (n=43) | SC training (n=48) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 84.33 (7.17) | 85.3 (5.89) | 83.46 (8.11) | 0.222a |
| Gender (%) | 0.203b | |||
| Male | 34 (37.4) | 19 (44.2) | 15 (31.3) | |
| Female | 57 (62.6) | 24 (55.8) | 33 (68.8) | |
| Marital status (%) | 0.431b | |||
| Married | 14 (15.4) | 10 (23.3) | 8 (16.7) | |
| Single/divorced | 77 (84.6) | 33 (76.7) | 40 (83.3) | |
| Education level (%) | 0.288b | |||
| No schooling/Primary | 26 (28.6) | 10 (23.3) | 16 (33.3) | |
| Secondary/Tertiary | 65 (71.4) | 33 (76.7) | 32 (66.7) | |
| Self-care (%) | 0.614b | |||
| Fully self-care | 28 (30.8) | 13 (30.2) | 13 (27.1) | |
| Partially self-care | 53 (58.2) | 22 (51.2) | 29 (60.4) | |
| Totally incapacitated | 10 (11.0) | 8 (18.6) | 6 (12.5) | |
| MMSE score, mean (SD) | 18.55 (4.97) | 18.72 (4.85) | 18.40 (5.13) | 0.758a |
| QOL-AD scores, mean (SD) | 30.11 (5.44) | 29.14 (5.63) | 30.98 (5.16) | 0.108a |
| CSDD score, mean (SD) | 4.45 (3.46) | 3.79 (2.57) | 5.04 (4.03) | 0.085a |
| FACS score, mean (SD) | ||||
| Social Communication | 5.85 (0.90) | 5.88 (0.96) | 5.83 (0.85) | 0.802a |
| Communication of Basic Needs | 6.04 (1.08) | 5.82 (1.10) | 6.23 (1.05) | 0.073a |
Notes: aIndependent sample t-test. bChi-square test.
Abbreviations: MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; QOL-AD, Quality of Life–Alzheimer’s Disease; CSDD, Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia; FACS, Functional Assessment of Communication Skills; CE, creative expression; SC, standard cognitive.
Assessment of cognitive function, quality-of-life, depression, and communication ability
All mean group assessment scores and between-group comparisons are illustrated in Table 2. The results of the repeated-measures ANOVA showed significant improvements in the CE group in all measurements at post-intervention and at 1 month follow-up. Similarly, there was significant improvement in all assessments in the SC, except cognitive function (MMSE) and quality-of-life (QOL-AD). At post-intervention, there were no significant differences observed between the CE and SC groups. At 1 month follow-up, the CE group showed significantly greater improvement than the SC group in quality-of-life (QOL-AD, P<0.05), depression (CSDD, P<0.05), and social communication (FACS, P<0.001).
Table 2.
Outcome at baseline, postintervention, and 1 month follow-up
| Measures | Groups CE (n=43) or SC (n=48) | Baseline mean (SD) | Postintervention mean (SD) | Follow-up mean (SD) | Postintervention | Follow-up | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P-value (group) | P-value (time) | Effect size (95% CI) | P-value (group) | P-value (time) | Effect size (95% CI) | |||||
| MMSE | CE | 18.72 (4.85) | 20.47 (5.75) | 19.77 (5.57) | 0.344 | 0.001a | d=−1.74 (−2.68，-0.81) | 0.247 | 0.017a | d=−1.05 (−1.90，-0.20) |
| SC | 18.40 (5.13) | 19.29 (6.00) | 18.35 (5.96) | 0.066 | d=−0.90 (−1.86，0.06) | 0.943 | d=−0.04 (−1.13，-1.21) | |||
| QOL-AD | CE | 29.14 (5.63) | 32.33 (6.47) | 31.33 (5.48) | 0.110 | 0.001a | d=−3.186 (−4.99, −1.38) | 0.030a | 0.010a | d=2.19 (−3.81, −0.56) |
| SC | 30.98 (5.16) | 30.13 (5.96) | 28.65 (6.25) | 0.181 | d=0.854 (−0.41, 2.12) | 0.004a | d=0.854 (−0.79, 3.87) | |||
| CSDD | CE | 3.79 (2.57) | 2.26 (2.49) | 2.86 (2.22) | 0.060 | 0.001a | d=1.535 (0.70, 2.37) | 0.047a | 0.012a | d=0.930 (0.22, 1.64) |
| SC | 5.04 (4.03) | 3.44 (3.26) | 4.90 (6.24) | 0.015a | d=1.60 (0.33, 2.88) | 0.872 | d=0.146 (−1.67, 1.96) | |||
| FACS | ||||||||||
| Social Communication | CE | 5.88 (0.96) | 6.38 (0.77) | 6.41 (0.77) | 0.010a | 0.003a | d=−0.50 (−0.82, −0.18) | 0.001a | <0.001a | d=−0.53 (−0.75, −0.31) |
| SC | 5.83 (0.85) | 5.94 (0.81) | 5.86 (0.69) | 0.151 | d=−0.11 (−0.27, 0.04) | 0.810 | d=−0.03 (−0.27, 0.21) | |||
| Communication of Basic Needs | CE | 5.82 (1.10) | 6.35 (0.79) | 6.17 (1.06) | 0.150 | 0.003a | d=−0.53 (−0.86, −0.20) | 0.240 | 0.069 | d=−0.36 (−0.74, 0.03) |
| SC | 6.23 (1.05) | 6.56 (0.62) | 6.42 (0.86) | 0.036a | d=−0.34 (−0.65, −0.02) | 0.259 | d=−0.19 (−0.52, 0.14) | |||
Notes: Effect size was defined as Cohen’s d of the CE group compared with the CG. Mean= adjusted mean after Bonferroni correction. aP<0.05.
Abbreviations: MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; QOL-AD, Quality of Life–Alzheimer’s Disease; CSDD, Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia; FACS, Functional Assessment of Communication Skills; CE, creative expression; SC, standard cognitive; CI, confidence interval.
Observation of emotions during the intervention
The OERS uses five domains to assess the emotional state of participants, namely pleasure, general alertness, anger, anxiety or fear, and sadness (Table 3). As shown in Table 3, OERS scores in participants of the two groups were compared at weeks 3 and 6. The results showed that pleasure scores and general alertness scores in OERS scale in the CE group were significantly higher than that in control group (P=0.006, week 3; P=0.007, week 6). The scores for the other domains did not differ significantly. During the activity, anger, anxiety, fear, or sadness were rarely observed in participants of the CE group.
Table 3.
The result of OERS
| Measures | Group CE (n=43) or SC (n=48) | Week 3 | Week 6 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | 95% CI | P | Mean (SD) | 95% CI | P | |||
| Positive emotions | Pleasure | CE | 3.23 (1.65) | 0.309–1.740 | 0.006a | 3.77 (1.445) | 0.191–1.635 | 0.014a |
| SC | 2.21 (1.77) | 2.85 (2.000) | ||||||
| General alertness | CE | 5.00 (0.00) | 0.154–0.930 | 0.007a | 4.95 (0.21) | 0.099–0.558 | 0.006a | |
| SC | 4.46 (1.34) | 4.63 (0.76) | ||||||
| Negative emotions | Anger | CE | 1.07 (0.46) | −0.130–0.186 | 0.724 | 1.00 (0.00) | −0.134–0.009 | 0.083 |
| SC | 1.04 (0.29) | 1.06 (0.25) | ||||||
| Anxiety/Fear | CE | 1.00 (0.00) | −0.100–0.017 | 0.159 | 1.02 (0.15) | −0.024–0.070 | 0.323 | |
| SC | 1.04 (0.20) | 1.00 (0.00) | ||||||
| Sadness | CE | 1.00 (0.00) | −0.194–0.069 | 0.347 | 1.02 (0.15) | −0.059–0.064 | 0.938 | |
| SC | 1.06 (0.43) | 1.02 (0.14) | ||||||
Notes: P-value by independent t-test. aP<0.05.
Abbreviations: OERS, Observed Emotion Rating Scale; CE, creative expression; SC, standard cognitive; CI, confidence interval.
Discussion
The aim of this study was to investigate the advantages of the short-term CE program for people with dementia living in long-term care facilities. As this was an exploratory study, designed with the goal of providing preliminary data regarding treatment effect that would indicate whether longitudinal follow-up was warranted, a relatively brief follow-up interval of 1 and 4 weeks post-intervention was used. The 6-week intervention program led to a significant difference between the experimental and comparison groups in the quality-of-life, depression, and social communication scores at 1 month follow-up. The participants in the CE group showed greater improvement in cognitive function, quality-of-life, depression, and communication ability at post-intervention and at 1 month follow-up. Furthermore, the results observed during the intervention showed that the CE group had a better emotional state than the control group.
People with dementia are a vulnerable group, so all participants need to be treated equally and their privacy should be respected in our study, and we do our best not to put them at any risk. Although participants are cognitively compromised, and written consent was provided by their proxies, but informed consent is an expression of their true opinion. Moreover, during the TimeSlips sessions, stress-free relaxing and comfortable environment are essential to enhance participants’ sense so that they can exploit creative potentials, retain strengths, and experience the feeling of respect and acceptance. Also, if participants have any negative emotions, they should be comforted promptly during the activity.
During the whole process of TimeSlips activities, participants were encouraged to express creatively, and their language skills were promoted despite the change not being significant. A study demonstrated that around 10% of participants could be treated completely, even when diagnosed in an early stage.33 Although non-drug therapy methods may not completely cure dementia, they may delay late severe symptoms. CE intervention may benefit the persons with mild-to-moderate dementia. In addition, our results demonstrated that the CE intervention could significantly improve the quality-of-life in people with dementia.
In recent years, studies of depression on the prognosis of dementia have expanded rapidly. Contrasted with healthy elders, people with dementia have a higher incidence of depression, accounting for about 80% of total dementia patients.34 Evidence illustrates that depression will not only delay the recovery of nerve function defects or cognitive impairment, but increase the mortality of cerebrovascular disease, and reduce the quality-of-life.35,36 In this study, it appeared that both interventions may have a remission effect on depression, but the intervention group had an improved maintenance efficacy. CE therapy can significantly improve the depressive symptoms of people with mild-to-moderate dementia. As described in a previous study, participating in an activity was an important factor to decrease depression.37–39 CE therapy gave the participants a new social role of self-value and alleviated depression symptoms.
Both “social communication” and “communication of basic needs” were affected significantly by TimeSlips. During CE therapy, participants were encouraged to tell stories, which trained their communication ability. When participants’ communication skills improve, they express their needs clearly, thus the burden on caregivers may be reduced as well. Meanwhile, the participants receiving CE therapy had higher scores in the intervention group than the control group.
Like general social attention, CE therapy can also affect the main emotional performance, happiness, and alertness of people with dementia. The CE therapy makes participants more confident and feel affirmed. Participants’ negative mood may disappear gradually, and be replaced by happy and alert moods. Our results suggested that paying more attention to persons with dementia contributes to positive emotions. A randomized, controlled trial among 28 elderly patients with dementia demonstrated that CE therapy had a positive effect on patients with Alzheimer’s mood, communication ability, and depression symptoms.40 However, the results did not reach the statistically significant level. Some studies indicated that participants in the test group receiving CE therapy once a week for 10 weeks were more active, positive, and communicative than those in the control group receiving routine nursing intervention.10,41 In Bahlke et al’s42 study, seven patients with moderate-to-severe dementia received CE therapy, and results proved that creative storytelling benefited dementia patients’ oral communication, social interaction, and emotional state. However, none of these researchers considered the social attention bias in the control group except our study. In addition, compared with the studies above, the sample size of 91 in our study is larger. This study demonstrated that CE therapy greatly contributed to elderly people with dementia.
Limitations and future research
There were several limitations in this study. In China, health service resources are too limited to meet the healthcare need, and the number of people with dementia increases annually. Due to the time and resource limits, the eligible subjects in the study were only selected from Fuzhou city. In addition, participating nursing homes with dementia wards are scarce in Fuzhou city. It was challenging to conduct a cohort and multi-center study with such a large sample size. Second, considering that the participants need to have a certain level of ability to understand and communicate, only participants with mild and moderate dementia were recruited, while those with advanced dementia weren’t. Third, the delivery of intervention endured for a period of only 10 weeks, and the findings may be limited and the effective initiating time cannot be determined. Future studies might prolong the intervention to explore the preferable intervention cycle and frequency of CE therapy. Although the findings are positive and certainly interesting, future research should focus on assessing not only neuropsychological outcome measures, but also imaging features, so as to explore the intervention mechanisms. Researchers could also try to compare CE therapy with other psychosocial interventions (such as music therapy) or pharmacotherapies. In this study, the providers of CE therapy are psychotherapists. The next step could be to train the nurses or caregivers to become the implementer and provide CE therapy in the daily care of dementia.
Conclusion
The CE intervention developed in our study greatly contributed to elderly people with dementia. It is feasible to apply CE intervention in the management of dementia treatment. Our findings provided a trans-cultural evidence on dementia treatment.
Acknowledgments
The authors appreciate Dr. Gordon Taylor, and Professors Dr. David Wainwright, and Dr. Alan Buckingham for their advice. This work was supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 81571379), Startup Fund for Scientific Research, Fujian Medical University, China (grant number: 2018QH2023), and Leading Project of Fujian Province, China (grant number: 2017Y0013); and had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish, or manuscript preparation.
Disclosure
Rong Lin and Hui-Ying Chen are co-first authors. The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
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