Table 2.
Examples of various types of delivery systems reported for encapsulation of vitamin D or its analogues for potential topical delivery (VD3—vitamin D3).
| Delivery System | Active | Main Components | Technique/Method | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liposomes | Calcipotriol | Dipalmitoylphosphatidyl-choline (DPPC) and dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC) | Thin film method and extrusion | [63] |
| Calcipotriol | Distearoylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), poly(ethylene glycol)-distearoylphosphoethanolamine (PEG2000-DSPE), sodium cholate | Thin film method and extrusion | [61] | |
| Calcitriol and tacalcitol | Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidic acid, phospha-tidylethanolamine | Made from concentrate (commercial kit) | [64] | |
| Solid lipid nanoparticles | Bethamethasone and calcipotriol | Precirol® ATO 5 | Hot melt high shear homogenization technique and incorporation in Carbol gel matrix | [65] |
| Polymeric nanoparticles | VD3 | Poly(lactic acid) nanoparticles with non-ionic poly(ethylene glycol) or zwitterionic poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) (PMPC) coating | Flash nanoprecipitation | [66] |
| VD3 | ABA triblock copolymers composed of hydrophilic A blocks and hydrophobic B blocks that form TyroSpheres® | TyroSpheres® preparation | [52] |