Table 2.
Prevalence of breastfeeding among culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) mothers from South Western Sydney and Sydney Local Health Districts in Sydney, Australia, 2014–2016 (N = 25,407).
| Variables | Breastfeeding Intention | Skin-to-Skin Contact | EBF at Delivery | EBF at Discharge | EBF at 1–4 Weeks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Study outcomes | |||||
| Yes | 21,232 (94.7) | 16,022 (81.2) | 19,355 (90.7) | 22,555 (93.3) | 19,244 (91.4) |
| No | 629 (2.8) | 3697 (18.8) | 1973 (9.3) | 1629 (6.7) | 1809 (8.6) |
| Undecided | 572 (2.5) | - | - | - | - |
| Socio-demographic factors | |||||
| Maternal age group | |||||
| 20–34 years | 21,048 (93.8) | 18,651 (94.6) | 20,023 (93.9) | 22,690 (93.8) | 1628 (90.0) |
| <20 years | 103 (0.5) | 113 (0.6) | 112 (0.5) | 1375 (5.7) | 14 (9.2) |
| ≥35 years | 1282 (5.7) | 955 (4.8) | 1193 (5.6) | 119 (0.5) | 167 (0.8) |
| SES category | |||||
| High | 10,304 (63.4) | 9778 (52.9) | 10,411 (52.1) | 11,877 (52.5) | 1109 (63.1) |
| Middle | 7962 (32.8) | 7268 (39.3) | 7958 (39.8) | 8922 (39.5) | 588 (33.4) |
| Low | 1598 (3.8) | 1427 (7.7) | 1612 (8.1) | 1817 (8.0) | 62 (3.5) |
| Smoking status | |||||
| No | 21,860 (97.6) | 17,937 (97.3) | 19,520 (97.7) | 22,207 (97.6) | 1532 (92.9) |
| Yes | 543 (2.4) | 437 (2.4) | 467 (2.3) | 540 (2.4) | 117 (7.1) |
| Supportive partner | |||||
| Yes | 20,501 (97.2) | 16,457 (97.2) | 17,773 (97.2) | 20,190 (97.3) | 1454 (95.7) |
| No | 585 (2.8) | 481 (2.8) | 508 (2.8) | 569 (2.7) | 66 (4.3) |
| Major nationality group | |||||
| Oceania | 1237 (5.5) | 1193 (6.1) | 1247 (5.9) | 1368 (5.7) | 221 (12.2) |
| North-West Europe | 360 (1.6) | 326 (1.7) | 343 (1.6) | 373 (1.5) | 18 (1.0) |
| Southern-Eastern Europe | 1177 (5.3) | 1028 (5.2) | 1146 (5.4) | 1262 (5.2) | 128 (7.08) |
| North Africa and The Middle East | 5100 (22.7) | 4649 (23.6) | 4901 (23.0) | 5526 (22.8) | 612 (33.8) |
| South-East Asia | 5437 (24.2) | 4958 (25.1) | 5235 (24.6) | 5868 (24.3) | 487 (26.9) |
| North-East Asia | 3150 (14.0) | 2837 (14.4) | 3048 (14.3) | 3431 (14.2) | 150 (8.3) |
| Southern and Central Asia | 4636 (20.7) | 3638 (18.5) | 4158 (19.5) | 4914 (20.3) | 116 (6.4) |
| Americas | 552 (2.5) | 439 (2.2) | 526 (2.5) | 607 (2.5) | 42 (2.3) |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 784 (3.5) | 651 (3.3) | 724 (3.4) | 835 (3.5) | 35 (1.9) |
| Health factors | |||||
| Antenatal health problems | |||||
| No | 17,847 (82.4) | 15,821 (83.0) | 17,334 (83.7) | 19,514 (83.3) | 1496 (85.1) |
| Yes | 3819 (17.6) | 3245 (17.0) | 3370 (16.3) | 3916 (16.7) | 263 (14.9) |
| Psychosocial intimate partner violence | |||||
| No | 20,657 (98.4) | 19,618 (98.4) | 17,919 (98.4) | 20,360 (98.5) | 1517 (97.9) |
| Yes | 335 (1.6) | 273 (1.6) | 290 (1.6) | 316 (1.5) | 33 (2.1) |
| Physical intimate partner violence | |||||
| No | 20,663 (98.7) | 16,616 (98.7) | 17,911 (98.7) | 20,356 (98.7) | 1522 (98.1) |
| Yes | 270 (1.3) | 213 (1.3) | 243 (1.3) | 265 (1.3) | 30 (1.9) |
| Type of delivery | |||||
| Normal vaginal | 13,356 (59.6) | 14,903 (75.7) | 14,126 (66.3) | 14,432 (59.7) | 988 (54.7) |
| Assisted vaginal | 2581 (11.5) | 2878 (14.6) | 2452 (11.5) | 2759 (11.4) | 163 (9.0) |
| Caesarean section | 6473 (28.9) | 1913 (9.7) | 4730 (22.2) | 6968 (28.8) | 655 (36.3) |
| Antenatal depressive symptoms | |||||
| EPDS ≤ 9 | 16,543 (72.6) | 13,406 (83.3) | 14,392 (82.9) | 16,259 (82.6) | 1164 (79.6) |
| EPDS 10–12 | 2013 (10.1) | 1577 (9.8) | 1751 (10.1) | 1992 (10.1) | 146 (10.0) |
| EPDS ≥ 13 | 1465 (7.3) | 1121 (6.9) | 1222 (7.0) | 1433 (7.3) | 152 (10.4) |
| Postnatal depressive symptoms | |||||
| EPDS ≤ 9 | 15,451 (90.2) | 13,538 (90.6) | 14,739 (90.5) | 16,628 (90.2) | 1,489 (88.9) |
| EPDS 10–12 | 1055 (6.2) | 880 (5.9) | 973 (6.0) | 1139 (6.2) | 94 (5.6) |
| EPDS ≥ 13 | 633 (3.7) | 523 (3.5) | 579 (3.5) | 677 (3.6) | 92 (5.5) |
n: cases; antenatal health problems included diabetes mellitus and/or hypertension; EBF at delivery was defined as infants who received only breast milk within the first 24 h post-delivery; EBF at discharge was measured as infants who received only breast milk in the 24 h preceding discharge from the maternity unit; EPDS: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; SES: Socioeconomic status.