Table 2.
Effects and differences between sexes, of maternal hydroxytyrosol supplementation on the fatty acid profile of the fetal liver. Mean values (±SEM) of neutral lipids in female (F) and male (M) fetuses of the treated (HTX) and the control group (C).
| HTX | C | p-Value | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fatty Acids (g/100 g Total Fatty Acids) | Mean | Female | Male | Mean | Female | Male | HTX vs. C Global | Same Sex (HTX vs. C) | Same Experimental Group (F vs. M) | ||
| HTX vs. C Females | HTX vs. C Males | F vs. M within HTX Group | F vs. M within C Group | ||||||||
| C14:0 | 2.98 ± 0.09 | 2.88 ± 0.09 | 3.09 ± 0.18 | 2.50 ± 0.07 | 2.55 ± 0.10 | 2.43 ± 0.10 | 0.000 | 0.020 | 0.001 | 0.192 | 0.384 |
| C16:0 | 24.98 ± 0.27 | 24.78 ± 0.31 | 25.12 ± 0.51 | 24.13 ± 0.39 | 24.24 ± 0.48 | 24.1 ± 0.65 | 0.086 | 0.307 | 0.170 | 0.339 | 0.861 |
| C16:1n-9 | 1.88 ± 0.06 | 1.89 ± 0.08 | 1.83 ± 0.12 | 1.33 ± 0.05 | 1.40 ± 0.07 | 1.26 ± 0.06 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.815 | 0.135 |
| C16:1n-7 | 8.20 ± 0.17 | 7.87 ± 0.19 | 8.59 ± 0.30 | 7.23 ± 0.11 | 7.39 ± 0.17 | 7.04 ± 0.14 | 0.000 | 0.060 | 0.000 | 0.025 | 0.126 |
| C17:0 | 1.23 ± 0.04 | 1.26 ± 0.06 | 1.22 ± 0.07 | 1.31 ± 0.04 | 1.29 ± 0.05 | 1.32 ± 0.06 | 0.172 | 0.537 | 0.170 | 0.519 | 0.742 |
| C17:1 | 1.09 ± 0.02 | 1.09 ± 0.03 | 1.10 ± 0.04 | 1.06 ± 0.02 | 1.06 ± 0.02 | 1.05 ± 0.02 | 0.210 | 0.380 | 0.380 | 0.753 | 0.601 |
| C18:0 | 14.87 ± 0.37 | 15.32 ± 0.41 | 14.39 ± 0.67 | 19.41 ± 0.48 | 18.77 ± 0.69 | 20.28 ± 0.63 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.190 | 0.121 |
| C18:1n-9 | 17.79 ± 0.35 | 17.61 ± 0.47 | 17.83 ± 0.58 | 15.61 ± 0.40 | 15.91 ± 0.55 | 15.37 ± 0.59 | 0.000 | 0.011 | 0.004 | 0.767 | 0.508 |
| C18:1n-7 | 7.52 ± 0.14 | 7.36 ± 0.14 | 7.79 ± 0.25 | 7.26 ± 0.07 | 7.18 ± 0.10 | 7.36 ± 0.11 | 0.077 | 0.307 | 0.134 | 0.155 | 0.235 |
| C18:2n-6 | 2.89 ± 0.07 | 2.92 ± 0.08 | 2.84 ± 0.13 | 2.65 ± 0.08 | 2.67 ± 0.10 | 2.59 ± 0.12 | 0.022 | 0.057 | 0.199 | 0.363 | 0.601 |
| C18:3n-3 | 0.24 ± 0.01 | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 0.173 | 0.372 | 0.290 | 0.367 | 0.499 |
| C20:1n-9 | 0.34 ± 0.01 | 0.33 ± 0.01 | 0.35 ± 0.02 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | 0.28 ± 0.02 | 0.27 ± 0.02 | 0.000 | 0.007 | 0.004 | 0.500 | 0.813 |
| C20:3n-6 | 0.38 ± 0.01 | 0.38 ± 0.01 | 0.37 ± 0.02 | 0.37 ± 0.01 | 0.37 ± 0.02 | 0.37 ± 0.02 | 0.954 | 0.900 | 0.960 | 0.613 | 0.892 |
| C20:4n-6 | 10.83 ± 0.35 | 11.17 ± 0.41 | 10.54 ± 0.64 | 11.68 ± 0.57 | 11.66 ± 0.72 | 11.55 ± 0.93 | 0.221 | 0.447 | 0.337 | 0.311 | 0.924 |
| C20:5n-3 | 0.21 ± 0.03 | 0.24 ± 0.05 | 0.17 ± 0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 0.869 | 0.704 | 0.539 | 0.569 | 0.897 |
| C22:4n-6 | 0.61 ± 0.03 | 0.59 ± 0.04 | 0.62 ± 0.04 | 0.50 ± 0.02 | 0.50 ± 0.03 | 0.49 ± 0.04 | 0.004 | 0.066 | 0.024 | 0.55 | 0.873 |
| C22:5n-3 | 0.39 ± 0.02 | 0.39 ± 0.02 | 0.39 ± 0.03 | 0.36 ± 0.03 | 0.37 ± 0.04 | 0.35 ± 0.04 | 0.516 | 0.995 | 0.347 | 0.606 | 0.654 |
| C22:6n-3 | 3.59 ± 0.13 | 3.72 ± 0.15 | 3.52 ± 0.26 | 3.89 ± 0.23 | 3.92 ± 0.31 | 3.75 ± 0.34 | 0.287 | 0.415 | 0.492 | 0.364 | 0.710 |
| SFA | 44.06 ± 0.21 | 44.23 ± 0.26 | 43.81 ± 0.35 | 47.35 ± 0.61 | 46.86 ± 0.76 | 48.13 ± 0.98 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.538 | 0.302 |
| MUFA | 36.82 ± 0.63 | 36.14 ± 0.75 | 37.49 ± 1.14 | 32.77 ± 0.56 | 33.22 ± 0.81 | 32.34 ± 0.76 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.000 | 0.296 | 0.441 |
| PUFA | 19.12 ± 0.54 | 19.63 ± 0.63 | 18.7 ± 1.03 | 19.88 ± 0.91 | 19.92 ± 1.16 | 19.53 ± 1.46 | 0.497 | 0.680 | 0.581 | 0.329 | 0.832 |
| UI | 1.14 ± 0.02 | 1.16 ± 0.02 | 1.13 ± 0.04 | 1.15 ± 0.04 | 1.15 ± 0.05 | 1.13 ± 0.06 | 0.903 | 0.890 | 0.962 | 0.414 | 0.727 |
| PUFAn-3 | 4.42 ± 0.15 | 4.57 ± 0.18 | 4.33 ± 0.29 | 4.68 ± 0.25 | 4.72 ± 0.34 | 4.53 ± 0.38 | 0.408 | 0.513 | 0.607 | 0.411 | 0.712 |
| PUFAn-6 | 14.7 ± 0.40 | 15.06 ± 0.47 | 14.37 ± 0.74 | 15.2 ± 0.66 | 15.2 ± 0.83 | 14.99 ± 1.09 | 0.540 | 0.758 | 0.577 | 0.309 | 0.881 |
| Σn-6/Σn-3 | 3.37 ± 0.04 | 3.33 ± 0.05 | 3.39 ± 0.07 | 3.46 ± 0.11 | 3.46 ± 0.17 | 3.48 ± 0.15 | 0.483 | 0.611 | 0.637 | 0.626 | 0.954 |
| C18:1/C18:0 | 1.80 ± 0.09 | 1.69 ± 0.09 | 1.93 ± 0.18 | 1.23 ± 0.05 | 1.29 ± 0.07 | 1.15 ± 0.05 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.200 | 0.119 |
| MUFA/SFA | 0.84 ± 0.02 | 0.82 ± 0.02 | 0.86 ± 0.03 | 0.7 ± 0.01 | 0.71 ± 0.02 | 0.68 ± 0.02 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.298 | 0.159 |
FA (g/100 g Total FA) = Fatty Acids (g/100 g Total Fatty Acids); SFA = Saturated fatty acids. Includes: C14:0, C16:0, C17:0 and C18:0; MUFA = Monounsaturated fatty acids. Includes: C16:1n-9, C16:1n-7, C17:1, C18:1n-9, C18:1n-7, C20:1n-9; PUFA = Polyunsaturated fatty acids. Includes: C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3, C20:3n-9, C20:3n-6, C20:4n-6, C20:5n-3, C22:4n-6, C22:5n-6, C22:5n-3 and C22:6n-3; UI = Unsaturation index; Includes: C18:2n-6, C20:4n-6 and C22:4n-6; Includes: C18:3n-3, C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3.