Table 3.
Association between quantity-adjusted vegetable variety and cognitive decline over 2 years.
| Cognitive Function | Quantity-Adjusted Vegetable Variety | β (95% CI) 1,3 | N (Decliners/Non-Decliners) | AOR (95% CI) 2,3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Global cognition | ||||
| MoCA-T | Low (T1) | Ref. | 56/93 | 1.00 |
| Moderate (T2) | −0.15 (−0.62, 0.32) | 63/80 | 1.11 (0.64, 1.95) | |
| High (T3) | −0.07 (−0.54, 0.40) | 58/86 | 0.87 (0.50, 1.52) | |
| ptrend4 = 0.77 | ptrend4 = 0.61 | |||
| Cognitive domains (composite Z score for each domain) | ||||
| Logical memory | Low (T1) | Ref. | 42/107 | 1.00 |
| Moderate (T2) | 0.02 (−0.13, 0.17) | 49/94 | 1.04 (0.57, 1.91) | |
| High (T3) | −0.12 (−0.27, 0.03) | 54/90 | 1.21 (0.67, 2.20) | |
| ptrend4 = 0.12 | ptrend4 = 0.52 | |||
| Verbal fluency | Low (T1) | Ref. | 42/107 | 1.00 |
| Moderate (T2) | −0.04 (−0.16, 0.07) | 49/94 | 1.34 (0.77, 2.33) | |
| High (T3) | −0.03 (−0.14, 0.09) | 54/90 | 1.32 (0.76, 2.29) | |
| ptrend4 = 0.67 | ptrend4 = 0.32 | |||
| Executive function | Low (T1) | Ref. | 55/91 | 1.00 |
| Moderate (T2) | 0.10 (−0.06, 0.25) | 46/97 | 0.73 (0.43, 1.22) | |
| High (T3) | 0.08 (−0.08, 0.24) | 43/101 | 0.62 (0.37, 1.04) | |
| ptrend4 = 0.32 | ptrend4 = 0.07 | |||
| Attention | Low (T1) | Ref. | 55/91 | 1.00 |
| Moderate (T2) | 0.08 (−0.04, 0.20) | 46/97 | 0.82 (0.48, 1.42) | |
| High (T3) | 0.08 (−0.04, 0.20) | 49/95 | 0.79 (0.46, 1.36) | |
| ptrend4 = 0.20 | ptrend4 = 0.39 | |||
1 Cognitive change was estimated by the regression coefficient (β) when quantity-adjusted vegetable variety increased one tertile. 2 Cognitive decline indicated the lowest tertile (T1) of the cognitive change over 2 years, and higher tertiles (T2 + T3) indicated normal cognition. 3 Multivariable models were adjusted for age, sex, years of education, APOE e4 status, the corresponding cognitive variable at baseline, total calories, depressive symptoms, mAHEI score, and additional variables that remained significantly associated with the outcome variables in the model. Additional variables adjusted for different outcome variables included annual disposable income for global cognition and logical memory domain, and BMI for verbal fluency domain. 4 ptrend indicated a linear trend across tertiles of quantity-adjusted vegetable variety. Abbreviations: mAHEI, modified Alternative Healthy Eating Index; T, tertile; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; Ref., reference; MoCA-T, Montreal Cognitive Assessment—Taiwanese version; BMI, body mass index. Numbers in bold indicate significant findings (p < 0.05).