Table 2.
Trace elements concentration (mg/L) in Bangladesh in surface water and groundwater. Data are extracted from various individual studies and arranged chronologically based on year of publication of the reviewed articles. Values given represent the mean values or mean values plus-minus standard deviation (S.D.), where the values with ± in the parenthesis () represents average ± S.D.
| Sampling Location | Cr | Cu | Fe | Mn | Ni | Zn | Cd | Pb | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Surface Water | |||||||||
| Surma River (Monsoon Season) | 0.0376 | 0.0042 | 1.8340 | ─ | ─ | 0.0042 | ─ | 0.0130 | (Alam et al., 2007) |
| Surma River (Dry Season) | 0.0388 | 0.0042 | 0.3340 | ─ | ─ | 1.1540 | ─ | 0.0130 | (Alam et al., 2007) |
| Dhaleswari River | (0.4413 ± 0.0425) | (0.1547 ± 0.0305) | ─ | ─ | (0.0072 ± 0.0014) | ─ | (0.0065 ± 0.0009) | (0.0501 ± 0.0193) | (Ahmed et al., 2009) |
| Wetlands nearby Barapukuria, Dinajpur (Drainage Water) | <0.0720 | 0.2100 | 5.1000 | 0.1950 | 0.1800 | 0.4310 | ─ | 0.2300 | (Bhuiyan et al., 2010) |
| Wetlands nearby Barapukuria, Dinajpur (River Water) | 0.1000 | 3.1000 | 0.1630 | ─ | 0.5800 | ─ | 0.0700 | (Bhuiyan et al., 2010) | |
| Buriganga River, Dhaka | (0.587 ± 0.0441) | (0.1631 ± 0.0335) | ─ | ─ | (0.0088 ± 0.001) | ─ | (0.0093 ± 0.0015) | (0.0655 ± 0.0048) | (Ahmed et al., 2010) |
| Karatoa River | (0.005 ± 0.002) | Trace | (0.495 ± 0.247) | (0.101 ± 0.067) | (0.005 ± 0.003) | Trace | ─ | Trace | (Zakir et al., 2012) |
| Khiru River, Mymensingh | ─ | (0.0037 ± 0.001) | ─ | (0.0953 ± 0.110) | ─ | (0.0061 ± 0.003) | (0.1748 ± 0.340) | (0.0107 ± 0.008) | (Rashid et al., 2012) |
| Shitalakhya (2012) | 0.0050 | ─ | ─ | ─ | 0.0050 | 0.1060 | 0.0030 | 0.0050 | (Rahman et al., 2013) |
| Different Rivers near Dhaka | (0.0233 ± 0.0134) | (0.0147 ± 0.0148) | (0.0421 ± 0.0754) | (0.0312 ± 0.0399) | ─ | (0.002 ± 0.0017) | (0.0047 ± 0.0009) | (0.0041 ± 0.0008) | (Sikder et al., 2013) |
| Dhanmondi Lake, Dhaka | ─ | 0.0110 | ─ | 0.0528 | ─ | 0.0404 | 0.0097 | 0.0009 | (Mokaddes et al., 2013) |
| Romna Lake, Dhaka | ─ | 0.0110 | ─ | 0.0700 | ─ | 0.0379 | 0.0090 | 0.0013 | (Mokaddes et al., 2013) |
| Crescent Lake, Dhaka | ─ | 0.0110 | ─ | 0.0798 | ─ | 0.0189 | 0.0720 | 0.0009 | (Mokaddes et al., 2013) |
| Samshad Lake, Dhaka | ─ | 0.0168 | ─ | 0.0893 | ─ | 0.0238 | 0.0660 | 0.0007 | (Mokaddes et al., 2013) |
| Gulshan Lake, Dhaka | ─ | 0.0133 | ─ | 0.0904 | ─ | 0.0163 | 0.0277 | 0.0009 | (Mokaddes et al., 2013) |
| Bonani Lake, Dhaka | ─ | 0.0164 | ─ | 0.0896 | ─ | 0.0178 | 0.0102 | 0.0010 | (Mokaddes et al., 2013) |
| Sutrapur Lake, Dhaka | ─ | 0.0143 | ─ | 0.1020 | ─ | 0.6983 | 0.0834 | 0.0031 | (Mokaddes et al., 2013) |
| Rampura Lake, Dhaka | ─ | 0.0162 | ─ | 0.0916 | ─ | 0.6250 | 0.0044 | 0.0052 | (Mokaddes et al., 2013) |
| Airport Lake, Dhaka | ─ | 0.0129 | ─ | 0.1085 | ─ | 1.2801 | 0.2210 | 0.0007 | (Mokaddes et al., 2013) |
| Tongi Lake, Dhaka | ─ | 0.1150 | ─ | 0.0987 | ─ | 0.9980 | 0.0030 | 0.0014 | (Mokaddes et al., 2013) |
| Balu River (Winter Season) | (1.02 ± 0.24) | (0.16 ± 0.04) | (0.16 ± 0.02) | ─ | ─ | (0.38 ± 0.08) | ─ | ─ | (Hasan et al., 2014) |
| Balu River (Rainny Season) | ─ | (0.08 ± 0.04) | (0.04 ± 0.02) | ─ | ─ | (0.05 ± 0.02) | ─ | ─ | (Hasan et al., 2014) |
| Dhalai Beel and Bangshi River | (0.093 ± 0.032) | (1.05 ± 0.22) | ─ | (0.088 ± 0.017) | (0.035 ± 0.012) | (3.32 ± 0.62) | (0.007 ± 0.001) | (0.108 ± 0.031) | (Rahman et al., 2014)) |
| Paira River (Winter) | 0.0579 | 0.0351 | ─ | ─ | 0.0406 | ─ | 0.0009 | 0.0288 | (Islam et al., 2015a) |
| Paira Rive (Summer) | 0.0326 | 0.0240 | ─ | ─ | 0.0279 | ─ | 0.0005 | 0.0214 | (Islam et al., 2015a) |
| Korotoa River, Bogra (Summer) | (0.073 ± 0.027) | (0.061 ± 0.028) | ─ | ─ | (0.032 ± 0.019) | ─ | (0.008 ± 0.006) | (0.027 ± 0.015) | (Islam et al., 2015b) |
| Korotoa River, Bogra (Winter) | (0.083 ± 0.027) | (0.073 ± 0.033) | ─ | ─ | (0.039 ± 0.023) | ─ | (0.011 ± 0.008) | (0.035 ± 0.019) | (Islam et al., 2015b) |
| Buriganga River, Dhaka | 0.1140 | 0.2390 | 0.6120 | 0.1570 | 0.1500 | 0.3320 | ─ | 0.1190 | (Bhuiyan et al., 2015) |
| Karnaphuli River, Chittagong (Summer) | (0.0696 ± 0.0170) | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | (0.0065 ± 0.003) | (0.0099 ± 0.0048) | (Ali et al., 2016) |
| Karnaphuli River, Chittagong (Winter) | (0.0869 ± 0.0174) | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | (0.0106 ± 0.0045) | (0.0168 ± 0.0062) | (Ali et al., 2016) |
| Turag River | 0.0070 | Trace | ─ | ─ | ─ | 0.0900 | 0.0010 | 0.0090 | (Rabbi et al., 2016) |
| Ground Water | |||||||||
| Rajarampur, Chapai Nawabgonj | ─ | 0.0002 | ─ | ─ | <0.00006 | 0.03 | ─ | 0.0002 | (Islam et al., 2000) |
| Shamta, Jessore | <0.0002 | ─ | ─ | ─ | <0.00006 | 0.027 | ─ | 0.0005 | (Islam et al., 2000) |
| Mainamoti, Comilla | 0.0031 | 0.0006 | ─ | ─ | 0.001 | 0.053 | ─ | 0.001 | (Islam et al., 2000) |
| Andulia, Jhenidah | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | <0.00006 | 0.078 | ─ | 0.0007 | (Islam et al., 2000) |
| Supply groundwater of Banani | ─ | ─ | 0.04 | 0.02 | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | (Nahar et al., 2014) |
| Supply groundwater of Tejgaon | ─ | ─ | 0.11 | 0.05 | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | (Nahar et al., 2014) |
| Supply groundwater of Dhanmondi | ─ | ─ | 0.03 | 0.1 | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | (Nahar et al., 2014) |
| Supply groundwater of Hazaribagh | ─ | ─ | 0.02 | 0.09 | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | (Nahar et al., 2014) |
| Well water in Dhamrai | ─ | ─ | 15.9 | 0.86 | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | (Nahar et al., 2014) |
| Well water in Chuadanga | ─ | ─ | 28.9 | 0.29 | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | (Nahar et al., 2014) |
| Tube wells of Singair, Manikgonj | 0.093 | 0.0223 | 7.11 | 2.08 | 0.043 | 0.0643 | ─ | 0.019 | (Halim et al., 2014) |
| Pumping well of Faridpur | ─ | ─ | (5.9516 ± 4.9312) | (0.0006 ± 0.0007) | (0.0033 ± 0.0023) | (0.0104 ± 0.0102) | ─ | (0.0006 ± 0.0004) | (Bodrud-Doza et al., 2016) |
| Shallow Tubewells of Cox's Bazar paleobeach area | ─ | ─ | 1.81 | 1.87 | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | (Seddique et al., 2016) |
| Deep Tubewells of Cox's Bazar paleobeach area | ─ | ─ | 2.67 | 1.37 | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | (Seddique et al., 2016) |
| Different types of well in Lakshimpur | ─ | ─ | (3.235 ± 3.868) | (0.652 ± 0.583) | (0.0002 ± 0.0001) | ─ | ─ | (0.00004 ± 0.0001) | (Bhuiyan et al., 2016) |
| Deep Tubwell of Rajshahi City | ─ | (0.08 ± 0.06) | (3.1 ± 0.64) | (1.47 ± 0.78) | ─ | (0.19 ± 0.07) | (0.014 ± 0.01) | (1.167 ± 0.14) | (Mostafa et al., 2017) |
| Sylhet district | ─ | ─ | (6.832 ± 6.046) | (0.281 ± 0.217) | ─ | ─ | ─ | ─ | (Islam et al., 2017a) |
| Rangpur | ─ | ─ | (7.7264 ± 6.5593) | (0.6845 ± 0.7547) | ─ | (0.0333 ± 0.03899) | ─ | ─ | (Islam et al., 2017b) |
| WHO Standards | 0.05 | 2.00 | 0.30∗ | 0.5 | 0.02 | 3.00 | 0.003 | 0.01 | |
| Bangladesh Standards (Drinking water) | 0.05 | 1.00 | 0.30–1.00 | 0.1 | 0.10 | 5.00 | 0.005 | 0.05 | |
| Bangladesh Standards (Industrial effluents) | 0.50 | 0.50 | 2.00 | 5.00 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 0.05 | 0.10 | (DoE, 2008) |