Abstract
Violence is a public health issue. It is the consequence of a complex set of interacting political, social, and economic factors firmly rooted in past and current injustice. South Africa remains one of the most unequal countries in the world, and in some areas, the rates of violence are comparable to a country that is at war. Increasingly, paramedics working in high-risk areas of Cape Town are being caught in the crossfire, and in 2018, there was an attack on a paramedic crew nearly every week. These attacks are a symptom of much deeper, complex societal issues. Clearly, we require new approaches to better understand the complexity as we collectively find a way forward. It is in this context that we are collaborating with paramedics, poets, and filmmakers to tell human stories from the frontline thereby bringing the lived experiences of healthcare workers into policy making processes. In this commentary, we share a series of poems and a poetry-film that form part of a larger body of work focused on the safety of paramedics, to catalyze discussion about the possibilities that arts-based methods offer us as we seek to better understand and engage with complex social issues that have a direct impact on the health system.
Electronic supplementary material
The online version of this article (10.1186/s12960-019-0373-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Keywords: Paramedics, Healthcare workers, Emergency medical services, Violence, Poetry, Film, Arts-based methods, Creative methods, Health policy and systems research, Ambulance
Main text
Delivering emergency medical services (EMS) in a city of complex contradictions
Paramedics are negotiating unacceptable levels of violence as they deliver emergency medical care in high-risk areas of Cape Town, South Africa. In 2018, there were 64 reported violent attacks on ambulance crews [1] and with at least one incident every week, this is a health systems emergency. These incidents are a symptom of much deeper, complex societal issues but paramedics, the community health workers of emergency care, are literally getting caught in the crossfire. The impossible daily choices they face while delivering care put them at the heart of a “constitutional crisis” [2], they place their own lives at risk as they seek to uphold the right to emergency care. We are a country 25 years into an ostensibly peaceful democracy, but when paramedics leave home for a shift, they say goodbye to their families “as if [they are] going to war” [3].
Violence is, more generally, a significant public health issue. According to the World Health Organization’s world report on violence and health, 1.6 million people die from violence-related causes worldwide every year [4]. In South Africa, although health outcomes and mortality rates (for key areas such as maternal and child health) are improving across the country as a whole [5], violence remains endemic, and in the Western Cape province, specifically, the rates of violence are on the increase [6].
Yet violence is more than numbers on a graph, it is the consequence of a complex set of interacting factors firmly rooted in past and current injustice. In Cape Town, the legacy of apartheid continues to influence experiences of violence, with significant differences along race, class, and gender lines [7]. The links between violence and inequality are well described [8], and in South Africa, where inequality has actually got worse since the end of apartheid [9], high levels of violence should come as no surprise. With rates of violent death comparable to those in armed conflict zones [10], South Africa remains deeply unequal, and deeply divided, and these broader historical, social, and political factors have a significant influence on the health system.
It is in this complex and seemingly intractable setting that we are using poetry and film to help collectively re-imagine possibilities of finding a way forward. As part of a broader project of work focused on EMS safety, we have collaborated with paramedics, poets, and filmmakers to tell the human story of working on the road. While it is important to address the structural factors that perpetuate the injustices that are drivers for violence, all too often the lived experiences of people working at the frontline are just not part of the conversation. The series of poems and poetry-film were developed in conversation with paramedics—by joining them on shifts and riding around in ambulances over the period of a few months, and through a range of in-depth interviews to get a deeper understanding of their work, their personal stories, and the context in which they work.
Lived experience (and storytelling) as important data for policy processes
Health systems can be very dehumanizing places, and if we are to take developing people-centered health systems [11] seriously, then the personal narratives of healthcare workers simply must be valued in our policy decision-making processes. The poetry and films are vivid reminders that in addition to the important work paramedics do, they are also people with families and lives. What clearly comes through is how their intrinsic motivation to provide a service to improve the situation in their communities forms a core part of their professional identity. That they do their work in contexts deeply affected by violence highlights both bravery, and the emotions of risk, vulnerability, and fear that are juxtaposed in the split second clinical decision-making required in emergency situations. Beyond the immediacy of violence and emergency responses, the lifelong repercussions of chronic stress and ill-health—incurred to ensure the well-being of others—cannot be ignored. The poetry and films not only bring issues of complexity and humanity of these paramedics to the fore, but also highlight the profound gratitude that underlies their safe return to their families at the end of a shift.
The experiences of violence are immediate, intimate, and gripping, but they are also deeply political, and prone to misinterpretation or narrow framing. Creative processes and visual media can offer valuable insights about this difficult and complex health phenomenon. These arts-based methods can, through a feast of the senses, create the possibility for deeper engagement that moves beyond health policy and research communities to reach a wider audience. However, it is important (1) to recognize that while these creative methods can be a powerful kick-starter to the conversation, this is only the beginning of a process of working collectively to develop new ideas and shared understandings and (2) to take a critical approach when creating visual and artistic representations of everyday realities to avoid perpetuating stereotypes that are unhelpful. While the experiences of violence are very real, the “danger of the single story” [12] is that we get stuck in narratives that are dis-enabling. This is where poetry and film can help shift the narrative so that we can start having a different discussion that puts the lived experiences of paramedics front and center of the conversation.
Imagining possibilities through poetry and film: what are the implications for health policy and systems research?
So, how then might arts-based methodologies such as poetry and film offer new ways of influencing policy and research? Beyond recognizing that the lived experience and narratives of healthcare workers are legitimate forms of data, we also need to find ways to center them in policy making and research processes. Creative methods may help us do both.
Policy processes are influenced by multiple forms of evidence. However, the lived experiences of frontline health workers are often not considered as a legitimate input to policy decision-making, despite these experiences being central to how policies are implemented and experienced. Gathering this evidence—in ways that allow the experiences to be seen and heard clearly—is a fundamental part of the research needed to support the development of people-centered health systems [11].
In our work, arts-based methods have created platforms for discussion in a range of policy making processes. For example, a public screening of the film “Red Zone Paramedics” and a poetry performance by Toni Stuart brought together 200 residents (from a neighborhood with high levels of violence), paramedics, the director of EMS, a range of community activists and the local government ward counselors. The discussion that followed highlighted a number of important policy-relevant issues, but more importantly, allowed for a dialogue between senior managers, paramedics, and the people most affected by the policy decisions that are made. The arts-based methods were also used as part of a national EMS safety symposium where senior policy makers from across the country from multiple sectors (Provincial and National Department of Health, Labor, Health Professions Council) were brought together for a pre-symposium session entitled “Leadership in Conversation” organized by the Director of EMS. This session was held in a cinema and involved screening a series of films and then discussing realities on the ground and policy choices. At this event, copies of the films were requested for use in paramedic training. Subsequently, EMS created a position of an embedded researcher to support further participatory film making and reflection to strengthen organizational learning within the department. Across these events, the collaboration with poets and filmmakers has enabled forms of storytelling that allow a much deeper connection to the lived experiences of healthcare workers.
Creative methodologies such as poetry and film allow the lived experiences of health care workers to be centered in policy making processes. They give policy makers a window into the world of frontline providers and bring home the everyday realities of policy in practice. This could contribute towards new ways of thinking and new ways of doing in health systems. However, these possibilities will need to be tracked over time with research methodologies that capture the diverse experiences of the multiple stakeholders involved in co-production and viewing: community members, health workers and managers, artists, and researchers.
Finally, in our experience, arts-based methods have also been a vehicle to enhance the research process, supporting a research approach that puts participants in collaboration with researchers and policy makers. This has allowed the researcher to gain a much deeper understanding of the research context and will influence our methodological choices moving forward. Such an approach enhances the relevance of our work as engaged scholarship.
Telling stories from the health system through poetry and film
In this section, we share poetry and a short documentary poetry-film done as part of the broader body of work. “After the Night” a film directed by Leanne Brady and edited by Khalid Shamis is available as Additional file 1 and a series of poems about paramedic life by Toni Stuart can be found below (full English translation has been shared as Additional file 2).
Additional file 1: “After the Night” film directed by Leanne Brady and edited by Khalid Shamis and is available here: https://vimeo.com/304310322. (MP4 1 112 424 kb)
Poetry Paramedics July - August 2018 | CAPE TOWN by Toni Stuart
about the night
die nag het oë and you can’t see it
hulle hou vir jou dop uit ie donkerte uit
die valley se beacon is rooi vanaand
en ie tafel se gesig, sig weer
want haar kinders verdwyn
in ie son se afgaans
behind a closed door, a daughter
buttons up her green shirt
pulls on her green trousers
and laces up her black boots
her parents remind her to pray
and that they will pray too. simple words
whispered against the stillness of night
to keep their daughter safe.
outside another front door, a mother
tells her children: “when i leave here
it could be the last time you see me.
when i come back, it’s a privilege.”
die nag het oë and you can’t see it
hulle hou vir jou dop uit ie donkerte uit
the van’s bright lights stare back
into the dark that has eyes, searching for safety
no lights will flash red here. no sirens
will wake another mother’s sleep
want die valley se beacon is rooi vanaand.
staal is ‘n ding is koud. the daughter sees a man
place the cold weapon on the front seat of her van.
in a different van, the mother argues
with her partner who is driving,
that Eastridge is the colour of blood
“let’s go to the police station”
and wait for an escort,” she says.
but waiting is 20 mins, is 30 mins, 40 mins
her partner says no Eastridge is the colour of sunset
and he drives into that orange flare
en die nag se oë hou om dop
daai kinders wat verdwyn het
met ie son se afgans, kryp weg hier onder
Eastridge se fading light and they return now
their arms have grown steel branches
en hulle wag, hulle wag vir die van
met ie groen en geel strepe
met ie rooi letters wat hardop praat
en hulle time, hulle time ie van se stop
“it’s a load and go,” says the daughter.
“we’re not treating them at home.”
“we treat while we’re driving.”
want die nag het oë and you can’t see it
hulle hou vir jou dop uit ie donkerte uit.
a heart in a green uniform
1.
I was a machinist in a factory for 21 years,
she tells me. there is no rain this morning
–the sun is a simple yellow promise rising
cold over the Plain’s streets and homes.
I volunteered for 7 long years. In that 7
years, I was married, I had 2 kids,
I had a full-time job, but I was always available for a shift.
it’s been 20 years since she first climbed
into an ambulance. 20 years in service,
and she has long since traded the safety
and routine of the shop floor for the thrust
of chest compressions and 12-hour road
trips. Now, she is a grandmother of three,
and treating children is the hardest part of the job.
If a child gets hurt or ill-treated or mistreated,
I forget what I am: I become a mother.
If a kid gets knocked down you want to bring them back.
outside, the winter is remembering how
to bring back Cape Town’s rain. it falls
over the Plain, the same way it falls over
the rest of the city.
ek hou van my werk, man.
ek hou van my werk. I always say
you can take what out of my scope
you can take away my vehicle
you can take away my uniform
but here, she points to her heart,
here, I am a paramedic
2.
the daughter, whose parents remind her to pray
before she steps out on night shift,
was 19 the first time she climbed into a van.
19, on a ride along and the first call
from the control room said gunshot wound.
he was 19, and I was 19, she says
he died on the scene, even though the paramedics
did everything they could.
that first call, up until today, it stayed with me.
the daughter, who is also a sister
is treating a patient at their house, the first time
she is attacked.
I got to the vehicle and there was a guy scratching
through our things, and
he put a gun on the seat. she throws her cellphone
into the cubby hole, turns around
to see four men in front of her, their faces covered
their hands holding knives.
the men search her and her partner, take everything
that was the first thing I was thinking about: please, don’t rape me.
it is years later but each time she drives into Tafelsig,
the palpitations return. she laughs
I laugh but that is just how I cope with things.
she bakes too, cakes and other
things, she bakes more now than before, it helps
more than the tablets do.
the daughter who is also sister, who is also an aunt
hopes to be a mother someday.
3.
in Tafelsig, a father leaves his baby daughter at home
to go to work. he steps out of his front door in green.
he remembers a call from years ago: the control room
sent them to Kanonkop, where a mother gives birth
to a baby not breathing. he and his partner arrive
at the house: the baby is on her mother’s stomach,
but there is no pulse. they wrap the baby. his partner
sees to the mother. he takes the baby to the front
of the ambulance, puts the heaters on full blast and
starts resuscitations. he calls the paramedic on shift,
don’t wait on the scene, he says, start driving and meet me
halfway. ek is ver van jou af, maar ek is op pad.
my partner sit haar voet neer en ons gly. we make
our way to the hospital. when we came to the MOU, that child was crying.
you know how relieved we felt that day it’s a phenomenal
feeling. years later, a woman walks into the husband
who is yet to be a father, in the Town Centre, she asks
him if he knows her. he says no. the woman points
at the girl standing next to her, Remember that baby in Kanonkop, this is her.
the girl is 4.
That was rewarding, the husband who is now a father says.
To see that she made it, she grew up and she’s gorreloos, you know.
after the night
her vehicle pulls into the base and stops
she climbs out and walks to the kitchen
she asks who wants coffee and sets out the cups.
the dark still has its hold on the sky
she makes her own cup of coffee last.
when it’s done, she greets everyone
and climbs into her own car.
she drives out of the base.
at the exit of Lentegeur Hospital
she turns left and drives straight towards
the east, not five minutes later and
she is home. she climbs out of her car
and sits on the green grass in front
of her house. she watches the sun rise
it’s a sign of gratitude she says.
just sitting with a cup of coffee,
my full compos mentis, my house is
still standing here, my daughter opens
the door. my little ones are gone to school
it’s a lot really, a lot to be grateful for
the sun rises over the Plain differently
than it does over the rest of the city
the first rays of yellow light are softer
here, as if this Mother City knows
that her children here are grown from a different love.
Conclusions
In conclusion, arts-based methods are increasingly used in socially engaged research practice to better understand, and engage with complex social issues [13]. We too have found that poetry and film are a powerful way to open up a collaborative space in which to have a conversation about the safety of paramedics. We have seen this in engagements ranging from poetry performances and film screenings followed by public discussions, to film nights included in high-level policy discussions as part of national symposia. Health systems are complex adaptive systems—they are non-linear open systems, and changes in one part of the system can have unexpected ripple effects across the system [14]. They are characterized by emergence (where changes are not determined by individual system components, but rather through interactions between components) and the pathways of change triggered are unpredictable. Consequently, the policy and system effects of these moments of collective reflection and sensemaking [15] are as yet unknown. However, poetry and film have opened up possibilities for new ways of thinking and doing, and as we are already seeing changes on the ground, we look forward to tracking where the conversation leads from here in terms of policy and system changes. Stakeholders concerned with the safety of paramedics must hear multiple views about these experiences and so there is value in creating spaces that allow for sharing stories, imagining possibilities and new ways of thinking to find a way forward.
Additional files
Full English poetry translation. (DOCX 26 kb)
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the Mitchells Plain Southern Division for all the support arranging public film screenings and poetry performance. We would also like to thank camera people Linsey Appolis and Matthew Griffith for the footage and Gary Thomas from Netherchord for the soundtrack for the film.
Funding
Funding was received from the South African Research Chair in Health Systems, Complexity and Social Change supported by the South African Research Chair’s Initiative of the Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation of South Africa (Grant No 82769). Any opinion, finding and conclusion or recommendation expressed in this material is that of the writer and the NRF does not accept any liability in this regard.
Availability of data and materials
The film is an open source and available online. Poetry will be published as part of the editorial. No other data is applicable.
Abbreviation
- EMS
Emergency medical services
Authors’ contributions
LB and AG did an initial outline of the editorial. This outline was then shared with co-authors, and LB write the first draft incorporating written inputs from TS and SD. AG provided input for the first rounds of comments. LG, SD, and KS provided inputs in the second round of comments, and LB made revisions accordingly. LG and AG provide inputs during the review process, and LB made subsequent revision and prepared the paper for final submission. TS wrote the series of poems drawing on the experiences and stories of RS, ML, and AM. The film was edited by KS and directed by LB and is a documentary film that incorporates poetry by TS and narratives and footage of ML and AM. In the spirit of the collaborative partnership that links project stakeholders, authors are listed in alphabetical order. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
No study was done and as such, no ethics forms were required. Poets and filmmakers obtained consent from all healthcare workers participating.
Consent for publication
Consent forms are available on request. Please note that the paramedics involved are also co-authors on this editorial.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Contributor Information
Leanne Brady, Email: leanne.brady@uct.ac.za.
Shaheem De Vries, Email: Shaheem.devries@westerncape.gov.za.
Rushaana Gallow, Email: rushaana.gallow55@gmail.com.
Asha George, Email: asgeorge@uwc.ac.za.
Lucy Gilson, Email: lucy.gilson@uct.ac.za.
Moira Louw, Email: moiralouw123@gmail.com.
Abdul Waheem Martin, Email: abdulwaheem@gmail.com.
Khalid Shamis, Email: tubafilms@gmail.com.
Toni Stuart, Email: mail@tonistuart.com.
References
- 1.Western Cape Provincial Depatment of Health . Routine data: emergency medical services. 2018. [Google Scholar]
- 2.Molotane A. National Emergency Medical Services Safety Symposium. In: Panel 1. Cape Town; 2018.
- 3.Brady L. Red zone paramedics. South Africa: Abdul Whaheem Martin; 2017. Available from: https://vimeo.com/285241755
- 4.World Health Organization Violence - a global public health problem. World Rep Violence Heal. 2002;11(2):22. [Google Scholar]
- 5.Gray A, Vawda Y. Health Policy and Legislation. In: Padarath A, King J, Mackie E, Casciola J, editors. South African Health Review 2016. Durban: Health Systems Trust; 2016. Available from: https://www.hst.org.za/publications/South%20African%20Health%20Reviews/SAHR%202016.pdf
- 6.Morden E, Groenewald P, Zinyakatira N, Neethling I, Msemburi W, Daniels J, et al. Western cape mortality profile 2013. Cape Town; 2016.
- 7.Pillay S. Crime, community and the governance of violence in post-apartheid South Africa. Politikon. 2008;35(2):141–158. doi: 10.1080/02589340802366943. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- 8.Wilkinson R. Why is violence more common where inequality is greater? Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004;1036:1–12. doi: 10.1196/annals.1330.001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 9.The World Bank, Statistics SA. Overcoming poverty and inequality in South Africa: an assessment of drivers, constraints and opportunities. World Bank. 2018;1–148. Available from: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/530481521735906534/pdf/124521-REV-OUO-South-Africa-Poverty-and-Inequality-Assessment-Report-2018-FINAL-WEB.pdf
- 10.Reality Check Team. South Africa crime: can the country be compared to a “war zone”? - BBC news. BBC. 2018 [cited 2018 Dec 20]. Available from: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45547975
- 11.Sheikh K, George A, Gilson L. People-centred science: strengthening the practice of health policy and systems research. Health Res Policy Syst. 2014;12(1):19. doi: 10.1186/1478-4505-12-19. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 12.Adichie CN. The danger of a single story. YouTube. 2009 [cited 2018 Dec 20]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D9Ihs241zeg.
- 13.Wang Q, Coemans S, Siegesmund R, Hannes K. Arts-based methods in socially engaged research practice: a classification framework. Art/Research Int A Transdiscipl J. 2017;2(2):5. doi: 10.18432/R26G8P. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
- 14.Mckenzie A, Abdulwahab A, Sokpo E, Mecaskey JW. Building a resilient health system: lessons from northern Nigeria. IDS Working Paper. 2015.
- 15.Gilson L, Elloker S, Olckers P, Lehmann U. Advancing the application of systems thinking in health: south African examples of a leadership of sensemaking for primary health care. Health Res Policy Syst. 2014;12(1):30. doi: 10.1186/1478-4505-12-30. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Full English poetry translation. (DOCX 26 kb)
Data Availability Statement
The film is an open source and available online. Poetry will be published as part of the editorial. No other data is applicable.