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. 2019 Jul 31;14:577–585. doi: 10.1515/med-2019-0065

microRNA-27a-3p Down-regulation Inhibits Malignant Biological Behaviors of Ovarian Cancer by Targeting BTG1

Enfang Li 1,*, Ke Han 1, Xuan Zhou 1
PMCID: PMC6689206  PMID: 31410369

Abstract

Ovarian cancer is the most deadly malignant tumor. MicroRNA-27a-3p (miR-27a-3p) was a tumor oncogene in various cancers. However, the role and mechanism of miR-27a-3p in ovarian cancer are still unknown. In this study, we found that miR-27a-3p over-expression could significantly promote the viability of SK-OV-3 cells, enhance cell migration and invasion, and reduce cell apoptosis. Besides, results from western blot assay showed that miR-27a-3p over-expression could increase Bcl-2 protein expression and decrease Bax protein expression. Furthermore, TargetScan and the dual luciferase reporter gene assay revealed that BTG anti-proliferation factor 1 (BTG1) was a direct target of miR-27a-3p. In addition, we found that miR-27a-3p down-regulation suppressed SK-OV-3 cell viability, migration and invasion, and promoted cell apoptosis. All the effects of miR-27a-3p down-regulation on SK-OV-3 cells were reversed by BTG1-siRNA. Therefore, miR-27a-3p/BTG1 axis may be a new potential target for the treatment of ovarian cancer.

Keywords: miR-27a-3p, BTG1, Ovarian cancer, Biological behaviors

1. Introduction

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the fifth most common malignancy among women all over the world [1]. Furthermore, OC is the deadliest gynaecological cancer with the highest incidence of cancer mortality among all women [2]. In the early stage of OC, its clinical symptoms are not obvious and it is easy to cause missed diagnosis [3, 4]. Thus, most OC patients are already in advanced stage at the time of diagnosis, which leads to poor prognosis [5, 6, 7]. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the molecular mechanisms of ovarian cancer and to further search for new therapeutic strategies.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are highly conservative and short non-coding RNAs with a length of 2024 nucleotides, which can post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression [8, 9, 10, 11]. MiRNAs can mediate degradation or inhibit translation of their targets by directly binding to the 3’untranslated region (3’UTR) of their target mRNA [12, 13]. A growing number of studies have shown that abnormal expression and function of miRNAs play an important role in the pathogenesis of malignant diseases [14, 15]. Currently, miRNAs have also been found to participate in the development and progression of OC [16, 17]. MiRNA-27a (miR-27a) is a crucial regulator of cancer development, including laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma [18]. MiR-27a-3p is a member of the miR-27a family, and it could inhibit inflammatory response to spinal cord injury by decreasing the expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) [19]. MiR-27a-3p has also been studied in several cancers including nasopharyngeal carcinoma [20], hepatocellular carcinoma [21], and oral squamous carcinoma [22]. Qiao et al reported that miR-27a-3p could promote epitheli-al-mesenchymal transition in oral squamous carcinoma stem cells by targeting secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) [23]. However, the role and function of miR-27a-3p in ovarian cancer remains unclear. Therefore, our main purpose was to reveal the role of miR-27a-3p in ovarian cancer and to explore the molecular mechanism.

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Cell culture and cell transfection

SK-OV-3 cell line was obtained from American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, VA) and cultured in RPMI1640 medium (Invitrogen, CA, USA) supplemented with 10 % fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Gibco, Carlsbad, CA, USA) at 37°C with 5% CO2. SK-OV-3 cells were transfected with miR-27a-3p mimic (5’-UUCACAGUGGCUAA-GUUCCGC-3’, Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd.), mimic control (5’-UAUCAGACGGCUAAGUUCCGC-3’, Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd.), inhibitor control (Catalog No.: CmiR-AN0001-AM02, Catalog No.: GeneCopoeia Inc.), miR-27a-3p inhibitor (Catalog No.: HmiR-AN0359-AM02, Gene-Copoeia Inc.), control-siRNA, BTG1-siRNA or miR-27a-3p inhibitor+BTG1-siRNA for 48 h using lipofectamine 2000 reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific) in accordance with the manufacturer’s protocol.

2.2. qRTPCR analysis

Total RNA was extracted from ovarian cancer cells using Trizol reagent (Invitrogen; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.) according to the manufacturer’s introduction. Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized by the miScript Reverse Transcription kit (Qiagen GmbH, Hilden, Germany). And the reverse transcription was performed using the following parameters: 42°C, 60 min; 75°C, 5 min. Quantitative PCR was carried out using the Quanti-Fast SYBR Green PCR kit (Qiagen GmbH) and the reaction system is also 20 μl. Primer sequences for PCR were as follows:

U6, forward 5’-GCTTCGGCAGCACATATACTAAAAT-3’;

reverse 5’-CGCTTCACGAATTTGCGTGTCAT-3’;

GAPDH, forward 5’-CTTTGGTATCGTGGAAGGACTC-3’;

reverse 5’-GTAGAGGCAGGGATGATGTTCT-3’;

miR-27a-3p, forward 5’-TGCGGTTCACAGTGGCTAAG-3’;

reverse 5’-CTCAACTGGTGTCGTGGA-3’;

BTG1, forward 5′-CATCTCCAAGTTTCTCCGCACC-3′;

reverse 5′-GCGAATACAACGGTAACCCGATC-3′. The qPCR transcription was performed using the following parameters: 95°C for 3 min, 40 cycles of 95°C for 30 s, 56°C for 30 s, and 72°C for 30 s. GAPDH was used as an internal control for BTG1 mRNA expression normalization, and U6 was used as an internal control to normalize miR-27a-3p levels. Relative gene expression was calculated using the 2-ΔΔCt method [24].

2.3. Western blot assay

The cells were lysated by RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) with protease inhibitor PMSF. We used BCA Protein Assay Kit (ThermoFisher, Waltham, MA) to measure protein concentration. 20 μg of protein was subjected to SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and transferred to PVDF membranes. Then, the membranes were blocked with 5% skim milk/PBST. After 1 h, the membranes were probed with primary antibodies: Bcl-2 (1:1,000; cat. no. 4223; Cell Signaling Technology Inc., Danvers, MA, USA), Bax (1:1,000; cat. no. 5023; Cell Signaling Technology Inc.), BTG1 (1:1,000; cat. no. ab151740; Abcam, USA),w and β-actin (1:1,000; cat. no. 4970; Cell Signaling Technology Inc.), at 4°C overnight. The next day, the membranes were washed three times with PBST buffer and then incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG secondary antibodies (1:2,000; cat. no. 7074; Cell Signaling Technology Inc.). The protein band was visualized by enhanced chemiluminescence method (ECL, Millipore, Billerica, MA). β-actin served as loading control for normalization.

2.4. Dual-luciferase reporter assay

TargetScan program (www.targetscan.org/vert_71) was used to predict the targets of miR-27a-3p. The wild type (WTBTG1) and mutant (MUTBTG1) 3′UTRs of BTG1 were cloned into a pmiRRBReportTM dual luciferase reporter gene plasmid vector (Guangzhou RiboBio Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China). Briefly, miR-27a-3p mimic, mimic control, and luciferase reporter plasmids containing the wild-type or mutant 3’-UTR of BTG1 were co-transfected into SK-OV-3 cells in 24-well plate for 48 h using lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen). Relative luciferase activity was detected using the dualluciferase assay system (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA) by micro-plate reader (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA). Renilla luciferase was used for normalization. Each sample was performed three times.

2.5. Cell viability assay

MTT assay was used to detect cell viability. SK-OV-3 cells (1×104) were seeded into a 96-well plate and incubated overnight in the previously described conditions. After 48 h, 20 μl MTT reagent (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology) was added to each well and the plates were incubated at 37°C for 4 h. Subsequently, DMSO was added to each well to dissolve the formazan, and the absorbance was read at 490 nm using an automatic multi-hole spectrophotometer.

2.6. Flow cytometry assay

We used specific Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) Apoptosis Detection Kit I (BD Bioscience, San Diego, CA, USA) to detect cell apoptosis according to the manufacturer’s introduction. In brief, cells were washed twice with 1×PBS. Then, cells were collected, centrifuged with low temperature at high speed, and re-suspended in 100 μl of FITC-binding buffer. Subsequently, the buffer was added with approximately 5 μl ready-to-use Annexin V-FITC (BD Bioscience) and 5 μl PI. In the dark, cells were incubated for 30 min at room temperature. Annexin V-FITC and PI fluorescence were assessed by BD FACSCalibur flow cytometer (BD Technologies).

2.7. Transwell assay

For the migration assay, un-coated transwell chambers (pore size, 8 μm; Costar; Corning Inc., Corning, NY, USA) were utilized in the present study. And 1x105 SK-OV-3 cells were re-suspended in 200 μl serum-free medium and seeded in the upper chamber. 500 μl RPMI-1640 medium containing 20 % FBS was added to the lower chamber. The 24-well plates were plated at 37°C in a 5% CO2 incubator for 48 h. Then, the cells were fixed with 4% polyoxymethylene and stained with 0.1% crystals for 20 minutes at room temperature. The randomly selected area was photoed with an optical microscope to calculate the number of migrated cells. For the invasion assay, the upper chamber was coated with Matrigel.

2.8. Statistical analysis

All data were displayed from three independent experiments in triplicate. We used SPSS 19.0 by Student’s t-test or one-way ANOVA for biostatistical analysis. The data were shown as the mean ± standard deviation (SD), and p<0.05 was considered as significant.

3. Results

3.1. Effect of miR-27a-3p mimic on biological behavior of SK-OV-3 cells

In order to explore the role of miR-27a-3p in ovarian cancer, we first studied the effect of miR-27a-3p mimic on cell viability, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer SK-OV-3 cells. MiR-27a-3p mimic or mimic control were transfected into SK-OV-3 cells using Lipofectamine 2000 for 48 h. qPCR assay indicated that miR-27a-3p mimic significantly increased the expression of miR-27a-3p in SK-OV-3 cells (Figure 1A) Cell viability was measured by using MTT assay. The result showed that miR-27a-3p mimic could promote the viability of SK-OV-3 cells (Figure 1B) At the same time, FCM assay showed that miR-27a-3p mimic inhibited SK-OV-3 cell apoptosis (Figure 1C) In addition, western blot assay showed that miR-27a-3p mimic increased Bcl-2 protein expression and decreased Bax protein expression (Figure 1D) To determine the effect of miR-27a-3p on OC cell metastasis, we performed transwell assay to detect SK-OV-3 cell migration and invasion. These results demonstrated that miR-27a-3p mimic promoted SK-OV-3 cell migration and invasion (Figure 1E and 1F).

Figure 1.

Figure 1

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Effect of miR-27a-3p mimic on proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of SK-OV-3 cells.

(A) The expression level of miR-27a-3p was detected by using qRT-PCR after SK-OV-3 cells were transfected with miR-27a-3p mimic or mimic control using Lipofectamine 2000 for 48 h. (B) MTT assay was performed to detect cell viability. (C) Cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry. (D) The protein expression of Bcl-2 and Bax was detected bu using western blot assay. Cell migration (E) and invasion (F) were determined using the Transwell assay. Control: SK-OV-3 cells without any treatment; mimic control: SK-OV-3 cells transfected with mimic control; miR-27a-3p mimic: SK-OV-3 cells transfected with miR-27a-3p mimic. The data were shown as the mean ± SD. *, **p<0.05, 0.01 vs. Control.

3.2. BTG1 was a direct target of miR-27a-3p

To determine the specific mechanism of miR-27a-3p in ovarian cancer, we used the miRNA target prediction tool TargetScan to carry out bioinformation analysis to identify the potential targets of miR-27a-3p. It was found that MiR-27a-3p has hundreds of potential target genes, including BTG1 (Figure 2A) BTG1 belongs to the BTG/Tob anti-proliferation gene family [25, 26]. BTG1 plays an important role in the regulation of various biological and cellular processes including cell cycle, cell proliferation, and cell apoptosis [26, 27]. Besides, study has revealed that BTG1 was down-regulated in OC [28]. However till now, the relationship between miR-27a-3p and BTG1 in OC remains unknown. Therefore, we choose BTG1 for further study, and we speculated that BTG1 was the direct target gene of miR-27a-3p. To further verify the binding sites between BTG1 and miR-27a-3p, a luciferase reporter assay was performed. The results indicated that the relative luciferase activity was significantly reduced in cells co-transfected with wild-type BTG1 3’UTR and miR-27a-3p mimic. However, when miR-27a-3p mimic was co-transfected with mutant BTG1 3’UTR in SK-OV-3 cells, luciferase activity was essentially unchanged (Figure 2B) Taken together, these results suggested that BTG1 was a direct target gene of miR-27a-3p.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

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BTG1 was target gene of miR-27a-3p.

TargetScan was used to predict the putative target gene of miR-27a-3p. Predicted binding sites of miR-27a-3p and 3’-UTR of BTG1. (B) Dual-luciferase reporter assays were performed when SK-OV-3 cells were co-transfected with mimic control or miR-27a-3p mimic and a pGL3 construct containing the WT or MUT 3’-UTR of BTG1 for 48 h. The data were shown as the mean ± SD. **p<0.01 vs. mimic control.

We then investigated the effect of miR-27a-3p on BTG1 expression in SK-OV-3 cells. SK-OV-3 cells were transfected with inhibitor control, miR-27a-3p inhibitor, control-siRNA, BTG1-siRNA, or miR-27a-3p inhibitor+BTG1-siRNA. After 48 h, we detected transfection efficiency by qRT-PCR and/or western blot assay. qRT-PCR assay indicated that miR-27a-3p inhibitor significantly reduced the expression of miR-27a-3p in SK-OV-3 cells (Figure 3A) qRT-PCR and western blot assay showed that BTG1-siRNA significantly reduced the mRNA and protein expression of BTG1 in SK-OV-3 cells (Figure 3B and C) We also found that miR-27a-3p inhibitor significantly increased mRNA and protein BTG1 expression, which was reversed by BTG1-siRNA (Figure 3D and E)

Figure 3.

Figure 3

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BTG1 was negatively regulated by miR-27a-3p

(A) The expression of miR-27a-3p was detected using qRT-PCR after SK-OV-3 cells were transfected with inhibitor control or miR-27a-3p inhibitor for 48 h. qPCR assay (B) and western blot assay (C) detected the expression of BTG1 after SK-OV-3 cells were transfected with control-siRNA or BTG1-siRNA for 48 h. qPCR assay (D) and western blot assay (F) that the expression of BTG1 after SK-OV-3 cells were transfected with inhibitor control, miR-27a-3p inhibitor or miR-27a-3p inhibitor+BTG1-siRNA for 48 h. Control: SK-OV-3 cells without any treatment; inhibitor control: SK-OV-3 cells transfected with inhibitor control; inhibitor/miR-27a-3p inhibitor: SK-OV-3 cells transfected with miR-27a-3p inhibitor; control-siRNA: SK-OV-3 cells transfected with control-siRNA; BTG1-siRNA: SK-OV-3 cells transfected with BTG1-siRNA; inhibitor+siRNA: SK-OV-3 cells transfected with miR-27a-3p inhibitor+BTG1-siRNA. The data were shown as the mean ± SD. **p<0.01 vs. Control. ##p<0.01 vs. inhibitor.

3.3. Effect of miR-27a-3p inhibitor on biological behavior of SK-OV-3 cells

To further determine the role of miR-27a-3p in SK-OV-3 cells, SK-OV-3 cells were transfected with inhibitor control, miR-27a-3p inhibitor, or miR-27a-3p inhibitor+BTG1-siRNA for 48 h. MTT assay showed that miR-27a-3p inhibitor significantly inhibited the viability of SK-OV-3 cells (Figure 4A) In addition, we performed flow cytometry to measure cell apoptosis. MiR-27a-3p inhibitor induced SK-OV-3 cell apoptosis (Figure 4B) Besides, miR-27a-3p inhibitor decreased Bcl-2 protein expression, and increased Bax protein expression (Figure 4C) Furthermore, transwell assay indicated that miR-27a-3p inhibitor inhibited cell migration and invasion (Figure 4D and E) Importantly, all of these changes were reversed by BTG1-siRNA. Taken together, miR-27a-3p inhibitor inhibited OC cell malignant biological behaviors by targeting BTG1.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

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miR-27a-3p inhibitor suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion and induced apoptosis.

(A) MTT assay was used to detect cell viability when SK-OV-3 cells were transfected with inhibitor control, miR-27a-3p inhibitor or miR-27a-3p inhibitor+BTG1-siRNA for 48 h. (B and C) Cell apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry. (D) Western blot assay that the protein expression level of Bcl-2 and Bax. The migration (E) and invasion ability (F) was detected by using transwell assay. Control: SK-OV-3 cells without any treatment; inhibitor control: SK-OV-3 cells transfected with inhibitor control; inhibitor: SK-OV-3 cells transfected with miR-27a-3p inhibitor; inhibitor+siRNA: SK-OV-3 cells transfected with miR-27a-3p inhibitor+BTG1-siRNA.The data were shown as the mean ± SD. **p<0.01 vs. Control. #, ##p<0.05, 0.01 vs. inhibitor.

4. Discussion

It has been reported that miRNAs can serve as either oncogenes or tumour suppressors by directly or indirectly modulating cancer genes expression. In our study, we found that miR-27a-3p mimic promoted SK-OV-3 cell viability and decreased SK-OV-3 cell apoptosis. In addition, western blot assay indicated that miR-27a-3p mimic increased Bcl-2 protein expression, and decreased Bax protein expression. Transwell assay showed that miR-27a-3p mimic promoted cell migration and invasion. Furthermore, it was confirmed that BTG1 was target of miR-27a-3p. To further determine the role of miR-27a-3p, SK-OV-3 cells were transfected with miR-27a-3p inhibitor. Results indicated that miR-27a-3p inhibitor suppressed SK-OV-3 cell viability and induced cell apoptosis. In addition, miR-27a-3p inhibitor inhibited cell migration and invasion. These changes caused by miR-27a-3p inhibitor were reversed by BTG1-siRNA.

Ovarian cancer is one of the most deadly gynecologic malignancies and is usually diagnosed at advanced stages. At present, the combination of surgery and chemotherapy has improved the treatment of ovarian cancer, but the successful rate of complete cure is only 30% [29]. In addition, the mechanism of occurrence and development of ovarian cancer is still largely unclear, so we urgently need to find new ways to treat ovarian cancer. Currently, many scholars have demonstrated that miRNA is an important regulator in various types of cancers [30]. Furthermore, it has been reported that miRNA was involved in many biological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and apoptosis [31]. MiRNA has also been found to be abnormally expressed in many cancers such as gastric cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer [32, 33, 34, 35]. For instance, miR4903p over-expression inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion of cancer cells by directly targeting CDK1 [36]. MiR-125b suppressed cell proliferation of ovarian cancer cells [37]. MiR-200a promoted ovarian cancer cell invasion and migration by targeting PTEN [30]. However, the role of miR-27a-3p in ovarian cancer remains unknown.

Previous research have shown that miR-27a-3p is highly expressed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of pancreatic cancer patients [38]. MiR-27a-3p promoted glioma cell proliferation by targeting MXI1 [39]. In addition, Wu et al suggested that miR-27a-3p could promote ESCC cell proliferation [40]. The research of Tang et al has shown that miR-27a up-regulation leads to poor prognosis in breast cancer patients, which indicated that miR-27a can be used as a prognostic indicator for breast cancer progression and patient survival [41]. In our study, we found that miR-27a-3p mimic promoted cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and inhibited cell apoptosis. However, miR-27a-3p inhibitor suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and induced cell apoptosis.

B cell translocation gene 1 (BTG1), a tumor suppressor gene, is a member of BTG/Tob anti-proliferative protein family [25, 42, 43]. In addition, BTG1 is an important factor that can affect cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and survival [44]. BTG1 was also involved in the development of several diseases, including breast cancer, multiple sclerosis, ovarian cancer, and prostate cancer [45, 46, 47, 48, 49]. Furthermore, it has been reported that BTG1 was a target gene of miR-511 [44]. In our study, we found that BTG1 was a target of miR-27a-3p. MiR-27a-3p inhibitor induced changes of biological behaviors of ovarian cancer cells were reversed by BTG1-siRNA. Taken together, these findings provided new insights into the roles of miR-27a-3p in ovarian cancer.

In summary, miR-27a-3p, an oncogene, was involved in the development and progression of ovarian cancer by targeting BTG1. Furthermore, miR-27a-3p regulated the multiple malignant biological behavior of ovarian cancer cells. However, this is only a preliminary study of the role of miR-27a-3p in OC. In order to make the role of miR-27a-3p in OC more convincing, a lot of experimental research is needed. For example, the role of miR-27a-3p in other OC cell lines should be explored. The expression of miR-27a-3p in OC patients and cell lines should be revealed. Besides, the relationship between the expression of miR-27a-3p and the clinical features of OC patients requires further research. Moreover, the role of miR-27a-3p in OC should be investigated in vivo. In the future, we will study these topics.

Footnotes

Disclosures All authors declare no financial competing interests.

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